TUGAS KELOMPOK BAHASA INGGRIS

Oleh:

Nama. Anggota :

Ni Nyoman Prema Saraswati. Nim:2111031088. (17)

Ni Luh Andri Antari Nim: 2111031175. (29)

UNIVERSITAS HINDU NEGERI

I GUSTI BAGUS SUGRIWA DENPASAR

 TAHUN AJARAN 2021

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

In Indonesian, a conditional sentence means a conditional sentence. This sentence can be

used to express cause and effect, the possibility of something happening, or to state
assumptions about things that are not actually possible.

There are 4 types of conditional sentences, each of which uses a different tense. However,
basically all conditional sentences consist of an if clause and a main clause.

Conditional Sentence Type 0

Conditional sentence type 0 is used to state the cause and effect of a fact that is generally
known to be true. If thing A happens, it will cause thing B.

Formula:

If + simple present tense, simple present tense

Simple present tense + if + simple present tense

Example:

 If you heat butter, it melts.

 The ground gets wet if it rains.

Example:

 If you heat butter, it melts.

 The ground gets wet if it rains.

Conditional Sentence Type 1

Conditional sentence type 1 is used to express something that is very likely to happen in the
future if we do something.

Formula:

If + simple present tense, simple future tense

Simple future tense + if + simple present tense

Example:

 If you go now, you will arrive there on time.

 I will buy a new bike if I pass the exam.

Conditional Sentence Type 2

Conditional sentence type 2 is used to express something that is unrealistic or very unlikely
to happen. Therefore, this type is suitable for expressing our dreams.

Formula:

If + simple past, present conditional

Present conditional + if + simple past

Example:

 If I lived in Seoul, tonight I would go to that concert.

 I would play roller coaster every day if I owned a theme park.

Conditional Sentence Type 3

Conditional sentence type 3 is used to convey presuppositions for events that have occurred
in the past. Since it has already happened and cannot be changed in reality, we can only
express what would have happened if the incident had been different from reality.

Formula:

If + past perfect, perfect conditional

Perfect conditional + if + past perfect

Example:

 If I had left my house earlier, I wouldn’t have missed the train.

 If she had called me yesterday, I would have been happy.
GERUND DEFINITION

According to Wishon (1980: 268), “the gerund is the –ing form of the verb used as a noun.”
The gerund is the –ing form of a verb that is used as a noun. It should be noted that the
gerund has the same form as the present participle, namely verb-ing. Let’s look at the
following gerund explanation:

Gerunds/Simple Gerunds:

Examples of gerunds / simple gerunds include:

Verb + ing: reading, dancing, swimming, camping, listening, writing, etc.

 Reading is my hobby.
 I like writing.
 Singing is beautiful.

Gerund Phrases:

Namely a gerund followed by an object or preceded by a possessive adjective, for example:

Gerund + object: reading a novel, writing a story.

Possessive + gerund: your singing

 Reading a novel is my hobby.

 I like writing a short story.
 Your singing is beautiful.

USE OF GERUNDS IN SENTENCES

As a noun, the gerund can occupy the position of a noun, including the position as subject,
object and complement.

1. Gerund as Subject
  Reading is my hobby.
 Swimming is my favorite sport.
 Listening to music makes me happy.

2. Gerund as Object
 Shinta and Shanti like singing.
 Renata enjoys dancing.
 They enjoy playing cards.

3. Gerund as Complement
 Her favorite hobby is dancing.
 His favorite sport is canoeing.
 My job is writing the script.

4. Gerund after Preposition

 I am tired of reading encyclopedia.
 Thanks for coming.
 We have to eat this pizza before leaving.
 Are you interested in learning English?
 We talked about going to Bandung.
 I am used to* speaking loudly.
 You object to* signing this letter.
 She is looking forward to* hearing good news.
 I am used to* sleeping late on the weekend.

*to in the sentence is a preposition, so it must be followed by a gerund. There are 4

prepositions ‘to’ followed by the gerund including: be used to, object to, be looking forward
to, be used to.

VERB (VERB) FOLLOWS BY GERUND

There are certain verbs that are followed by a gerund, including:

Examples of verb sentences (verb) followed by a gerund:

 He admitted stealing the ring.

 We will continue studying soon.
 I enjoy spending time at home.
 Don’t give up! Keep fighting!
 Let’s practice speaking for the final test.
 I can’t stop watching the movie.
UNDERSTANDING COMPARISON DEGREE

Comparison Degree is a term in English grammar to show comparison. In a Comparison

Degree, an adjective or an adverb will change its form according to the level of comparison.
Therefore, the Comparison Degree can also be referred to as the Comparison Degree.

Comparison Degree Function

Comparison Degree is used when you want to compare one thing with another.

Comparison Degree Level

Comparison Degree has three levels, namely positive degree, comparative degree, and
superlative degree. What’s the difference between the three? Let’s see together in the
following picture!

Comparison degree table

Comparison Degree Sentence Patterns and Examples

After knowing the differences and patterns of the three, now is the time to learn example
sentences from Comparison Degree. We will discuss one by one, yes!
Positive Degree

In the positive degree, the two things being compared are at the same or comparable level,
therefore it is used as an adjective/adverb as. For example, “You are as pretty as her.” It
means that you are as beautiful as her.

Positive degree

Comparative Degree

In the comparative degree, one of the two things being compared is ‘more’ than the other,
that’s why an adjective/adverb + -er or more + adjective/adverb is used. For example, “You
are prettier than her.” It means you are prettier than her.

Comparative degree
Superlative Degree

In the superlative degree, the thing being discussed has the most ‘most’ trait among others,
therefore adjective/adverb + -est or most + adjective/adverb are used. For example, “You are
the prettiest girl in school.” It means you are the most beautiful girl in school.

Superlative degree
Well, usually, after knowing the pattern and example of Comparison Degree sentences, you
will definitely ask the following questions:

“When should you use -er/-est and when should you use more/most?”

The use of -er/-est or more/most must be adjusted to the adjective/adverb used in the
sentence.

There are some rules that you should know, including:

Adjective/adverb with 1 syllable (syllable)

The meaning of 1 syllable (syllable) is that the adjective/adverb cannot be cut off, so that it is
pronounced only once.

Example:

 Cheap is pronounced as /chip/ instead of /chi-ep/

 Large is pronounced /larj/ instead of /lar-je/
 Adjectives/adverbs with 1 syllable always use -er/-est.

But if the adjective/adverb ends in a consonant preceded by a vowel, then the last consonant
must be doubled.

Comparison degree 1 syllable

Big changes the shape to bigger and biggest, not biger and bigest, because big ends in a
consonant g with 1 vowel i preceded, so the last consonant must be written in double.

While cheap is written as cheaper and cheapest, not cheapper and cheappest, because cheap
ends in a consonant p but is preceded by 2 vowels, namely e and a, so that the last consonant
does not need to be
Adjective/adverb with 2 syllables (syllable)

The meaning of 2 syllables (syllables) is that the adjective/adverb can be split into 2, so that
the pronunciation consists of 2 words.

Example:

 Happy is pronounced as /hep-pi/

 Clever is pronounced as /kle-ver/

Adjectives/adverbs with 2 syllables can use -er/-est, you can also use more/most.

An adjective/adverb with 2 syllables that uses -er/-est has the following characteristics:

Ending in -er, -le, -ow, examples: clever, simple, shallow

It ends in -y, but y changes the form to i, for example: happy becomes happier and happiest

Adjectives/adverbs with 2 syllables that use more/most have the following characteristics:

Ending in -ly, -ful, -less, -ing, -ed, -ous, examples: calmly, painful, hopeless, boring, worried,
famous

Comparison degree 2 syllables

Adjectives/adverbs with 3 or more syllables (syllables)

The meaning of 3 or more syllables (syllables) is that the adjective/adverb can be split into 3
or more, so that the pronunciation consists of 3 or more words.

Example:

 Expensive is pronounced as /eks-pen-siv/

 Comfortable is pronounced as /kam-fer-te-bel/
 Adjectives/adverbs with 3 or more syllables always use more/most.

Comparison degree 3 or more syllables

Adjective/adverb with irregular form (irregular form)

Irregular form of adjectives/adverbs doesn’t follow the rules for adding -er/-est or more/most,
because that’s already patented from the start.
Comparison degree irregular form
DEFINITION OF RELATIVE CLAUSE
Relative clause is one type of dependent clause. The sentence has a subject and a verb but
cannot stand alone as a sentence. This sentence is also known as an adjective clause because
its function is similar to the function of an adjective or adjective in that it gives additional
information to a noun. A relative clause always begins with a relative pronoun that replaces a
noun, noun phrase, or pronoun when several sentences are combined. What are included in
these relative pronouns?

 Who: Used to refer to human objects. This pronoun is used to replace the subject
noun or pronoun (he, she, we, they).
 Whom: Also used to refer to human objects. This pronoun is used to replace object
nouns or pronouns (him, her, us, them).
 Whose: Besides who and whom, there is whose is also used to refer to human objects.
These pronouns are used to replace possessive nouns or pronouns (his, hers, our,
their).
 That: That can be used to refer to living objects such as humans, animals, and plants
and can also be used to replace inanimate objects.
 Which: Which has unique characteristics. Why? Which can be the subject or object,
can be used with non-restrictive relative clauses, and can also be used with restrictive
relative clauses, although most people don’t like to use it.
The use of relative pronouns can be used as a subject or object in a sentence. So that you
don’t get confused, let’s look at an example below.
Relative pronoun as subject
 I like the person who was nice to me.
 I hate the dog that bit me.
 I am moving to Louisville, which is where the Muhammad Ali Museum is.
Relative pronoun as object
 I like the bikes. My father gave me the bike.
 I like the bike that my father gave me.
Relative Clause Type
1. Restrictive relative clause
A restrictive relative clause, or often also known as a defining clause, provides information
that describes a noun (information that is important to complete the identification of a noun).
We can use that or which for non-human nouns and use that or who for human nouns.
Usually also in this sentence is not used comma. Example:
 I like the paintings that hang in the SASB North lobby.
 I like the paintings which hang in the SASB North lobby.
  Students who study hard will do well in my class.
 Students whose grades are low can drop one test score.
When a noun becomes the object of a preposition, the noun and the presposition are moved to
the front of the relative clause. In more casual English, generally only the pronoun is moved.
Example:
 I hope I hear from the person with whom I spent hours talking last night.
 I hope to hear from the person whom I spent hours talking with last night.

2. Non-restrictive relative clause

This type is also known as a non-defining clause which only provides additional information.
The information provided may be quite interesting and important for a wider conversation,
but not essential for being able to identify nouns correctly. That cannot be used as a relative
pronoun in a non-restrictive relative clause. A comma is always used at the beginning and
end of this type of relative clause. A non-restrictive clause can modify a single noun, noun
phrase, or entire preposition. Example:

 My mother, who is an excellent cook, is thinking of opening a restaurant.

 I’m planning to grow roses, which I find quite beautiful.
 I’m driving across the country with three small children, which is going to be
stressful.

DEFINITION OF CAUSATIVE VERB

A causative verb is a verb that is used to indicate that the subject makes someone or

something perform an action.Examples of causative verbs include: allow, cause, convince,

enable, force, get, have, hold, keep, lead, let, make, motivate, permit, and require.

But the most popular and commonly used include: let, make, have, and get.

Active and Passive Causative Formulas

Active causative

Someone or something that actually performs an action is called an agent, while the action

taken by an agent is expressed in action verbs.

The action verb is in the form of a bare infinitive (basic form of the verb) or infinitive (to

verb), depending on what verb is used.

The structure above is called the active causative structure and the formula for making the
sentence is: S + causative verb + agent + action verb (bare infinitive/infinitive).

The causative verbs followed by the bare infinitive include have, let, and make. While the
causative verb followed by the infinitive consists of allow, cause, convince, enable, force,
lead, get, motivate, premit, and require.
Example of sentences:
 I’ll have the plumber fix the sink.
 My mom lets me borrow her car.
 My aunt made me do the cleaning.
 My manager had me finish the reports in a week.
 Manuella gets Fabiyan to do the group assignment.

Passive causative
Meanwhile, there is also the opposite of active causative, namely passive causative. In
passive causative, the agent is not mentioned in the sentence, but you can also add by if you
still want to mention the subject.
In passive sentence structure, you must use action verb in past participle (V3) which is called
passive causative structure.
The formula is: S + causative verb + object + action verb (past participle). The causative
verbs followed by the past participle are get and have.
Example of sentences:
 I have my bike repaired
 I had my hair cut.
 Maria got the car washed.
Also read: Verb (Verb): Definition, Examples, and How to Use it

Use of Causative Verbs

As explained above, the verb consists of let, make, have, and get. The use of these four verbs
turns out to be different in each sentence, you know! What are the differences?
Let
Let is used when we want to give someone permission to do something or let something
happen without trying to stop it. The formula used is: let + object (person) + verb form (basic
verb).

Example of sentences:
 My father let me choose my future career.
 The shepherd lets his sheep graze in the meadow.
Make
Make is used when we want to force someone to do something or cause someone to do
something that they have no control over.
The formula used in the sentence is: make + object (person) + verb form (base verb).
Example of sentences:
 She made her daughter eat broccoli.
 The manager makes her staff work hard.
 Hendra always makes me laugh.
Have
In discussing have, there are three parts that we need to separate because they have different
functions, namely:
 Have somebody do something (have + agent + bare infinitive): used when we talk
about we cause, persuade, ask or arrange for someone to do something for us.
 Have somebody doing something (have + agent + present participle): can be used for
an action that occurs continuously for a certain period of time.
 Have something done (have + object + past participle): used to talk about someone
doing something we asked for by emphasizing the process or action rather than the
one who did it.
The example sentences are as follows:
 I’ll have him take your kids to school.
 My boss had me working on several projects last year.
 I had my house renovated last week.
 She had her phone’s battery replaced by a local shop.
Get
Get is used when someone makes him do something by force. Maybe it can be said to be
similar in meaning to have somebody do something but different sentence structure. If have is
followed by a bare infinitive, get is followed by an infinitive.
Example of sentences:
 She got her father to buy her a new bag.
 I got my cat to stop biting.
 Yulia got her room cleaned.