Earl D Gates - Introduction To Basic Electricity and Electronics Technology-Delmar - Cengage Learning (2014) - 5

c H A P t e R 13
Resistance
O b je c ti v e s Key teRms
After completing this chapter, the student will be 13-2 conductance (G) 13-3 surface-mount
able to: resistor
13-2 mho ( )
V
■■ Define resistance and explain its affect in a circuit.
13-2 Siemens (S) 13-3 tolerance
■■ Determine the tolerance range of a resistor.
13-3 carbon 13-3 variable resistor
■■ Identify carbon composition, wirewound, and
film resistors. composition 13-3 wirewound
■■ Identify potentiometers and rheostats. resistor resistor
■■ Describe how a variable resistor operates. 13-3 carbon film 13-4 resistor color
■■ Decode a resistor’s value using the color code resistor code
or alphanumeric code. 13-3 metal film 13-4 parallel circuit
■■ Identify the three types of resistor circuits. resistor 13-4 series circuit
■■ Calculate total resistance in series, parallel, and 13-3 potentiometer, 13-4 series-parallel
series-parallel circuits. or pot circuit
13-3 resistor 13-7 branch
13-3 rheostat
123
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124 secti ON 2 DC CIrCuItS
R
esistance is opposition to the flow of current. Some The resistance of an electric circuit is expressed by
materials such as glass and rubber offer great the symbol “R.” Manufactured circuit parts contain‑
opposition to current flow. Other materials such ing definite amounts of resistance are called resistors.
as silver and copper offer little opposition to current Resistance (R) is measured in ohms (V). One ohm is
flow. This chapter examines the characteristics of resis‑ the resistance of a circuit or circuit element that per‑
tance, types of resistance, and the effects of connecting mits a steady current flow of 1 ampere (1 coulomb per
resistors together by a conductor to form a circuit. second) when 1 volt is applied to the circuit.
13–1 Resistance 13–1 Questions
As previously mentioned, every material offers some re‑ 1. What is the difference between conductors and
sistance or opposition to the flow of current. Some con‑ insulators?
ductors such as silver, copper, and aluminum offer very 2. How does the diameter of a piece of wire
little resistance to current flow. Insulators such as glass, affect its resistance?
wood, and paper offer high resistance to current flow. 3. What factors affect the resistance of a
The size and type of wires in an electric circuit are conductor?
chosen to keep the electrical resistance as low as pos‑ 4. What material makes the best conductor?
sible. This allows the current to flow easily through the 5. Why is copper, rather than silver, used for wire?
conductor. In an electric circuit, the larger the diam‑
eter of the wire, the lower the electrical resistance to
current flow.
Temperature also affects the resistance of an electri‑
13–2 conductance
cal conductor. In most conductors (copper, aluminum,
and so on), resistance increases with temperature.
Carbon is an exception because the resistance de‑ The term in electricity that is the opposite of resistance
creases as temperature increases. Certain alloys of is conductance (G). Conductance is the ability of a
metals (Manganin and Constantan) have resistance material to pass electrons. The unit of conductance
that does not change with temperature. is a mho, ohm spelled backwards. The symbol used
The relative resistance of several conductors of the to represent conductance is the inverted Greek letter
omega ( ). Conductance is the reciprocal of resis‑
V
same length and cross section is shown in Figure 13‑1.
Silver is used as a standard of 1, and the remaining tance and is measured in siemens (s). A reciprocal is
metals are arranged in order of ascending resistance. obtained by dividing the number into 1.
R 5 1/G
■■FiguRe 13-1 G 5 1/R
resistance of several conductors of the same length and
cross-section area.
If the resistance of a material is known, dividing its value
into 1 gives its conductance. Similarly, if the conductance
Conductor is known, dividing its value into 1 gives its resistance.
Material Resistivity
Silver 1.000 13–2 Questions
Copper 1.0625
Lead 1.3750 1. Define the term conductance.
2. What is the significance of conductance in a
Gold 1.5000
circuit?
Aluminum 1.6875 3. What symbol is used to represent conductance?
Iron 6.2500 4. What is the unit of conductance?
Platinum 6.2500 5. What is the conductance of a 100-ohm resistor?
© 2014 Cengage Learning
Resistance cHAPteR 13 125
■■FiguRe 13-3
13–3 ResistoRs Variable resistors come in many styles to meet the needs
of manufacturers of electronic equipment.
Resistance is a property of all electrical components.
Sometimes the effect of resistance is undesirable; other
times it is constructive. Resistors are components
manufactured to possess a specific value of resistance
to the flow of current. A resistor is the most commonly
used component in an electronic circuit. Resistors are
available with fixed or variable resistance values. They
are available in a variety of shapes and sizes to meet
specific circuit, space, and operating requirements

(Figure 13‑2 and Figure 13‑3). Resistors are drawn
schematically as a series of jagged lines, as shown in
Figure 13‑4. A resistor’s tolerance is the amount
that the resistor may vary and still be acceptable. It Potentiometers
is expensive for a manufacturer to hold a resistor to
a certain value when an exact value is not needed.
Therefore, the larger the tolerance, the cheaper it is to
manufacture. Resistors are available with tolerances
of 620%, 610%, 65%, 62%, and 61%. Precision re‑
sistors are available with even smaller tolerances. In
most electronic circuits, resistors of 10% tolerance are
satisfactory.

eXaMPLe: How much can a 1000‑ohm resistor with
a 20% tolerance vary and still be acceptable?
Solution:
1000 3 0.20 5 6200 ohms Trimming potentiometers
The tolerance is 6200 ohms. Therefore, the
1000‑ohm resistor may vary from 800 to 1200 ohms
and still be satisfactory. For the sake of uniformity,
electronic manufacturers offer a number of standard
■■FiguRe 13-2
Fixed resistors come in various sizes and shapes. © 2014 Cengage Learning
Trim potentiometers
■■FiguRe 13-4
Schematic diagram of a fixed resistor.
■■FiguRe 13-5 ■■FiguRe 13-6

EIA standard resistor values (not including multiplier Carbon composition resistors were the most widely used
band). resistors in electronic circuits.
±2% and ±5% ±10% ± 20%

Tolerance Tolerance Tolerance
1.0 1.0 1.0
1.1
1.2 1.2
1.3
1.5 1.5 1.5

1.6
1.8 1.8
2.0
2.2 2.2 2.2
2.4
2.7 2.7 The wirewound resistor is constructed of a nickel‑
chromium alloy (nichrome) wire wound on a ceramic
3.0
form (Figure 13‑7). Leads are attached and the entire
3.3 3.3 3.3 resistor is sealed with a coating. Wirewound resistors
3.6 are used in high‑current circuits where precision is
3.9 3.9 necessary. The resistance range varies from a fraction
of an ohm to several thousand ohms.
4.3
Film resistors have become popular (Figure 13‑8)
4.7 4.7 4.7 because they offer the small size of the composition
5.1 resistor with the accuracy of the wirewound resistor.
5.6 5.6 A thin film of carbon is deposited on a cylindrical
6.2 ceramic core and sealed in an epoxy or glass coating
to form a carbon film resistor. Cutting a spiral groove
6.8 6.8 6.8
7.5
8.2 8.2 ■■FiguRe 13-7
9.1 Wirewound resistors are available in many
different styles.
resistor values. Figure 13‑5 is a list of standard values for

resistors with 65 , 610%, and 620% tolerance. After
the value on the chart is obtained, it is multiplied by the
value associated with the color of the multiplier band.
Resistors fall into three major categories, named
for the material they are made of: molded carbon
composition resistors, wirewound resistors,
and carbon film resistors.
Until recently, the molded carbon composition

resistor was the most commonly used resistor in
electronic circuits (Figure 13‑6). It is manufactured in
standard resistor values.

the film resistor offers the size of the carbon resistor with tin oxide resistors.
the accuracy of the wirewound resistor.

through the film, the length of the resistor, sets the

value of the resistor. The closer the pitch of the spiral,
the higher the resistance. Carbon film resistors are

available from 10 ohms to 2.5 megohms at a 61%
tolerance. Metal film resistors are physically similar
to carbon film resistors but use a metal alloy and are
more expensive. They are available from 10 ohms to
1.5 megohms at a 61% tolerance, although tolerances
down to 60.1% are available. Another type of film
resistor is the tin oxide resistor (Figure 13‑9). It down to 60.1%, with power handling capabilities of
consists of a tin oxide film on a ceramic substrate and 1 ⁄16 watt to 1 watt.
is also available in a single inline format or dual‑inline Variable resistors allow the resistance to vary.
pin format. They have a resistive element of either carbon com‑
surface-mount resistors are ideal for small cir‑ position or wire that is connected to two terminals. A
cuit applications. A thin film of carbon or metal alloy third terminal is attached to a movable wiper, which
is deposited on a ceramic base or substrate. Contact is connected to a shaft. The wiper slides along the
from the resistive element to the printed circuit board resistive element when the shaft is rotated. As the
is via metal end caps, or terminals, resulting in zero shaft is rotated, the resistance between the center
lead length. In application, these end caps are soldered terminal and one outer terminal increases, whereas
directly to the circuit board conductive trace using an the resistance between the center terminal and the
automated soldering process. The lack of long leads other outer terminal decreases (Figure 13‑10). Vari‑
to solder into the printed circuit board yields several able resistors are available with resistance that varies
advantages. Among them are lightweight, smaller linearly (a linear taper) or logarithmically (an audio
printed circuit board sizes and the use of automated taper).
assembly processes. Surface‑mount resistors are avail‑ A variable resistor used to control voltage is called
able in both thick and thin films. They are available a potentiometer, or pot. A variable resistor used to
from 0 ohms to 10 megohms at tolerance of 65% control current is called a rheostat (Figure 13‑11).

Variable resistors allow the resistance value to increase A rheostat is a variable resistor used to control current.
or decrease at random.
Terminals
3 2 1

Movable
terminal Carbon
resistance
element 13–3 Questions
1. What is the purpose of specifying the tolerance

1 3 of a resistor?
2. What are the three major types of fixed resistors?
3. What is the advantage of film resistors over
carbon composition resistors?
4. Explain how a variable resistor works.
5. What is the difference between a potentiometer
2
and a rheostat?
13–4 ResistoR identification
The small size of the resistor prevents printing the re‑

sistance value and tolerance on its case. Therefore, a
color‑coded strip system is used to display the resistor
value. The strips can be seen and read in any position
that the resistor is placed. The Electronic Industries
Association (EIA) color code is shown in Figure 13‑12.
The meaning of the colored bands on a resistor is as
follows. The first band, closest to the end of the resis‑
tor, represents the first digit of the resistor value. The
second band represents the second digit of the resistor

value. The third band represents the number of zeros
to be added to the first two digits. The fourth band
represents the tolerance of the resistor (Figure 13‑13).
For example, the resistor shown in Figure 13‑14 has
a resistance value of 1500 ohms. The brown band (first
■■FiguRe 13-12
the Electronic Industries Association (EIA) two-significant digit color code.
Note: A fifth band may be present, which

represents reliability
1st 2nd 3rd 4th–Tolerance

Digit Digit Number Two-significant-figure color code
of zeros
1st Band 2nd Band 3rd Band 4th Band

1st Digit 2nd Digit Number of Zeros Tolerance
Black 0 0 — —
Brown 1 1 0 1%
Red 2 2 00 2%
Orange 3 3 000 —
Yellow 4 4 0,000 —
Green 5 5 00,000 0.5%
Blue 6 6 000,000 0.25%
Violet 7 7 0.10%
Gray 8 8 0.05%
White 9 9 —
Gold 30.1 5%
Silver 30.01 10%
No color 20%

Meaning of the colored bands on a carbon composition this resistor has a resistance value of 1500 ohms.
resistor.
Green Red
Tolerance
Brown Silver
Number
1st 2nd of zeros
Digit Digit

the fifth band on a resistor indicates the resistor’s resistors may also be identified by a letter-and-number
reliability. system.
Reliability

RN60D
5112F

Tolerance
1st 2nd Number
Digit Digit of zeros (2) indicates the number of zeros to be added to the first
three digits (511). So 5112 translates to 51,100 ohms.
In some cases an R may be inserted into the number.
band) represents the first digit (1). The green band The R represents a decimal point and is used when the
(second band) represents the second digit (5). The resistor value is less than 10 ohms. For example, 4R7
red band (third band) represents the number of zeros represents 4.7 ohms.
(2 zeros—00) to be added to the first two digits. The The five‑digit numbering system is similar to the
silver band (fourth band) indicates a resistance toler‑ three‑ and four‑digit systems. The first four digits
ance of 10%. Therefore, this is a 1500‑ohm resistor represent significant digits, and the last digit indicates
with a 610% tolerance. the number of zeros to be added. For values of less than
A resistor may have a fifth band (Figure 13‑15). 1000 ohms, the R is used to designate a decimal point.
This band indicates the reliability of the resistor. It tells Surface‑mount resistors are identified similar to
how many of the resistors (per thousand) will fail after the letter‑and‑number system. The part number of
100 hours of operation. Generally, when there are five the resistor is interpreted as follows; the number varies
bands on a resistor, the same amount of body color between manufacturers. For example, RC0402J103T
shows at each end. In this case, look for the tolerance has the following meaning:
band, position it on the right, and read the resistor as RC Chip resistor
described previously. 0402 Size (0. 04" 3 0.02")
There are two instances where the third band does J Tolerance (J 5 65%, F 5 61%,
not mean the number of zeros. For resistor values of D 5 60.5%, B 5 60.1%)
less than 10 ohms, the third band is gold. This means 103 Resistance (three‑ or four‑digit code available)
that the first two digits should be multiplied by 0.1. T Packaging method
For resistor values of less than 1 ohm, the third band
is silver. This means the first two digits are multi‑ The resistance value is indicated by three or four
plied by 0.01. digits. In either case, the last digit indicates the number
A resistor may also be identified by a letter‑and‑ of zeros to be added to the preceding digits. In the
number (alphanumeric) system (Figure 13‑16). For example given, the first two digits are 1 and 0, followed
example, RN60D5112F has the following meaning: by 3 zeroes, for a value of 10,000 ohms. For values of
less than 100 or 1000 (depending on the number of
RN60 Resistor style (composition, wirewound, film)
digits used), D is used to designate the decimal point.
D Characteristic (effects of temperature)
For example, 3D9 would represent 3.9 ohms. A 0‑ohm
5112 Resistance value (2 represents the number
resistor or jumper is designated as 000.
of zeros)
Potentiometers (variable resistors) are also
F Tolerance
imprinted with their values (Figure 13‑17). These
The resistor value is the primary concern. Three to may be their actual values or an alphanumeric code.
five digits indicate the value of the resistor. In all cases, With the alphanumeric code system, the resistance
the last digit indicates the number of zeros to be added to value is determined from the last part of the code. For
the preceding digits. In the example given, the last digit example, in MTC253L4, the number 253 means 25

Potentiometers (variable resistors) are also labeled with three types of resistive circuits: (A) series circuit,
their values. (B) parallel circuit, (C) series-parallel circuit.
R1
ET R2
(A)
R3
ET R1 R2 R3

(B)
R1

followed by three 0s, or 25,000 ohms. The L4 indicates ET R2 R3
the resistor construction and body type.
(C)
13–4 Questions
1. Write the color code from memory.

2. What do the four bands on a carbon composi-
tion resistor represent? 13–5 Questions
3. Decode the following resistors:
1st Band 2nd Band 3rd Band 4th Band 1. What are the three basic types of circuit
a. Brown Black red Silver configurations?
b. Blue Green Orange Gold 2. What is the difference between the three circuit
c. Orange White Yellow (None) types?
d. red red red Silver
e. Yellow Violet Brown Gold
4. What does a fifth band on a resistor indicate?
5. What does a gold or silver third band connectinG ResistoRs
13–6
represent? in seRies
A series circuit contains two or more resistors and pro‑

vides one path for current to flow. The current flows
from the negative side of the voltage source through
13–5 connectinG ResistoRs each resistor to the positive side of the voltage source.
If there is only one path for current to flow between
There are three important types of resistive circuits: two points in a circuit, the circuit is a series circuit.
the series circuit , the parallel circuit , and the The more resistors connected in series, the more
series-parallel circuit (Figure 13‑18). A series opposition there is to current flow. The more opposi‑
circuit provides a single path for current flow. A tion there is to current flow, the higher the resistance
parallel circuit provides two or more paths for current in the circuit. In other words, when a resistor is added
flow. A series-parallel circuit is a combination of a se‑ in series to a circuit, the total resistance in the circuit
ries circuit and a parallel circuit. increases. The total resistance in a series circuit is the
■■FiguRe 13-19
13–6 Questions
R1 5 10 V
1. Write the formula for determining total resis-
tance in a series circuit.
2. What is the total resistance of a series circuit

ET R2 5 20 V
with the following resistors? (Make a drawing
of each series circuit.)
a. rt 5 ?, r1 5 1500 V, r2 5 3300 V,
R3 5 30 V
r3 5 4700 V
b. rt 5 ?, r1 5 100 V, r2 5 10 kV,
sum of the individual resistances in the circuit. This r3 5 5.6 MV
can be expressed as: c. rt 5 ?, r1 5 4.7 kV, r2 5 8.2 kV,
r3 5 330 V
RT 5 R1 1 R2 1 R3 . . . 1 Rn
d. rt 5 ?, r1 5 5.6 MV, r2 5 1.8 MV,
The numerical subscripts refer to the individual r3 5 8.2 MV
resistors in the circuit. R n is the last resistor in the
circuit. The symbol RT represents the total resistance
in the circuit.
eXaMPLe: What is the total resistance of the circuit connectinG ResistoRs
13–7
shown in Figure 13‑19? in PaRaLLeL
Given Solution A parallel circuit contains two or more resistors and

RT 5 ? RT 5 R1 1 R2 1 R3 provides two or more paths for current to flow. Each
R1 5 10 V RT 5 10 1 20 1 30 current path in a parallel circuit is called a branch.
R2 5 20 V RT 5 60 V The current flows from the negative side of the voltage
source, through each branch of the parallel circuit, to
R3 5 30 V
the positive side of the voltage source. If there is more
eXaMPLe: Calculate the total resistance for the than one path for current to flow between two points
circuit shown in Figure 13‑20. in a circuit with two or more resistors, the circuit is a
parallel circuit.
Given Solution The more resistors are connected in parallel, the
RT 5 ? RT 5 R1 1 R2 1 R3 1 R4 1 R5 less opposition there is to current flow. The less oppo‑
R1 5 1 kV RT 5 1 k 1 4.7 k 1 3.9 k 1 0.82 k sition there is to current flow, the lower the resistance
R2 5 4.7 kV 1 10 k in the circuit. In other words, when a resistor is added
R3 5 3.9 kV RT 5 1000 1 4700 1 3900 1 820 in parallel to a circuit, the total resistance in the circuit
R4 5 820 V 1 10,000 decreases because additional paths for current flow are
R5 5 10 kV RT 5 20,420 V provided. In a parallel circuit, the total resistance is al‑
ways less than the resistance of any branch.
The total resistance in a parallel circuit is given by
■■FiguRe 13-20 the formula:
1 1 1 1 1
R1 5 1 k V R2 5 4.7 k V 5 1 1 c1
RT R1 R2 R3 Rn
Again, RT is the total resistance, R1, R2, and R3 are
the individual (branch) resistors, and Rn is the number
ET R3 5 3.9 k V
of the last resistor in the circuit.
eXaMPLe: What is the total resistance of the circuit
R5 5 10 k V R4 5 820 V
shown in Figure 13‑21?
■■FiguRe 13-21
note The total resistance in a parallel circuit
is always less than the smallest resistor.

ET R1 5 10 V R2 5 20 V R3 5 30 V
eXaMPLe: Calculate the total resistance for the cir‑
cuit shown in Figure 13‑22.
Given
RT 5 ?
Given R1 5 1 kV (1000 ohms)
R2 5 4.7 kV (4700 ohms)
RT 5 ? R3 5 3.9 kV (3900 ohms)
R1 5 10 V R4 5 820 V
R2 5 20 V R5 5 10 kV (10,000 ohms)
R3 5 30 V
Solution
Solution
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1
5 1 1 RT R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
RT R1 R2 R3
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1
5 1 1 (common RT 1000 4700 3900 820 10,000
RT 10 20 30 denominator is 60)
It is too complicated to find a common denominator,
1 6 3 2 so work with decimals.
5 1 1
RT 60 60 60 1
1 11 5 0.001 1 0.000213 1 0.000256
5 RT 1 0.00122 1 0.0001
RT 60
1 11 1
5 5 0.002789
RT 60 RT
(11)(RT) 5 (1)(60) 1 0.002789
5 (Cross-multiply)
RT 1
11RT 5 60
1 0.002789 2 1 RT 2 5 1 1 2 1 1 2
11RT 60
5 (divide both sides by 11)
11 11 0.002789RT 5 1
60
1RT 5 0.002789RT 1 (Divide both sides by
11 5
0.002789 0.002789 0.00289.)
RT 5 5.45 V
The circuit shown in Figure 13‑21 could be replaced 1
1RT 5
with one 5.45 V resistor. 0.002789
RT 5 358.55 V
■■FiguRe 13-22
ET R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
■■FiguRe 13-23
note How many places each number is
rounded off significantly affects the
accuracy of the final answer.

RT 5 27 V R1 5 47 V R2 5 ?
eXaMPLe: What resistor value must be connected
in parallel with a 47‑ohm resistor to provide a total
resistance of 27 ohms? See Figure 13‑23.
Given
RT 5 27 V
R1 5 47 V connectinG ResistoRs in
13–8
R2 5 ? s eRies and PaRaLLeL
Solution A series‑parallel circuit is a combination of a series

1 1 1 and a parallel circuit. Figure 13‑24 shows a simple
5 1
RT R1 R2 series‑parallel circuit with resistors. Notice that R2 and
1 1 1 R3 are in parallel and that this parallel combination
5 1
27 47 R2 is in series with R1 and R4. The current flows from
the negative side of the voltage source through
1 1 1 1 1 Subtract 1 resistor R 4 and divides at point A to flow through
2 5 2 1
27 47 47 47 R2 from both47sides. the two branches, R2 and R3. At point B, the current
recombines and flows through R1.
1 1 1 The total resistance for a series‑parallel circuit
2 5 (easier to work with
27 47 R2 decimals) or compound circuit is computed using the series
formula:
1
0.00370 2 0.0213 5 RT 5 R1 1 R2 1 R3 … 1 Rn
R2
1 and the parallel formula:
0.0157 5
R2 1 1 1 1 1
5 1 1 ... 1
63.69 V 5 R2 RT R1 R2 R3 Rn
Note that 63.69 ohms is not a standard resistor value. Most circuits can be broken down to a simple parallel
Use the closest standard resistor value, which is 62 ohms. or series circuit. The procedure is as follows:
1. Calculate the parallel portion of the circuit first to
13–7 Questions determine the equivalent resistance.
2. If there are series components within the parallel
portion of the circuit, determine the equivalent
1. Write the formula for determining total
resistance for the series components first.
resistance in a parallel circuit.
3. After the equivalent resistance is determined,
2. What is the total resistance of a parallel circuit
redraw the circuit, substituting the equivalent
with the following resistors? (Make a drawing
resistance for the parallel portion of the circuit.
of each parallel circuit.)
4. Do final calculations.
a. rt 5 ?, r1 5 1500 V, r2 5 3300 V,
r3 5 4700V
eXaMPLe: What is the total resistance for the circuit
b. rt 5 ?, r1 5 100 V, r2 5 10 kV,
shown in Figure 13‑24?
r3 5 5.6 MV
c. rt 5 ?, r1 5 4.7 kV, r2 5 8.2 kV, The first step is to determine the equivalent resistance
r3 5 330V (RA) for R2 and R3.
d. rt 5 ?, r1 5 5.6 MV, r2 5 1.8 MV,
r3 5 8.2 MV
■■FiguRe 13-24 R1 5 20 V

ET R2 5 50 V R3 5 25 V
R4 5 30 V
■■FiguRe 13-25
Redraw the circuit, substituting the equivalent
R1 5 20 V resistance for the parallel portion of the circuit. See
Figure 13‑25.
Now determine the total series resistance for the redrawn

ET RA 5 16.7 V circuit.
Given Solution
R4 5 30 V
R1 5 20 V RT 5 R1 1 RA 1 R4
RA 5 16.7 V RT 5 20 1 16.7 1 30
R4 5 30 V RT 5 66.7 V
Given
RA 5 ? eXaMPLe: Calculate the total resistance for the
R2 5 50 V circuit shown in Figure 13‑26.
R3 5 25 V First find the equivalent resistance (R A) for parallel
Solution resistors R2 and R3. Then find the equivalent resistance
(RB) for resistors R5, R6, and R7.
1 1 1
5 1 Given
RA R2 R3 Solution
1 1 1 RA 5 ? 1 1 1
5 1 5 1
RA 50 25 R2 5 47 V RA R2 R3
1 1 1 R3 5 62 V 1 1 1
5 1 5 1
RA R1 R2 RA 47 62
RA 5 16.7 V RA 5 26.7 V
■■FiguRe 13-26
R2 5 47 V R5 5 100 V
R1 5 10 V R4 5 68 V R6 5 100 V
R3 5 62 V R7 5 100 V
ET
■■FiguRe 13-27
R1 5 10 V RA 5 26.7 V R4 5 68 V RB 5 33.3 V

ET
Given Solution eXaMPLe: Find the total resistance for the circuit
1 1 1 1 shown in Figure 13‑29.
RB 5? 5 1 1
R5 5 100 V RB R5 R6 R7 The equivalent resistance of the series in the parallel
R6 5 100 V 1 1 1 1 portion of the circuit must be determined first. This is
R7 5 100 V 5 1 1 labeled RS.
RB 100 100 100
RB 5 33.3 V Given Solution
RS 5? RS 5 R2 1 R3 1 R4
Now redraw the circuit using equivalent resistance RA R2 5 180 V RS 5 180 1 200 1 620
and RB, and determine the total series resistance for the R3 5 200 V RS 5 1000 V
redrawn circuit. See Figure 13-27. R4 5 620 V
Given Solution Redraw the circuit, substituting equivalent resistance RS
RT 5 ? RT 5 R1 1 RA 1 R4 1 RB for the series resistors R2, R3, and R4. See Figure 13‑30.
R1 5 10 V RT 5 10 1 26.7 1 68 133.3 Determine the equivalent parallel resistance RA for RS
RA 5 26.7 V RT 5 138 V and R5.
R4 5 68 V
RB 5 33.3 V Given Solution
RA 5 ? 1 1 1
The circuit shown in Figure 13‑26 could be replaced 5 1
with a single resistor of 138 ohms. (Figure 13‑28). RS 5 1000 V RA RS R5
R5 5 1000 V 1 1 1
5 1
■■FiguRe 13-28 RA 1000 1000
RA 5 500 V
ET RT 5 138 V
■■FiguRe 13-29
R2 5 180 V R3 5 200 V R4 5 620 V
R1 5 2.7 kV R6 5 5.6 kV
R5 5 1 kV
ET

RS 5 1 kV
R1 5 2.7 kV R6 5 5.6 kV
ET RT 5 8.8 kV

R5 5 1 kV
ET suMMaRy
■■FiguRe 13-31 ●■ Resistors are either fixed or variable.

●■ The tolerance of a resistor is the amount that its
R1 5 2.7 kV RA 5 500 V R6 5 5.6 kV
resistance can vary and still be acceptable.
●■ Resistors are either carbon composition,
wirewound, or film.
●■ Carbon composition resistors were the most
commonly used resistors.
ET
●■ Wirewound resistors are used in high‑current
circuits that must dissipate large amounts of heat.
Redraw the circuit again, substituting equivalent resistance ●■ Film resistors offer small size with high accuracy.
RA for parallel resistors RS and R5, and determine the total ●■ Variable resistors used to control voltage are called
series resistance for the redrawn circuit. See Figure 13-31. potentiometers.
●■ Variable resistors used to control current are called
Given Solution
rheostats.
RT 5 ? RT 5 R1 1 RA 1 R6 ●■ Resistor values may be identified by colored
R1 5 2700 V RT 5 2700 1 500 1 5600 bands:
RA 5 500 V RT 5 8800 V ●■ The first band represents the first digit.
R6 5 5600 V ●■ The second band represents the second digit.
●■ The third band represents the number of zeros to

The circuit shown in Figure 13-29 can be replaced with
a single resistor of 8800 ohms (Figure 13-32). be added to the first two digits.
●■ The fourth band represents the tolerance.
●■ A fifth band may be added to represent
13–8 Questions reliability.

●■ Resistor values of less than 100 ohms are shown
1. Describe the process for finding the total with a black third band.
resistance in a series-parallel circuit. ●■ Resistors may be placed in three configurations—
2. Which is solved first: the parallel resistance series, parallel, and compound.
or the series resistance within the parallel ●■ Resistor values of less than 10 ohms are shown
resistance? with a gold third band.
3. What is the total resistance of series-parallel ●■ Resistor values of less than 1 ohm are shown with a
circuits with the following resistors? (Draw a silver third band.
diagram of each series circuit.) ●■ Resistor values for 1% tolerance resistors are shown
|--------------PArAllEl--------------| |---SErIES---| with the fourth band as the multiplier.
a. rt 5 ?, r1 5 1500 V, r2 5 3300 V, r3 5 4700 V ●■ Resistor values may also be identified by an
b. rt 5 ?, r1 5 100 V, r2 5 10 kV, r3 5 5.6 MV alphanumeric system.
c. rt 5 ?, r1 5 4.7 kV, r2 5 8.2 kV, r3 5 330 V ●■ The total resistance in a series circuit can be found
d. rt 5 ?, r1 5 5.6 MV, r2 5 1.8 MV, r3 5 8.2 MV by the formula:
RT 5 R1 1 R2 1 R3 . . . 1 Rn
●■ The total resistance in a parallel circuit can be ●■ The total resistance in a series‑parallel circuit is
found by the formula: determined by both series and parallel.
1 1 1 1 1
5 1 1 c1
RT R1 R2 R3 Rn
cHAPteR 13 selF-test
1. Describe how the resistance of a material is 8. Describe the steps for solving the total resistance
determined. in question 7.
2. What is the tolerance range of a 2200-ohm re- 9. Determine the total resistance for the circuit
sistor with a 10% tolerance? shown.
3. Write the color codes for the following resistors: R1 5 500 V
a. 5600 ohms 65%

b. 1.5 megohms 610%
c. 2.7 ohms 65%
R2 5 R3 5 R4 5
d. 100 ohms 620% ET
250 V 500 V 750 V

e. 470 kilohms 610%
4. Decode the following code for a chip resistor:
rC0402D104t.
5. Describe how potentiometers are labeled. R5 5 1000 V
6. Make a chart for calculating total resistance for
resistors in series, parallel, and series-parallel 10. Describe how current flows through a series-
circuits. parallel circuit.
7. Determine the total resistance for four 8-ohm re-
sistors in parallel.

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c H A P t e R 13

13–1 Resistance 13–1 Questions

© 2014 Cengage Learning

© 2014 Cengage Learning

■■FiguRe 13-5 ■■FiguRe 13-6

±2% and ±5% ±10% ± 20%

© 2014 Cengage Learning

resistor values. Figure 13‑5 is a list of standard values for

Until recently, the molded carbon composition

■■FiguRe 13-8 ■■FiguRe 13-9

© 2014 Cengage Learning

through the film, the length of the resistor, sets the

© 2014 Cengage Learning

■■FiguRe 13-10 ■■FiguRe 13-11

© 2014 Cengage Learning

1. What is the purpose of specifying the tolerance

13–4 ResistoR identification

The small size of the resistor prevents printing the re‑

second band represents the second digit of the resistor

Note: A fifth band may be present, which

1st 2nd 3rd 4th–Tolerance

1st Band 2nd Band 3rd Band 4th Band

■■FiguRe 13-13 ■■FiguRe 13-14

■■FiguRe 13-15 ■■FiguRe 13-16

© 2014 Cengage Learning

© 2014 Cengage Learning

■■FiguRe 13-17 ■■FiguRe 13-18

© 2014 Cengage Learning

© 2014 Cengage Learning

1. Write the color code from memory.

A series circuit contains two or more resistors and pro‑

© 2014 Cengage Learning

Given Solution A parallel circuit contains two or more resistors and

© 2014 Cengage Learning

© 2014 Cengage Learning

Solution A series‑parallel circuit is a combination of a series

© 2014 Cengage Learning

© 2014 Cengage Learning

© 2014 Cengage Learning

■■FiguRe 13-30 ■■FiguRe 13-32

© 2014 Cengage Learning

■■FiguRe 13-31 ●■ Resistors are either fixed or variable.

R6 5 5600 V ●■ The second band represents the second digit.

●■ The third band represents the number of zeros to

●■ A fifth band may be added to represent

13–8 Questions reliability.

a. 5600 ohms 65%

© 2014 Cengage Learning

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