IDEAL JUNIOR COLLEGE

K.PRADEEPKUMAR. M.SC,APSET,(Ph.D)
JL IN CHEMISTRY
IDEAL JUNIOR COLLEGE
KAKINADA
• Introduction
• Types of solids
• Crystal lattice
• Unit cell
• Types of unit cells
• Crystal systems
• Braggs equation
• Crystal defects
• Types of voids
Three phases of matter
1.Solid
2.Liquid
3.gas
Any matter that has particular mass, volume
and shape is called solid
Solids can be classified in to two forms

1.Crystalline solids
2.Amorphous solids
Crystalline solid Amorphous solid

1. Crystalline solids have 1. Amorphous solids have

definite shape ,mass and irregular shape
volume
2. It have regular 2. It have irregular
arrangement of atoms arrangement of atoms
3. Definite sharp melting 3. No sharp melting point
point
— Molecular crystalline solids
Very soft solids ,low m.pt, poor conductors of electricity
ex:H20,NH3
— Ionic crystalline solids
Hard and brittle solids, high m.pt, poor conductors of
electricity
ex: Nacl ,
— Covalent crystalline solids
Hard solids, high m.pt, poor conductors of electricity
ex: diamond &graphite
— Metallic crystalline solids
Soft to very hard, good conductors of electricity
ex: iron (Fe),copper
The smallest repeating unit in space lattice which when
repeated over and over again generates the complete crystal
lattice.
1. Simple or primitive
2. Body centered
3. Face centered
Braggs equation
the second ray is travelled more distance than the first ray. If the two rays are
in constructed interference, they exist in same phase .i.e. if the path difference
is equal to the integral multiple of wavelength.
BC+BD=nl ...........(1)
Where n=1,2,....
From DABC
Sinq = BC/AB
Sinq = BC/d
BC= d sinq .....................(2)
From DABD
Sinq=BD/AB
Sinq=BD/d
BD=d Sinq ...................(3)
Substituting (2),(3) in eq (1)

BC+BD=nl
d sinq +d sinq =nl
2dsinq=nl
This is known as Braggs equation.
Where l is wavelength of x-rays
n is order of diffraction
Point defects are two types
1.Stichiometric defect
2.Non stichiometric defect

STICHIOMETRIC DEFECT
It is classified in to two types
1.Schotky defect
2.Frenkel defect
 SCHOTKY DEFECT
1. In this defect arises due to missing of equal number of cations and
anions from their original lattice points in crystals
2. In this defect density of the crystal is decreased
3. This defects occurs in high coordination number of compounds
4. ex: Nacl , Kcl, CScl
 Frenkel Defect

1. In this defect ,cation is shifted from its normal lattice point to

interstitial position
2. In this defect density of the crystal is not changed
3. This defect occurs in low coordination number compounds
4. ex: Agcl , zns,