English for Chemistry 1

Lecture 2

Atomic Theory

Dr. Nguyen Quoc Chinh

1
 Content

1. The Atomic Theory

2. The structure of atom
 The Discovery of Electrons
 Rutherford and the Nuclear Atom
3. Atomic Mass
 Average atomic mass
 The Mole
 Molar Mass
 Key Terms
Atom Nucleus/Nuclei
Atomic theory Proton
Atomic number Neutron
Atomic mass Electron
Isotope Positive/Negative
Mass charge
spectrometer Mole
Mass spectrum Molar Mass
Average atomic Molecular Mass
mass Formula mass
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 Critical thinking

What do you know about atom?

 Why do we use the Term “ATOM”?
 When did the term first used?
 Let describe the structure of atom?
 How do we know about the Structure of
ATOM?
 How do we measure the mass of ATOM?
 The WHY questions?

Why sugar is sweet?

Why salt is salty?
Why rock is hard?
Why wax is soft?
Why different matters have different
properties?
Relationship:
Composition- Structure – Property ???
 Early Greek Theories

490 B. C
All matter was composed of
four elements: fire, air, water,
Empedocles and earth.
The ratio of these four
elements affected the
properties of the matter
 Early Greek Theories
 400 B. C
 If continued cut matter into smaller and
smaller pieces, at some point would reach a
piece so tiny that it could no longer be
divided.
 these infinitesimally small pieces of matter
called atomos, meaning "indivisible.“
Democritus
 atomos were eternal and could not be
destroyed
 atomos were specific to the material that they
made up
 Early Greek Theories

350 B.C
rejected the theories of Democritus.
accepted the theory of Empedocles
adding his own idea that the four
Aristotle
core elements could be
transformed into one another

Aristotle was famous

His ideas carried through middle ages.
 Consequence of Aristotle theory

GOLD : perfect ratio of Air-Water-Earth-Fire

Normal metal : not perfect ratio

Alchemists tried ( in vain) to change normal metal (lead,

mercury) to gold
 Who’s Next?

Robert Boyle (1661): idea of chemical

elements
Antoine Lavoisier (1789): Law of
conservation of mass
Joseph Proust (1800): Law of definite
propotion
Who’s Next?

1808- John Dalton

Summarized results
of his experiments
and those of other’s
Combined ideas of
elements with that of
atoms
 Dalton’s Atomic Theory
Each chemical element is composed of
minute, indivisible particles called atoms.
Atoms can be neither created nor destroyed
during a chemical change
All atoms of an element are alike in mass
(weight) and other properties, but the atoms
of one element are different from those of all
other elements
In each of their compounds, different
elements combine in a simple numerical
ratio, for example, one atom of Ato one of B
(AB), or one atom of A to two of B (AB2)
 Dalton’s Point of view

The atom is a indivisible,

indestructible, tiny ball
Atom is the smallest constituent of all
substances
 But Dalton was WRONG

There were evidences that the atom

itself composed of smaller particles
Henri Becquerel discovered that
radioactive substances can be
decomposed into many smaller
particles
Thompson discovered electron
Rutherford discovered proton
Chadwick discovered neutron
 Discovery of Electron

J. J. Thomson - English physicist. 1897

Made a piece of equipment called a
cathode ray tube.
It is a vacuum tube - all the air has been
pumped out.
 Thomson’s Experiment

Voltage source
- +

Vacuum tube

Metal Disks
 Thomson’s Experiment

Voltage source

- +
 Thomson’s Experiment

Voltage source

-
By adding an electric field he found that
the moving pieces were negative
Cathode Ray Tube

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 Millikan’s Experiment

Measured mass of e-
(1923 Nobel Prize in Physics)

e- charge = -1.60 x 10-19 C

Thomson’s charge/mass of e- = -1.76 x 108 C/g
e- mass = 9.10 x 10
20
-28 g
 Thomson's Model

• Found the electron

• Couldn’t find
positive
• Said the atom was
like plum pudding
• A bunch of
positive stuff, with
the electrons able
to be removed
 Discovery of the nucleus

Ernest Rutherford English physicist.

(1910)
Believed in the plum pudding model of the
atom.
Wanted to see how big they are
Used radioactivity
Alpha particles - positively charged
pieces given off by uranium
Shot them at gold foil which can be made
a few atoms thick
 Rutherford’s experiment

When the alpha particles hit a

florescent screen, it glows.
Here’s what it looked like
 Florescent
Lead Uranium Screen
block

Gold Foil
 He Expected

The alpha particles to pass through

without changing direction very much
Because
The positive charges were spread out
evenly. Alone they were not enough to
stop the alpha particles
What he expected
Because
Because, he thought the mass was
evenly distributed in the atom
Because, he thought
the mass was evenly
distributed in the
atom
What he got
 How he explained it

Atom is mostly
empty
Small dense,
positive nucleus
at center +
Alpha particles
are deflected by
it if they get
close enough
+
 Modern View of Atomic Structure

• The atom is
mostly empty
space
• Two regions
• Nucleus- protons
and neutrons
• Electron cloud-
region where you
might find an
electron
mass p ≈ mass n ≈ 1840 x mass e-

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 Structure of the Atom

There are two regions

The nucleus
 With protons and neutrons
 Positive charge
 Almost all the mass
Electron cloud- Most of the volume of
an atom. The region where the
electrons can be found
 Rutherford’s Model of
the Atom

atomic radius ~ 100 pm = 1 x 10-10 m

nuclear radius ~ 5 x 10-3 pm = 5 x 10-15 m

“If the atom is the Houston

Astrodome, then the nucleus is a
marble on the 50-yard 36 line.”
 Symbols of Atom

Contain the symbol of the element, the

mass number and the atomic number

Mass
number

Atomic
number
X
 Symbols

Find the
 number of protons
 number of neutrons
 number of electrons 19


Atomic number
Mass Number
F
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 Modern View of Atomic Structure
• The atom is mostly
empty space
• Two regions
• Nucleus- protons and
neutrons
• Electron cloud- region
where you might find
an electron
mass p ≈ mass n ≈ 1840 x mass e-

40
Atomic Mass

Micro World Macro World

atoms & molecules grams
Atomic mass is the mass of an atom in
atomic mass units (amu)

By definition:
1 atom 12C “weighs” 12 amu

On this scale
1H = 1.008 amu
16O = 16.00 amu
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How to measure atomic mass?
Mass spectrum of Neon

SPECTRUM ANALYZE
•Ne has 3 isotopes : 20, 21, 22
•The percent abundance
•of 20Ne is 90.92%
•of 21Ne is 0.26%
•Of 22Ne is 8.82 %
The average atomic mass is the weighted
average of all of the naturally occurring
isotopes of the element.

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Average Atomic Masses
& Isotopic Abundances

Average Atomic Masses =

sum[(atomic mass of isotope)
*(fractional isotopic abundance)]
Average Atomic Mass

• Is not a whole number because it is an average.

• are the decimal numbers on the periodic table.
• We use Average Atomic Masses in chemical
calculation
Average Atomic Mass of Ne

From Mass spectrum:

20Ne : 90.92% (relative atomic mass about 20 amu)

21 Ne: 0.26% (relative atomic mass about 21 amu)

22 Ne : 8.82% (relative atomic mass about 22 amu)

(20  90.92)  (21 0.26)  ( 22  8.82)

AAM ( Ne)   20.179
100

The Average Atomic Mass of Ne is: 20.179 amu

Average atomic mass (63.55)

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 Molecular mass
Calculate the molecular
masses (in amu) of the
following compounds:

(a)sulfur dioxide (SO2), a gas

that is responsible for acid
rain

(b)caffeine (C8H10N4O2), a
stimulant present in tea,
coffee, and cola beverages
(a)There are two O atoms and one S atom in SO2, so that

molecular mass of SO2 = 32.07 amu + 2(16.00 amu)

= 64.07 amu

(b) There are eight C atoms, ten H atoms, four N atoms, and
two O atoms in caffeine, so the molecular mass of
C8H10N4O2 is given by

8(12.01 amu) + 10(1.008 amu) + 4(14.01 amu) + 2(16.00 amu)

= 194.20 amu
Formula mass is the sum of the atomic masses
(in amu) in a formula unit of an ionic compound.

1Na 22.99 amu

NaCl 1Cl + 35.45 amu
NaCl 58.44 amu

For any ionic compound

formula mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)

1 formula unit NaCl = 58.44 amu

1 mole NaCl = 58.44 g NaCl
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 The Mole

Mole: convenient measure chemical quantities.

1 mole of something = 6.0221415 x 1023 of that thing.
Experimentally, 1 mole of 12C has a mass of 12 g.

1 mol = NA = 6.0221415 x 1023

Avogadro’s number (NA)

 One Mole of:

C S

Hg

Cu Fe
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 Molar Mass

Molar mass is the mass of 1 mole of substance in grams

1 mole 12C atoms = 6.022 x 1023 atoms = 12.00 g

1 12C atom = 12.00 amu

1 mole 12C atoms = 12.00 g 12C

1 mole lithium atoms = 6.941 g of Li

For any element

atomic mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)
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1 12C atom 12.00 g 1.66 x 10-24 g
x 23 12
=
12.00 amu 6.022 x 10 C atoms 1 amu

1 amu = 1.66 x 10-24 g or 1 g = 6.022 x 1023 amu

M = molar mass in g/mol

NA = Avogadro’s number
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Enjoy studying!