NAME: TALHA AHMED ROLL NO:191390008

PROJE I-R
CT: COUNT
ABSTRACT:
Countability is an important issueER
in many cases .so for making it simple
we use a device called I-R COUNTER (infrared radiation).so in this
project we will see how we will make this device and how its work and
its design. Infrared sensor connected to some led light. It can detect the
interruption while crossing them.

METHODOLOGY:
In this project, the transmitter section includes an IR sensor, which transmits
continuous IR rays to be received by an IR receiver SO when an object passes
through from it. it will turn off the light then the it will increment in the counter.
we can also say it technically that it counts the ripple factor in the circuit as the
rays cut by some object

COMPONENTS:
 Resistors
2 x 1kΩ
100Ω
 2 IR transmitter and receiver pairs
 Transmitter
BC547
BC557
 LED light
 Light emitter diode
 Source 9V
WORKING:
The IR counter starts with the IR LED D2, which emits a beam of IR
light. This beam is aimed onto the IR photodiode, which, in turn,
increases the conductivity of the IR diode. Therefore, when the beam
hits the IR photodiode in this circuit, the voltage across R2 increases.
The photo-diode's resistance and output voltage change in proportion to
the IR light received. This is the underlying working principle of the IR
sensor. When the IR transmitter emits radiation, it reaches the object and
some of the radiation reflects back to the IR receiver. There are two
transistors used in the project one is qc547 which is NPN type of transistors
its first pin is collector which is attached with resistor of 1kΩ and its second
pin is base which is attached with the IR receiver and third pin is emitter
which is ground on the other hand its qc557 which is PNP type.
CONCLUSION:
There are also some other ways to make IR digital counter but this is the
trivial one to make a simple IR digital counter we can also add the
digital display to show the counting by connecting its end and using the
LM358 IC to sense the ripples using the light emitting diodes

APPLICATION:

 It can be use at the doors, railway stations and other places like that
where the place is crowdy
 It widely used in almost all the industries to calculate the products
they made so far
 It uses in parking lots to calculate the cars or bikes are enters in the
parking lot
 Its used in sports for example when the ball pass through polls then
it counts.

ADVANTAGES:

 The battery used in infrared devices last for long duration due to
lower power consumption.
 Infrared motion sensors detect motion in daytime and nighttime
reliably.
The sensor does not require any contact with the product to be
sensed.
 The infrared devices are more appropriate for targets which are close
than 10 mm.
 They are physically smaller in size and are more affordable.
 It has response time faster than thermocouple.
 It provides good stability over time.
 No corrosion or oxidation can affect the accuracy of infrared sensor.
 It delivers high repeatability.
DISADVANTAGES:

 Infrared frequencies are affected by hard objects (e.g. walls,

doors) , smoke, dust, fog, sunlight etc. Hence it does not
work through walls or doors.
 Infrared waves at high power can damage eyes.
 In monitor & control application, it can control only one
device at one time.
 it is difficult to calculate things which are not in LOS (Line of
Sight).
 It requires line of sight between transmitter and receiver to
communicate.
 It supports shorter range and hence it performance degrades
with longer distances.
 It supports lower data rate transmission compare to wired
transmission.