ETHICS, FOUNDATION OF MORAL VALUATION

LARILETH JOYCE P. MALTIZO

BTVTED 1C
TABLE OF CONTENT

MODULE 1

CHAPTER 1:
THE ETHICAL DIMENSION OF HUMAN EXISTENCE…….. 1-4

CHAPTER 2:
UTILITARIANISM..….................5-7

MODULE 2

CHAPTER 3:
NATURAL LAW......................... 8-9

CHAPTER 4:
DEONTOLOGY.........................10-11

CHAPTER 5:
VIRTUE ETHICS.......................12-13
ETHICS, FOUNDATION OF MORAL VALUATION
LARILETH JOYCE P. MALTIZO
BTVTED 1C
-MODULE 1
CHAPTER 1
TEACHING AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES #1:

1. Identify a list of: (a) obligations we are expected to fulfill, (b) prohibitions we are required
to respect, and (c) ideals we are encouraged to meet. Discuss whether these are ethical in
nature or not.

a.) Obligations we are expected to fulfill.

-For me asObligations is a responsibilities , responsibilities is a role that we need an action to
undergo it.Everyone has to live their own life, and need to decide for themselves. That said,
obligations are typically based on customs, and societial norms.You need to decide if you
want to follow them or not, and if they align with your values. In general, you should fullfil
obligations that help others, and would make your parents proud
This means it's a process to develop our skills, capabilities and ones mind for the betterment
of our life.
b) Prohibitions we are required to respect.
- Prohibition it's very important to respect because will sake your own good that we need to
obey and respect it liked in the ordinance in our barangay example curfew,smoking in a
public places, throwing garbage every where and etc. The fact that we’re required to respect
them doesn’t make them inherently ethical of unethical. That would depend on the particular
prohibition.
c.) Ideas we encourage to meet.
- For me when we said ideals that we need to fulfill or pursue and aimed. Ideals it's our wants
in our life that we want to achieve, so we need to be hardworking to aimed our ideals that we
want meet.We are encouraged to exercise right values and good conduct at all times. This is
to highlight the importance of valuing the depth of humanity. Some of the ideals we are to
practice are honesty, love for others, service, and charity for those who are in need.

2. Are clothes a matter of pure aesthetic taste or does it make sense for clothes to become a
subject in a discussion of ethics? Why ? How about other adornment such as tattoos and
piercings?
-I think clothes , piercing and other adornment such as tattoos is should not become a subject
of discussion in ethics why? because fashions that we wearing it's our personal art that can't
should be a subject for discussion in ethics. Ethics it's a manner or moral principle that we
valued,ethics is a choice on how we handle our situation not ethics is a choice of what we
wearing but we have a certain obligations that we need to respect in term of being ethical.

3.) Look for a newspaper article that tackles an ethical íssue.

" HEALTH INSURANCE DISCRIMINATION ISSUE"
ETHICS, FOUNDATION OF MORAL VALUATION
LARILETH JOYCE P. MALTIZO
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A. What makes this a matter of ethics?
- Health insurance discrimination is an ethical issue that we need an action to addressed it.
Matter of ethics concerned on what is good for individuals and also in our society that need
an action to addressed it.Direct discrimination is when a healthcare or care provider treats you
differently and worse than someone else for certain reasons.
B. What is your own ethical judgement on this issue?
-This case or issue is need an action and solve it as soon as possible because it's all about
pertaining in health because of increasing risk of illness that we need an action to addressed it
problem and issue.
C. What are your reason for this judgement.
- We all know it's important for everyone to have a good and a better life. I believe in the
saying that "Health is Wealth" because every person has a right to health and medical care
corresponding to his state of health, without any discrimination and within the limits of the
resources, manpowerand competence available for health and medical care at the relevant
time.

4.Brainstorm and come up with a list of common Filipino values. Consider the strengths and
weaknesses of these.
-Family Oriented
Strength: Family serves as a motivation and push to pursue greater heights
Weakness: Providence due to financial status and push to desperation
-Hardworking Attitude
Strength: Persistent and focused attitude especially at work even flexible (like working
overseas) to survive in everyday lives.
Weakness: Fatigue and prone to depression, stress and desperate measures to earn money
-Religiosity
Strength: Love for God molds characters and builds faith to push through trials
Weakness: Strict uphold to tradition and that has many judgements and challenge that you
encountered.
-Hospitality
Strength: Generosity aligned with manners and respect
Weakness: Birth for trust issues

5.Imagine that you are a legislator. What rules or laws that currently prohibit certain acts or
practices would you want to amend or repeal? Also, are there certain acts or practices
currently permitted by the law that you would want to prohibit? Think of this on the level of
your school, your city, and the nation.
-for me ,As a Christian legislator, I am foremost a servant of God, therefore, all laws that
contradict with the laws of God, the will of God, will I amend and/or repeal accordingly in
accordance to the Bible.

6. Comment on this statement: “what I believe must be true if I feel very strongly about it”
ETHICS, FOUNDATION OF MORAL VALUATION
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-Only then you can belief is true .The truth is truth even nobody believes it but know to
yourself it's true.My strong bright very very feels don’t alter reality by their so so strength.
Belief doesn’t alter reality. Decision doesn’t alter reality. Unbelief doesn’t alter reality. Doubt
doesn’t alter reality.

7.Is looking after the benefit of your own family over all other aspects considered as another
form of egoism? Discuss.
Looking after the benefit of your own family over others is NOT a form of egoism. Unless
your act will benefit your own ego. However, this act of looking after the benefit of our own
family is more of altruism, which means selfless concern for the well-being of others.
-Egoism pertains to human beings who act for their own interests and desires.
-Egoism is a belief that people do, or should always do things for their own benefit. Egoism is
a philosophy.

ASSESSMENT TASK # 1
What do you think?

I.Imagine a scenario in which an image of someone who is the object of religious devotion
(such as Jesus Christ or Mary, the mother of Jesus) is placed side by side with a phallic
image.
1. Is this an ethical issue? Why or why not?
-YES, Because placing a religious image beside a phallic image is considered unethical.
Because, in all religions, these images are a models of our beliefs and it's a religious
devotion which it's a holy and devine. For example, for Catholics, Jesus Christ is a very
important image because in the bible, he sacrificed his life so that sinners will be saved.
2.Does the question of the rightness or wrongness of this depend on which religion you
belong to? Explain your answer.
-No, Because It’s not matter about only believing the beliefs of your religion that you
devote yourself on, and rightness or wrongness does not depend on which religion one
belongs to. This is a clear manifestation that rightness or wrongness goes beyond religion.
II.Look for another example of an artistic creation-a painting, poem, or song-that is a source
of either actual or potential conflict between the expression of the artist and a sensibility that
finds this offensive. Present the significant details and the reasons that the conflicting sides
might have on this issue.
ETHICS, FOUNDATION OF MORAL VALUATION
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-The painting of Manuel Ocampo was highly criticized because it depicts the head of Jesus
Christ attached to a hawk’s body and is placed in the middle of two large swastikas. For
many Germans, swastika is the symbol used by Adolf Hitler in his political movement.
Which is why, when Manuel Ocampo displayed his works in a prestigious modern and
contemporary art exhibition in Germany, it was pulled out. On the part of the painter, he
used such symbols to express his views about political and social problems in the present
day and the painting doesn’t promote fascism.
III. Look for and list down for other sources wherein we find a dialogue between ethics and
the various domains of aesthetic, culture, and religion.
•Aesthetics and Ethics of Faith: A Dialogue Between Liberationist and Pragmatic thought

CHAPTER 2
TEACHING AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES #1:

1.Are all pleasures commensurable? Can they be evaluated on a single scale? Can some
goods, like friendships, be balanced against other goods,like money?
*No, because when we talk about friendship and money the genuine friendship is hard to find
but that loves you but money is limited.
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2.Mill revises utilitarianism by arguing for “higher” pleasures. Which pleasures are higher.
*Mill delineates how to differentiate between higher and lower pleasures. It pleasure is of
higher quality if people would choose it over a different pleasure even if it is accompanied by
discomfort and if they would not trade if for a greater amount of the other pleasure.

3.Mill proposes that “higher” pleasures are those preferred by the majority of people. Do you
agree that this is a good way of distinguishing between higher and lower pleasures? Can a
well-informed majority prefer higher pleasures?
*People aim for pleasure, pleasure cannot be experienced without knowing what pain means.
It is absurd to believe that one can experience only pleasure without knowing its opposite-
you can’t have one without the other.

4 .Does utilitarianism questions individual rights? What if violating the civil rights of a
minority increases the sum total of pleasure of the majority?
*The right to life is one such example for no other human right can be relevant if life can be
taken from an individual the possession or enjoyment of all other human rights hinge on an
individual being a live.
*There is no greater societal sum equation to assess when looking at high rights .Indeed
individuals from minorities are often given special protections within human rights treaties
regimes.

5.Do you agree that happiness is the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain, and that all
actions are directed toward pleasure?
*Happiness is your natural state.People think of happiness as the presence of a positive
feeling or or some excitement, whereas happiness is the absence of any painful emotions. The
painful feelings cover up the fact that you are already happy.Therefore the understanding of
your suffering reveals happiness. When your suffering disappears, what remains is happiness.

6.Are all pleasures comparable, even objectionable pleasures? What if the majority derives
pleasure from being sexist?
*No, because not all pleasures are good especially when it is excessive pleasure. Even
objectionable pleasures are not similar since we are capable of searching and desiring higher
intellectual pleasures.

7. Is it justifiable to build a basketball court because there basketball fans, than to build a
hospital because there are fewer sick people?
*It is never right to build a basketball court just because there are basketball fans while there
are no hospital for sick people ,if there is budget put those priorities first, take care for your
co human beings, treat them and let them heal.

8.When is it justifiable to torture suspected criminals?

ETHICS, FOUNDATION OF MORAL VALUATION
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*Torture, as defined is the infliction of severe physical or mental pain or suffering for a
purpose, such as extracting information, coercing confession. It is normally committed by a
public official or other person exercising comparable power and authority.

ASSESSMENT TASK # 1

1. Go online and look for instance where animal rights and welfare can be considered an
issue. What is the issue that you have identified? Detail your findings and opinion below.
Check on the arguments presented by Peter Singer, Joel Feinberg and Steve Sapontzis.

•Utilitarianism is generally held to be the view that the morally right action is the action that
produces the most good. There are many ways to spell out this general claim. One thing to
note is that the theory is a form of consequentialism: the right action is understood entirely in
terms of consequences produced.
Animal testing is not only an extremely controversial issue, but also definitely
utilitarian issue based on its moral and ethical questions.
In general, most people would agree that Animal testing is not necessarily moral or ethical,
but some might say it is essential for human health. You never know if they will finally cure
cancer.

2. In view if Betham’s and Mill’s assertion of the greatest happiness of the greatest number,
do you think that animal rights and welfare should even be concern in the Philippine where
millions of Filipino below the poverty threshold are struggling to have a descent lives? Is the
concern for animal rights and welfare a first world problem?
•Animal Rights is concerned with turning humans vegan and then using the legal system to
protect animals from humans. Animal Welfare is a problem for us all. For instance, in its
strongest form it implies that the lives of all animals, including humans, are equal.
3. Consider other topics within the realm of animal rights and welfare. Select one and give an
initial presentation of the significance of discussing the topic. Consider too if trees and other
elements of nature should also be given rights; check the paper of Christopher Stone entitled
“should tress have standing? Towards legal rights for natural objects.
•Welfare is a type of government support intended to ensure that members of a society can
meet basic human needs such as food and shelter. Social security may either be synonymous
with welfare,[a] or refer specifically to social insurance programs, which provide support
only to those who have previously contributed (e.g. most pension systems), as opposed to
social assistance programs, which provide support on the basis of need alone (e.g. most
disability benefits).
ETHICS, FOUNDATION OF MORAL VALUATION
LARILETH JOYCE P. MALTIZO
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-MODULE 2
CHAPTER 3

TEACHING AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES #1:

1. Are there other ways that the word "natural" is used to justify a particular way of
behaving? How do these approaches compare to the theory of Aquinas?
law mentioned by Aquinas' instantiation of the term natural, in this case as it refers to law, is
to describe a beings recognition and application of what he calls eternal law. Natural, is often
used to describe a beings actions or behaviors per societal standards,

2. Can you think of a human laws that are proper extensions of the naturallaw? Explain how
this is so. Can you think of other human laws that violate the natural law? Explain how this is
so.
ETHICS, FOUNDATION OF MORAL VALUATION
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-No, their both laws but different in aspect, Laws are ideas that people build for one reason or
another. Nature does not listen to our ideas.

3. Are there other forms of harm-short of killing another person-that may be taken as a
violation of natural inclination to preserve one's being? Justify your answer.
-For me Violence is standardly defined as behaviour involving physical force intended to
hurt, damage or kill. any negative action taken against another person would violate that
natural inclination.

4. Are there current scientific developments for example, in biology -that challenge the
understanding of nature presented by Aquinas?
-Aquinas introduced to christian theology which talka about Catholic faith, I do know that his
ideas on biology were mostly borrowed from Aristotle thingking.

5. Is it possible to maintain a natural law theory without believing in the divine source? Why
or why not?
-Yes, because natural laws are what humans came up with by testing claims against reality,
standard af a morality of everyone or every individuals.

I. Go online and look for an instance of what might be “fake news”. See whether you are able
to determine the veracity of the news report. Detail your findings and opinion below.
• In some definitions, fake news includes satirical articles misinterpreted as genuine, and
articles that employ sensationalist or clickbait headlines that are not supported in the
text.Fake news can reduce the impact of real news by competing with it; a Buzzfeed analysis
found that the top fake news stories about the 2016 U.S. presidential election received more
engagement on Facebook than top stories from major media outlets. It also has the potential
to undermine trust in serious media coverage.
II. In view of Aquinas’s assertion that reason is what makes us uniquely human and that
being reasonable opens up both an epistemic concern for truth and also a social concern of
being in relation with others, provide an assessment on the value or disvalue of post-truth
phenomena such as fake news or alternative facts.
ETHICS, FOUNDATION OF MORAL VALUATION
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• All of us are divided by our own beliefs and speculations we are blinded by beautiful
propaganda's, agenda from sources around us. That we need choose on what is right on us.
In view of Aquinas assertion of being reasonable, ourselves are the one to be blame about the
growth of fake news on our society that lead us to not assert deeper about that information.
III. Consider other topics within the realm of media ethics. Select one ang give an initial
presentation of the significance of discussing this topic.
•These issues,occur far more frequently than you might believe from reading about them —
even in mainstream media, where no one claims to be a victim (in fact we could assume that
many do) much less being abused or threatened for saying something along those lines, when
actually their story doesn't really fit with your interpretation at all. If I’ve made any mistakes
here maybe on purpose perhaps because someone told me otherwise then please correct me;
but such things happen almost every day so let us not blame journalism altogether.

CHAPTER 4
TEACHING AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES #1:

1. In what way does a rational will distinguish a human being from an animal insofar as the
animal is only sentient?
- Human beings' are highly evolved animals who have spent a few millennia constructing
realities about our individual selves. We are all one. We only perceive ourselves to be separate
from everything.Humans higher minds are filled with ideals or virtues to develop the animal is
presented with only a lower mind,
2. What is the difference between autonomy and heteronomy? What does autonomy have to do
with free will in contrast to animal impulse?
-Autonomy is the ability to dictate that moral law for and to ourselves. While, the Heteronomy
is the condition of acting on desires, which are not legislated by reason.

3. How does the method called universalizability work? What are the steps to test if an action
is rationally permissible?
ETHICS, FOUNDATION OF MORAL VALUATION
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-Something is morally right if everybody can rationally perform that action, instead of... You
need to decide whether to tell the truth or lie.

4. What is meant by enlightenment morality as opposed to paternalism?

-Enlightenment means when a person finds the truth of life, or is your duty as you are.
Patternalism is a system that convictions of separation and inequality

ASSESSMENT TASK # 1

I. Go online and look for news items on whistle-blowers. Identify the crime or unethical act
that they are exposing as well as the perpetrators of the crime. Detail your findings and
opinion below.
•Whistleblowers who report suspicions like money laundering often have inside knowledge
which is vital for fighting such crimes, but at the same time, they are usually in a vulnerable
position. Their knowledge means they are often employees of the same company as the
money launderer and consequently subject to pressures to remain silent with threats of
violence or loss of employment.

II. Reconcile these two topics: our discussion of autonomy and the duty to “speaking truth to
powers.” Suppose you are already working for a company and your boss tells you that you
should offer a bribe to a government agent to obtain permit to build and operate a factory in a
province. What would you do? What are your alternatives if you believe that it is wrong to
bribe government agencies?

•First, I would decline to do something that is clearly illegal. Bribes are illegal in paying off
any government agents for any reason and i think i should tell them the truth because that's
not good for company.

III. Consider other topics in the field of business ethics. Select one and give a presentation of
the significance of discussing this topic.
•Ethical behaviour not only improves profitability but also fosters business relations and
employees productivity. Business ethics is concerned with the behaviour of businessman in
doing a business. Unethical practices create problems to businessman and business units.
for presentation:
ETHICS, FOUNDATION OF MORAL VALUATION
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What is Business Ethics?
-The erstwhile-regulated economies necessitated their governments to regulate and control
business organisations and economic institutions through law and government mechanisms
to enable them to play their role in contributing to the growth and wellbeing of their
stakeholders in a balanced way such that the interest of the almost all the people was
protected.
Various business management concepts, principles, theories, practices, goals and strategies
have been under evaluation, revalidation and constant change consequent upon massive
liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation of business initiated towards the end of the 20th
Century and geared up in the beginning of the present century.

CHAPTER 5

STUDY QUESTION
1.What is moral virtue? What is intellectual virtue?
•The moral virtues are thought to include traits such as courage, justice, honesty, compassion,
temperance, and kindness.
•The Intellectual virtues are thought to include traits such as open-mindedness, intellectual
rigour, intellectual humility, and inquisitiveness
2.What is the difference between moral and intellectual virtue? Explain.
•Moral virtue: moral virtue belongs to the irrational but conscious part of the soul. It consist in
subordinating emotions and desire to reason for example, temperance. It is amoral virtue and
and consist in the control of desires f pleasure by reason. Courage is also a moral virtue. It consist
in the control of the emotion of feaar by reason. Moral virtue are habits of deliberate choice for
the realisation of the good. They are the mean between two extreams.

•Intellectual virtue: This type of virtue belongs to the rational self. It includes both theoretical
and practicle knowledge. Intellectual virtue implies knowledge or wisdom as well as habit. It is
not enough that man acquires knowledge. That is only the theoretical part.
3.Identify some Filipino traits and categorize each as virtue (middle) or vices (excess or
deficiency). Place them in a table.
ETHICS, FOUNDATION OF MORAL VALUATION
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•Filipinos are hospitable. They are nice people to be with whether as a neighbor or co-worker. In
the provinces, they welcome visitors regardless of background and stature especially during
fiestas and other festivities.
•Too much fun-loving. Sometimes during any celebration or eat out, they tend to over indulge in
drinking, eating, and fun.
4.How is a person’s character formed according to Aristotle?
•Aristotle claims that character develops over time as one acquires habits from parents and
community, first through reward and punishment. Aristotle claims that one is partly responsible
for one's character, but he thereby raises the question whether one freely chooses one's
character.
5.Who do you think possesses a moral character in your community? Explain your answer.
•Everyone has moral character, good or bad, because morals are a subjective, individualized
construct not open to debate. You should be asking about people's ethical worldview, not their
morals.

ACTIVITY PAGE

l. Go online and list down various sources that can help you understand the different issues on
pornography. Identify the topics being discussed by the sources.

*Pornography is also associated with unsafe sexual health practices such as not using condoms
and unsafe anal and vaginal sex. Gaps between expectations and reality can produce "sexual
uncertainty" about sexual beliefs and values and may also be related to sexual dissatisfaction,
anxiety and fear.

ll.Discuss the possible implication (positive or negative) of the patronage of pornography to the
development of one’s character.
*The main positive effect ,are making consumers less repressed about sex,making them more
open -minded about sex, increasing tolerance. Of other’s people ‘s sexualities,giving pleasure to
consumer’s, providing educational insights, sustaining. Sexual interest in long term relationship.
The negative impact. It’s also associated with unsafe sexual health practices such. as not using
condoms and unsafe anal and vaginal sex .Gaps between expectations and reality can produce
sexual uncertainty about sexual beliefs and values and may also be related to sexual
dissatisfaction, anxiety and fear.

.lll.Discuss a different topic with the scope of sexual ethics and explain how this might affect the
development of one’s virtuous character.
*Sexual ethics or sex ethics also sexual morality is a branch of philosophy that considers the
ethics or morality or otherwise in sexual behavior.Sexual ethics seeks to understand ,evaluate and
critique interpersonal relationships and sexual activities from a social,cultural,and philosophical
perspective.
ETHICS, FOUNDATION OF MORAL VALUATION
LARILETH JOYCE P. MALTIZO
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FRANCHESCA MAE J. MARAMAG

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ETHICS, FOUNDATION OF MORAL VALUATION
LARILETH JOYCE P. MALTIZO
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