Linear Algebra

EB/BE 104
By
Dr. Shaimaa Y. Abdelkader
Lecture 4
Example: If 𝐴𝐴 is a non-singular matrix of order 𝑛𝑛, then prove
1) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴 𝑛𝑛−1
2) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴 𝑛𝑛−2 𝐴𝐴

Solution
(i)
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴−1
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴−1

𝑛𝑛
1
= 𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴−1 = 𝐴𝐴 𝑛𝑛 ⋅ = 𝐴𝐴 𝑛𝑛−1
𝐴𝐴

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 2) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴 𝑛𝑛−2 𝐴𝐴

Solution
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑋𝑋 = 𝑋𝑋 𝑋𝑋 −1
Let 𝑋𝑋 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐴𝐴 , then
−1
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐴𝐴 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐴𝐴
= 𝐴𝐴 𝑛𝑛−1 𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴−1 −1
𝑛𝑛−1
1
= 𝐴𝐴 ⋅ 𝐴𝐴−1 −1
𝐴𝐴
= 𝐴𝐴 𝑛𝑛−2 𝐴𝐴

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 Chapter two
System of linear equations

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Elementary row operations:

1. Interchange two rows. “ 𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 ⇋ 𝑅𝑅𝑗𝑗 ”

1 3 6 𝑅𝑅1 ⇋𝑅𝑅2 0 3 2
0 3 2 1 3 6
0 1 0 0 1 0
2. Multiply a row by a non-zero constant. “𝑘𝑘𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 ”

1 3 0 −𝑅𝑅3 1 3 0
5 9 2 5 9 2
−1 1 0 1 −1 0

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3. Add a multiple of a row to another row. "𝑘𝑘𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 + 𝑅𝑅𝑗𝑗 “

1 −1 0 2𝑅𝑅1 +𝑅𝑅3 1 −1 0
1 2 2 1 2 2
−1 1 0 2 −1 0

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Equivalent Matrices:
Two matrices 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 are said to be equivalent if one can be obtained from the other by a
sequence of elementary row operations.
𝑨𝑨~𝑩𝑩

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Leading element:

For any matrix, the first non-zero element from the left in each row is called the
leading element.

11 3 6
0 32 2
0 0 0

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Definition: Row Echelon form

A matrix is said to be in a row-echelon form or simply echelon form if it has

the following properties:

1. All non-zero rows are above any rows of all zeros.

2. The leading entry in the higher row is farther to the left than the leading
entry in the lower row (for any two successive non zeros rows).

3. All entries in a column below a leading entry are zero.

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Examples:
1 −5 2 −1 3
1 5 6 1 3 6 1 3 0
0 0 1 3 −2
0 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 5
0 0 0 1 4
0 0 1 0 1 0 3 0 0
0 0 0 0 1

Echelon form Echelon form not Echelon form not Echelon

1 −1 0 2 3 2 3 0 0 1
0 1 5 3 0 1 3 4
0 0 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 1 7 0 0 0

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Example: Find the echelon form of the following matrix
2 3 4
A= 1 5 −6
4 4 3

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Definition “Rank of a matrix”:

Rank of a matrix 𝐴𝐴 is the number of the non-zero rows in its row echelon form matrix and it is
denoted by 𝑟𝑟(𝐴𝐴)
Example 1: Find the rank of the following matrix
1 2 3
𝐵𝐵 = 4 −3 0
6 1 6

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Example 2: Find the rank of the following matrix

1 −1 3
𝐴𝐴 =
2 1 3
Solution:

1 −1 3 −2𝑅𝑅1 +𝑅𝑅2 1 −1 3
𝐴𝐴 =
2 1 3 � 0 3 −3
Therefore 𝑟𝑟 𝐴𝐴 = 2

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