KEMENTERIAN PENGAJIAN TINGGI

DKN10043
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE 1
CHAPTER 4 : BASIC STABILITY
CONCEPT

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STABILITY??
• Initial stability
• Overall stability
• Dynamic stability

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TERMS
• DISPLACEMENT : The weight of the volume of
water that is displaced by the underwater portion
of the hull is equal to the weight of the ship.
• GRAVITY : The force of gravity acts vertically
downward through the ship's center of gravity. The
magnitude of the force depends on the ship's total
weight.

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 Unit measurement
• Force: A push or pull that tends to produce motion or a
change in motion. Unit = Newton (N).
• Weight: The force of gravity acting on a body. This force
acts towards the center of the earth. In ship the weight of
the ship also refer as Displacement, Unit = tons
• Moment: The tendency of a force to produce a rotation
about a pivot point. This works like a torque wrench acting
on a bolt. Unit: Newton meters (Nm)
• Volume of ship/ volume displace = L x B x T x Cb, Unit =(m3)
• Volume box / block = L x B x T, Unit = (m3)

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 Archimedes Law of Floatation
Archimedes' Principle:
“An object immersed in a liquid experience a lift equivalent
to the mass of
liquid the object displaces”
• When a object is wholly or partially immersed in a fluid it
experiences an upthrust force and appears to suffer a loss
in mass equal to the mass of the fluid it displaces.
• This force is called buoyancy.
• Apabila sesuatu objek direndam secara keseluruhan atau
sebahagian dalam cairan(air) mengalami kenaikan (seperti
kehilangan jisim). jisim cecair yang tersesar sama dengan
jisim objek.

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 Law of Floatation and Buoyancy
• The Law of Floatation states when a body is floating freely in a fluid, the
weight of the body is equal to the buoyancy force, which is the weight of
the fluid displaced (Law of Floatation menyatakan bila objek terapung secara
bebas di dalam air, berat objek sama dengan daya apung dimana ia adalah berat air
tersesar)
• Buoyancy force can be define as the upward force acting on
a floating, or submerged body due to the hydrostatic
pressures on the elements of the underwater portion. (daya
apung diterjemahkan sebagai satu daya keatas yang bertindak pada objek
terapung atau tenggelam disebabkan oleh tekanan hyrostatic keatas
elemen objek dalam air)
• The buoyancy force is equal in value to the weight of water
displaced if the body is in equilibrium. (Daya apung adalah sama
dengan nilai berat air yang tersesar jika objek itu dalam keadaan keseimbangan)

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 Sketch Of Define Buoyancy

P P

P P

P P P

G = Centre of gravity
mg = mass x gravitational acceleration
B = Centre of buoyancy
P = Hydrostatic pressures

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• A body floating freely in still water experiences a downward force
(weight,mg) due to gravity. (objek yang terapung bebas dalam air mengalami daya
ke bawah (berat, mg) disebabkan oleh graviti).

• If the body is in equilibrium there must be a force of the same

magnitude and in the same line of action as the weight but opposing it.
(Sekiranya objek berada dalam keseimbangan mesti ada daya yang sama dan dalam garis
tindakan yang sama dengan berat badan tetapi bertentangan)

• This opposing force is generated by the hydrostatic pressures acting on

the body. (Daya yang berlawanan dihasilkan oleh tekanan hidrostatik yang bertindak ke
atas objek tersebut)

• These act normal to the body’s surface and can be resolved into vertical
and horizontal components. (daya ini bertindak tegak pada permukaan objek dan
boleh dipecahkan menjadi komponen menegak dan mendatar)

• The sum of the vertical components is known as the buoyancy force and
must equal the body’s weight otherwise it would rise or sink. (jumlah daya
bagi komponen menegak dipanggil sebagai daya apung dan mesti sama dengan berat
objek jika tidak objek tersebut akan tengelam)

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• The horizontal components must cancel out or the body would move
sideways. (komponen mendatar mesti dibatalkan atau badan akan bergerak ke sisi)
• The two forces must act in the same vertical line or the body would be
subject to a moment and rotate. (Dua daya ini mesti bertindak dalam satu garisan
menegak yang sama jika tidak objek tersebut akan dikenakan moment dan akan berpusing)

• The gravitational force mg can be imagined as concentrated at a point G

which is the center of mass, commonly known as the center of gravity.
(Daya graviti (mg) dapat dibayangkan sebagai tertumpu pada titik G yang merupakan pusat
jisim dan dikenali sebagai pusat graviti)

• Similarly the opposing force can be imagined to be concentrated at a point

B. (Begitu juga daya lawan yang dapat dibayangkan tertumpu kepada pada titik B)
• This vertical force ‘buoys up’ the body and is known as the buoyancy force
or simply buoyancy. (Daya menegak ini yang akan menyokong objek untuk terapung
dan dikenali sebagai daya apung atau sekadar daya apung)

• The point, B, through which it acts is the centroid of volume of the

displaced water and is known as the center of buoyancy. (Daya apung
bertindak pada titik B dimana ia adalah pusat isipadu air tersesar dan dikenali sebagai pusat
daya apung)

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 GRAVITY vs BUOYANCY

vs
• If the cube of steel is placed in water it sinks. There is not
enough displaced volume for the forces of buoyancy to act
upon.
• If the ships hull is placed in the water it will float. The larger
volume of the ship's hull allows the forces of buoyancy to
support the hull's weight.
• The ship's hull will sink to a draft where the forces of
buoyancy and the forces of gravity are equal.

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 Upthrust

Waterline

Immersed
part

Law of Floatation and Buoyancy

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 Explain how a ship can floats in water
• A ship hull is hollow at bottom because of which its average density is less than that
of water so the ship is able to displace water equal to its weight and hence floats.
(badan kapal bersifat tidak padat pada dasar oleh itu ketumpatan kapal kurang daripada
ketumpatan air jadi kapal itu akan menyesarkan berat air yang sama dengan berat kapal dan
kapal dapat terapung)
• The shape of ship’s hull causes the ship to displace a greater volume of
water than a solid piece of steel with the same mass. (Bentuk badan kapal
menyebabkan kapal boleh menyesarkan isipadu air yang lebih besar daripada sekeping besi
yang padat yang mempunyai berat yang sama)
• The weight of the displace water is equal to the buoyancy force. (berat air
tersesar adalah sama dengan daya apung)
• A ship displace more water than a block of steel so it has greater buoyancy
force. (air yang tersesar oleh sebuah kapal adalah lebih banyak berbanding blok besi maka
daya apung sebuah kapal adalah lebih besar)
• A ship floats on the surface as long as the buoyancy force acting on it is
equal to its weight. (Kapal akan terapung pada permukaan selagi daya apung yang
bertindak adalah sama dengan berat kapal.)

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• A box-shaped vessel 105 m long, 30 m beam, and
20 m deep, is floating upright in sea water.
• If the displacement is 19 987.5 tonnes, find the
volume of reserve buoyancy.
reserve buoyancy = Volume of ship – volume of water displace

= (L X B X T) – 19500
= (105 x 30 x 20) -19500
= (63 000) – 19500
= 43500 m3
SHIP STABILITY REFERENCE POINT

• M- Metacenter
• CF – Floatation
• CG – Center of Gravity
• CB – Center of Buoyancy
• K - Keel
(a) Upright position (b) Heeled position

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i. CG – Centre of gravity:
Point through which the force due to gravity, that is the weight of the
body, acts. Its position is defined in a similar way to the centre of
buoyancy and is very important in calculations of stability.

ii. CB – Centre of buoyancy:

That point through which the buoyancy force acts. It is defined in space
by its longitudinal, vertical and transverse CB (respectively, LCB, VCB and
TCB) position relative to a set of orthogonal axes. It is also the centroid
of volume of the displaced water. the forces of buoyancy may be
considered to act in a vertically upward direction.

iii. CF – Centre of flotation:

The centroid of area of a waterplane. A small weight added, or removed,
from the ship vertically in line with the CF will cause a change of draught
without heel or trim. For a symmetrical ship the CF will be on the
centreline and its position is given relative to amidships.

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iv. GZ – Righting Level :
The distance from the centre of gravity to the line of action of the
buoyancy force. It is a measure of a ship’s ability to resist heeling
moments.

v. Metacentre :
The intersection of successive vertical lines through the centre of
buoyancy as a ship is heeled progressively. For small inclinations the
metacentre is on the centreline of the ship.

vi. K – Keel :
The base line reference point from which all other reference point
measurements are compared.

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 LINEAR MEASUREMENTS IN STABILITY
• KG - Height of the ships Center of Gravity
the above Keel
• KM - Height of Metacenter above the
Keel:
• GM - Metacentric Height : (GM = KM - KG)
GM is a measure of the ship's initial
stability.
• BM - Metacentric Radius: distance
between the Center of Buoyancy and the
Metacenter. It is actually the radius of the
circle for the movements of "B" at small
angles of heel.

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 THE STABILITY TRIANGLE
• ship is inclined, the center of buoyancy shifts off centerline while the
center of gravity remains in the same location.
• Since the forces of buoyancy and gravity are equal and act along parallel
lines, but in opposite directions, a rotation is developed.
• This is called a couple, two moments acting simultaneously to produce
rotation. This rotation returns the ship to where the forces of buoyancy
and gravity balance out. the distance between the forces of buoyancy
and gravity is known as the ship’s righting arm.
• the righting arm is a perpendicular line drawn from the center of gravity
to the point of intersection on the force of buoyancy line.

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 THE STABILITY TRIANGLE
• For small angles of heel (0o through 7o to 10o, metacenter doesn’t move),
the value for the ship’s righting arm (GZ) may be found by using
trigonometry.
• With initial stability (0o to 7o-10o) the metacenter does not move, and the
Sine function is almost linear (a straight line.)
• Therefore, the size of the ship’s Righting Arm, GZ, is directly proportional
to the size of the ship’s Metacentric Height, GM. Thus, GM is a good
measure of the ship’s initial stability.

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THANK YOU
☺
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