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Clay Consolidation-Sivakugan
Clay Consolidation-Sivakugan
N. Sivakugan
Duration: 17
minutes
1
What is Consolidation?
GL
saturated
clay
SIVA Copyright©2001 2
What is Consolidation?
time
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In granular soils…
time
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During consolidation…
q kPa
..and, they
GL
∆ vary with time.
σ
A ∆
u
saturated
clay ∆
σ ’
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During consolidation…
∆ σ remains the same (=q) during consolidation.
∆ u decreases (due to while ∆ σ ’
drainage) increases,
transferring the load from water to the soil.
q kPa ∆
σ
GL ∆u
∆
σ ∆σ
A ’
∆
u
saturated q
clay ∆
σ ’
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One Dimensional
Consolidation
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∆ H -∆ e Relation
∆H
average vertical
strain = Ho
q kPa
GL q kPa
∆ H
GL
Ho
saturated
saturated
clay
e= clay
e = eo - ∆ e
eo
Time = 0+ Time = ∝
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∆ H -∆ e Relation
Time = Time = ∞
0+
∆e
∴ average vertical strain
= 1 + eo
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∆ H -∆ e Relation
Equating the two expressions for
average vertical strain,
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Coefficient of volume
compressibility
~ denoted by mv
change in volume
=
original volume ∆V
i.e.,
mv = V
∆σ
kPa-1 or MPa- kPa or MPa
1
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Consolidation Test
GL
porous
stone
undisturbed soil
specimen metal ring
Dia = 50-75 mm (oedometer)
Height = 20-30
mm
fiel lab
d
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Consolidation Test
loading in
allowingincrements
full consolidation before next
increment
∆ q1 ∆ q2
∆
H1
Ho eo eo-
∆ e1
∆H1
∆e1 = (1 + eo ) ∆e2 =
Ho
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Consolidation Test
unloadin
g
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e – log σ v’ plot
- from the above data
void ratio
loading
σ v’ increases &
e decreases
unloading
σ v’ decreases &
e increases
(swelling)
log σ v’
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Compression and recompression
indices
C
void ratio
r 1
Cc ~ compression
index
Cc
Cr ~ recompression 1
index(or swelling
index)
Cr
1
log σ v’
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Preconsolidation pressure
is the
maximum
vertical
void ratio
effective
stress the soil
element has
ever been
subjected to
σ p log σ v’
preconsolidation ’
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Virgin Consolidation Line
original
state
virgin consolidation line
e
o
void ratio
e o,
σ vo ’
σ log σ v’
σ v
p
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Overconsolidation ratio
(OCR)
original
state
virgin consolidation line
e
o
void ratio
σ
σ p'
vo OCR =
’ σ vo '
Field σ log σ v’
σ v
p
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Overconsolidation ratio
(OCR)
VCL
OCR=13
Heavily
overconsolidated OCR=2
clay
Slightly
overconsolidated
clay log σ v’
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More to come…
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Settlement computations
σ vo '+ ∆σ '
∆e = Cc log
∆
e
σ vo '
σ vo σ vo ’+
∆σ
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Copyright©2001
Settlement computations
~ computing ∆ e using e-log σ v’
plot
If the clay is overconsolidated, and remains
so by the end of consolidation,
σ vo '+ ∆σ '
∆e = Cr log
σ vo '
initia
eo l
∆e
note the use of Cr
VC
L
σ vo σ vo ’+
’ ∆σ
SIVA Copyright©2001
Settlement computations
~ computing ∆ e using e-log σ v’
plot
If an overconsolidated clay becomes
normally consolidated by the end of
consolidation,
σ p' σ vo '+ ∆σ '
∆e = Cr log + Cc log
initia
σ vo ' σ p'
eo l
∆e
VC
L
σ vo σ p σ vo ’+
’ ’
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Preloading
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Preloading
Cross section of
PVD
Installatio
n
Prefabricated Vertical Drains to Accelerate
SIVA Consolidation
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Prefabricated Vertical
Drains
Installation of
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PVDs 29