LESSON 2 TRUTH VALUES OF PROPOSITIONS

We can express compound propositions using a truth table that displays the
relationships between the truth values of the simple propositions and the compound
proposition.

SUMMARY OF LOGICAL CONNECTIVES

LOGICAL LOGICAL WORDS

CONNECTIVES EXPRESSIONS
CONJUNCTION p˄q p and q
p but q
p also q
DISJUNCTION p˅q p or q
NEGATION ~p Not p
It is false that p…
It is not the case that p…
CONDITIONAL p→q If p, then 1
p implies q
p only if q
BICONDITIONAL p ↔q p if and only if q
p is equivalent to q
p is necessary and sufficient for q

p q p ˄q p˅q ~p p→q p ↔q
T T T T F T T
T F F T F F F
F T F T T T F
F F F F T T T

Example 1: Determine the Truth Value of the Compound Propositions:

• If p = “I phone 11 is an Apple Product” and q = “November is Christmas season”,
determine whether the ff. are true or false
a. p v q
b. ~q ˄ p
c. p → p
 d. (q → p) v (p ↔ q)
e. (p → p) ↔ (~q ↔ q)

Solution: We will determine first whether p and q is true or false. Statement p is

True because “I phone 11 is really an Apple Product” while q is false because
December is Christmas season not November.

a. p v q :
 T v F = True
b. ~q ˄ p :
 negate F ⋀ T = True
c. p → p
 T → T = True
d. (q → p) v (p ↔ q)
 (F →T) v (T ↔ F) = T V F = True
e. (p → p) ↔ (~q ↔ q)
 ( T → T) ↔ (~F ↔ F) = T ↔ F = False

Example 2: Construct the truth table for each of the following propositions.
a. ~p V ~q
b. ~(q V q) → ~(~p)
c. (p V p) ↔ ~(q ⋀ q)
d. (p →q) V (q ⋀ ~r)

Solution for a.
p q p q pV q ~p V ~q

T T F F F

T F F T T
F T T T T
F F T F T

Solution for b. ~(q V q) → ~(~p)

p q qVq ~(q V q) ~p ~(~p) ~(q V q) → ~(~p)

T T T F F T T
T F F T F T T
F T T F T F T
F F F T T F F
Solution for c. (p V p) ↔ ~(q ⋀ q)

p q pVp q⋀q ~(q ⋀ q) (p V p) ↔ ~(q ⋀ q)

T T T T F F
T F T F T T
F T F T F T
F F F F T T
Solution for d. (p →q) V (q ⋀ ~r)

p q r p →q ~r q ⋀ ~r (p →q) V (q ⋀ ~r)
T T T T F F T
T T F T T T T
T F T F F F F
T F F F T F F
F T T T F F T
F T F T T T T
F F T T F F T
F F F T T F T