At The End of This Topic, The Students Should Be Able To

Elective* Structure of English/ASTRONOMY/Teaching Multi-grade Classes
MODULE 2 - A Sense of a Universe

2nd Semester, AY 2020-2021
At the end of this topic, the students should be able to:

A. Cite the different early scientists’/astronomers’ contributions to astronomy
B. Familiarize with the different Astronomical Tools and Techniques
C. Understand the importance of the Scientists contributions to Science
• ASTRONOMY - IS A NATURAL SCIENCE THAT DEALS WITH THE STUDY
OF CELESTIAL OBJECTS AND PHENOMENA THAT ORIGINATE OUTSIDE
ATMOSPHERE OF EARTH.
• UNIVERSE - CONSIST OF EVERYTHING IN SPACE AND THE SPACE ITSELF
• CONTENTS OF THE UNIVERSE – STARS
This material has been prepared and communicated to you by or on behalf of

Palawan State University South Campuses for educational purposes only.
DO NOT REPRODUCE OR COMMUNICATE.
Prepared
PSUby Nancy
South | 1 / 10
Medrano-Garcia
Campuses
• COSMOLOGIST - ASTRONOMERS WHO STUDY THE ORIGIN OF THE

UNIVERSE
• GALAXIES - ENORMOUS GROUPS OF STARS HELD TOGETHER IN

GRAVITY
• 4 MAIN TYPES OF GALAXY:
A. ELLIPTICAL – BALL SHAPED GALAXIES.

Prepared
PSUby Nancy
South | 2 / 10
Medrano-Garcia
Campuses
B. SPIRAL – DISC SHAPED
C. BARRED – BAR SHAPED
D. IRREGULAR – NO DISTINCT SHAPE

Prepared
PSUby Nancy
South | 3 / 10
Medrano-Garcia
Campuses
 MILKY WAY - THE GALAXY WE LIVE IN AND MADE UP OF 200 BILLION OF

STARS

Prepared
PSUby Nancy
South | 4 / 10
Medrano-Garcia
Campuses
AUSTRONOMICAL TOOLS AND THEIR USES

1. ALIDADE - An alidade or a turning board is a device that allows one to sight a distant object
and use the line of sight to perform a task. This task can be, for example, to draw a line on a
plane table in the direction of the object or to measure the angle to the object from some
reference point. A sighting device or pointer for determining directions or measuring angles
used in surveying and (formerly) astronomy.
2. ARMILLIARY SPHERE - An armillary sphere is a model of objects in the sky, consisting of a

spherical framework of rings, centred on Earth or the Sun, that represent lines of celestial
longitude and latitude and other astronomically important features, such as the ecliptic.

Prepared
PSUby Nancy
South | 5 / 10
Medrano-Garcia
Campuses
3. ASTRARIUM - also called a planetarium, is the mechanical representation of the cyclic

nature of astronomical objects in one timepiece. It is an astronomical clock.
4. Astrolabe - any of a type of early scientific instrument used for reckoning time and for
observational purposes. One widely employed variety, the planispheric astrolabe,
enabled astronomers to calculate the position of the Sun and prominent stars with
respect to both the horizon and the meridian.

Prepared
PSUby Nancy
South | 6 / 10
Medrano-Garcia
Campuses
5. Astronomical clock - horologium, or orloj is a clock with special mechanisms and dials

to display astronomical information, such as the relative positions of the sun, moon,
zodiacal constellations, and sometimes major planets.
6. Blink comparator - is a viewing apparatus formerly used by astronomers to find

differences between two photographs of the night sky. It permits rapid switching from
viewing one photograph to viewing the other, "blinking" back and forth between the two
images taken of the same area of the sky at different times.

Prepared
PSUby Nancy
South | 7 / 10
Medrano-Garcia
Campuses
ASTRONOMERS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO ASTRONOMY
1. NICOLAUS COPERNICUS - was an astronomer who proposed a heliocentric system, that the
planets orbit around the Sun; that Earth is a planet which, besides orbiting the Sun
annually, also turns once daily on its own axis; and that very slow changes in the
direction of this axis account for the precession of the equinoxes.
2. GALILEO GALILEI - a natural philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician who made

fundamental contributions to the sciences of motion, astronomy, and strength of
materials and to the development of the scientific method. He also made revolutionary
telescopic discoveries, including the four largest moons of Jupiter.
3. JOHANNES KEPLER - is best known for his three laws of planetary motion. These
laws are: Planets move in orbits shaped like an ellipse. A line between a planet and the

Prepared
PSUby Nancy
South | 8 / 10
Medrano-Garcia
Campuses
Sun covers equal areas in equal times. How long a planet takes to go around the Sun is
related to the radius of the planet's orbit.
4. CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY - was an astronomer and mathematician. He believed that the

Earth was the center of the Universe. The word for earth in Greek is geo, so we call this
idea a "geocentric" theory.
5. ISAAC NEWTON - is best known for having invented the calculus in the mid to late
1660s (most of a decade before Leibniz did so independently, and ultimately more
influentially) and for having formulated the theory of universal gravity — the latter in
his Principia, the single most important work in the transformation of early modern
natural philosophy into modern physical science.

Prepared
PSUby Nancy
South | 9 / 10
Medrano-Garcia
Campuses
6. TYCHO BRAHE - was a Danish nobleman, astronomer, and writer known for his
accurate and comprehensive astronomical observations. Without benefit of a
telescope, Brahe used armillary spheres that were able to physically represent a model
of the sky and develop celestial maps of planetary movement. Brahe created detailed
mathematical tables that astronomers used for centuries. He also correctly established
the positions of 1,000 fixed stars.

Prepared by Nancy
PSU South | 10 / 10
Medrano-Garcia
Campuses

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Elective* Structure of English/ASTRONOMY/Teaching Multi-grade Classes

MODULE 2 - A Sense of a Universe

At the end of this topic, the students should be able to:

• CONTENTS OF THE UNIVERSE – STARS

This material has been prepared and communicated to you by or on behalf of

• COSMOLOGIST - ASTRONOMERS WHO STUDY THE ORIGIN OF THE

• GALAXIES - ENORMOUS GROUPS OF STARS HELD TOGETHER IN

• 4 MAIN TYPES OF GALAXY:

A. ELLIPTICAL – BALL SHAPED GALAXIES.

This material has been prepared and communicated to you by or on behalf of

B. SPIRAL – DISC SHAPED

C. BARRED – BAR SHAPED

D. IRREGULAR – NO DISTINCT SHAPE

This material has been prepared and communicated to you by or on behalf of

 MILKY WAY - THE GALAXY WE LIVE IN AND MADE UP OF 200 BILLION OF

This material has been prepared and communicated to you by or on behalf of

AUSTRONOMICAL TOOLS AND THEIR USES

2. ARMILLIARY SPHERE - An armillary sphere is a model of objects in the sky, consisting of a

This material has been prepared and communicated to you by or on behalf of

3. ASTRARIUM - also called a planetarium, is the mechanical representation of the cyclic

This material has been prepared and communicated to you by or on behalf of

5. Astronomical clock - horologium, or orloj is a clock with special mechanisms and dials

6. Blink comparator - is a viewing apparatus formerly used by astronomers to find

This material has been prepared and communicated to you by or on behalf of

ASTRONOMERS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO ASTRONOMY

2. GALILEO GALILEI - a natural philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician who made

This material has been prepared and communicated to you by or on behalf of

4. CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY - was an astronomer and mathematician. He believed that the

This material has been prepared and communicated to you by or on behalf of

This material has been prepared and communicated to you by or on behalf of

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