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An Appraisal On The Effect of Dividend Policy On Manufacturing Firms' Share Value
An Appraisal On The Effect of Dividend Policy On Manufacturing Firms' Share Value
An Appraisal On The Effect of Dividend Policy On Manufacturing Firms' Share Value
BY
ONUIGBO CHIDIEBERE .A
PG/ MBA/10/54944
DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTANCY
FACULTY OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, ENUGU CAMPUS
ENUGU STATE.
JUNE , 2012
i
APPROVAL PAGE
Campus.
___________________ _________________
PROJECT SUPERVISOR
____________________ ____________________
HEAD OF DEPARTMENT
ii
CERTIFICATION
To the best of my knowledge, the work embodied in this project is original and has
not been submitted in part or in full for any other degree of this or any other
university.
__________________ ________________
ONUIGBO CHIDIEBERE A. DATE
PG/MBA/10/54944
RESEARCHER
iii
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to the Lord God Almighty, the fountain of wisdom and
knowledge, the giver of life who by HIS special grace, protection and mercy saw me
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
A research of this magnitude could not have been made possible without the unreserved
support of other people whose effort led to the climax of this work.
Equally I will not forget to acknowledge the support by the head of department in the person
of UGWOKE R.O., lecturers and non- academic staff especially Department of
Accountancy.
My unalloyed gratitude goes to my parent SIR $ LADY J.C. ONUIGBO for their unreserved
love, courage and determination , they have made my life so wonderful and also for their
financial support remains the “back-bone” of my academic pursuits, my lovely brother
Chukwuemeka.
Secondly, to my Aunt Nkechi, Aunt Susana, Collins for their Cheers, Jest and
Encouragement. My appreciation also goes to the management of Nigeria Stock Exchange at
Onitsha for their co-operation in making available information necessary to complete this
work. Special thanks to Agu .O.Agu, Uche Eneda and Paul who helped me at many critical
stages of my research. To my friends Chizoba, Onyinye, Moses, Kalu, Ebere and Ifesinachi
for their advice, inspiration and motivation and also for my other friends whose name have
not been mentioned, I appreciate all their efforts.
Above all to God Almighty, the most faithful God whose grace and love made all things
possible and for giving me the strength and wisdom throughout my masters programme at
university of Nigeria despite all odds. I say thank u
ONUIGBO CHIDIEBERE A.
PG/ MBA/10/54944.
v
ABSTRACT
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Approval page ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgment v
Abstract vi
vii
References 11
2.0 Introduction
12
viii
2.8.1 Irrelevance of Dividend Policy 44
Market 64
Reference 68
3.0 Introduction 70
ix
3.6 Techniques of Data Analysis 74
Reference 76
Bibliography 110
Appendix 111
x
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Dividend Policy is one of the three major policy areas of financial management
since Nigeria stock companies came into existence. Dividend is commonly defined as
the distribution of earnings (past or present) in real assets among the shareholders of
the firm in proportion to their ownership. Dividend policy connotes to the payout
policy which managers’ purse in deciding the size and pattern of cash distribution to
shareholders overtime. Bhattacharya (1999:P.241).Management primary goal is
shareholders wealth maximization which translates into maximizing the value of the
company as measured by the price of the company’s common stock. This goal can be
achieved by giving the shareholder a “fair” payment on their investments. However,
the impact of firm’s dividend policy on shareholders wealth is still unresolved.
xi
dividends or by repurchasing their shares, which is the least costly form of payout
from tax perspective? Firms must take these important decisions period after period
(some must be repeated and some need to be revaluated each period on regular basis)
Firms adopt dividend policies that suit the stage of life cycle they are in. For
instance, high growth firms with larger cash flows and fewer projects tend to pay
more of their earnings out as dividends. The dividend policies of firms may follow
several interesting patterns adding further to the complexity of such decisions. First,
Dividends tend to lag behind earnings, that is, increases in earnings are followed by
increases in dividend and decreases in earning sometimes by dividend cuts. Second,
Dividend are “sticky” because firms are typically reluctant to change dividends, in
particular, firms avoid cutting dividends even when earning drops. Thirdly, Dividends
tends to follow a much smoother path than do earnings. Finally, there are distinct
differences in dividend policy over the life cycle of a firm, resulting from change in
growth rates, cash flows and project investment in hand. Especially the companies
that are vulnerable to macroeconomic vicissitudes such as those in cyclical industries
are less likely to be tempted to set a relatively low maintainable regular dividend so as
to avoid the dreaded consequences of a reduced dividend in a particularly bad year.
xii
Companies generally prefer a stable dividend payout ratio because the
shareholders expect it and reveal a preference for it. Shareholders may want a stable
rate of dividend payment for a variety of reasons. Risk adverse shareholders would be
willing to invest only in those companies which pay current returns on shares. The
class of investors which includes pensioners and other small savers are partly or fully
dependent on dividend to meet their day to day needs. Such investors would therefore
prefer companies which pay a regular dividend every year. This clustering of
stockholders in companies with dividend policies that match their preferences is
called CLINETELE EFFECT.
The problem of this research work is to examine the effect of dividend policy
on manufacturing firm’s share value. A major impediment to understanding dividend
policy is the availability of multiple plausible explanations for observed behavior.
Booth Laurence and Cleary Sean (2003) clarified the theoretical setting of this
problem by showing that absent informational asymmetries, transaction costs or tax
considerations, the payout behavior of firms should not affect share valuation by
investor s. it follows from these assumptions that the dividend policy instead appears
to have strongly predictable components with firms gradually adjusting dividends to
target levels that reflect current earnings.
What Fisher Black (1976) christened the “dividend puzzle”- the problem of
reconciling observed dividend behavior with economic incentive facing the relevant
decision makers- is typically cost as a result of the relationship between external
shareholder and internal corporate managers. Dividends represent gross flows from
corporations to their shareholders, so to the extent that owners dictate dividend policy,
they can use dividend level and can also use dividends to send credible profitability
xiii
signals to the capital market. Both of these uses of dividends address needs that stem
from imperfect monitoring and information flow between owners and managers.
Since control problems and capital market signaling carry similar empirical
implication for dividend payment, it can be difficult to distinguish between them.
The most pertinent question to be answered here is that how much cash should
firms give back to their shareholders? Should directors pay their shareholders through
dividends or by repurchasing their shares, which is the least costly form of payout
from tax perspective? Firms must have these important decision periods (some must
be repeated and some need to be revaluated each period on regular basis).
xiv
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
In order to explore the research problem, the focus of this project is on research
questions which reflect on the objectives of the study are fielded:
1. What are the effects of dividend policy on manufacturing firms share value?
2. Are there factors that influence corporate decisions on dividend policies on
manufacturing firms in Nigeria?
3. What are the relationship between dividend per share and earnings per share of
manufacturing firms in Nigeria?
4. What is the impact of payment of dividend on the market price of a firm’s
share?
5. To what extent does the association between various ownership group and
dividend payout policies of Nigeria manufacturing?
6. To what extent do the company’s dividend policy satisfies the objective of
maximizing owner’s wealth.
HYPOTHESIS ONE
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HYPOTHESIS TWO
Ho: There is no significant relationship between dividend per share and earnings
per share of manufacturing firms in Nigeria?
H1: There is a significant relationship between dividend per share and earnings per
share of manufacturing firms in Nigeria?
HYPOTHESIS THREE
Ho: Dividend policy does not satisfy the objective of maximizing owner’s wealth.
Outcome of this research seeks to examine and identify the relative known
determinants of dividend policy in Nigeria. The research work also has made an
endeavor to bring the influence of ownership groups of a company on dividend payout
behavior of a firm. This research tries to unfold the relationship between dividend per
share and earning per share.
xvi
keeping in view and analysis, results and discussion presented. Through the research,
one can have better understanding of the factors that should systematically affect
firms’ payout decisions. It also gives insight into what kind of ownership structure is
beneficial for the shareholders.
As part of the research experience by researchers all over the globe, certain
limitations hindered the effective and smooth collection of data for the work. In the
cause of carrying out the research, the researcher experience some difficulties which
manifested in the following ways-
Time constraint: Due to the limited time available for the study, the researcher could
not place the source of information for the study
Attitude of respondents: Some respondent are indifferent to the study because they
feel they have nothing to benefit from the study financially or otherwise.
Finance: Due to lack of financial resources of their researcher, could not visits some
place to gather more information about the work.
Scope of the research: The study was constrained to the manufacturing firms;
therefore from the conclusion drawn from this study may have potential; problem on
generalization.
xvii
1.8 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
This section develops the definition of core terms for this research because precise
definitions of core terms are the foundation of any research project.
POLICY: Policy is a plan of action, statement of aims and ideas especially one made
by the management of a public corporate. It is a written statement of the terms of a
contract or agreement.
DIVIDEND POLICY: The policy of a company uses to decide how much it will pay
out to shareholders in dividend.
EARNING PER SHARE (EPS): The reward of an investor for making his
investment and it is the best measure of performance of firm.
DIVIDEND PER SHARE (DPS): Dividend per share is a ratio that measures the
amount of dividend payable to shareholders on per share basis as a reward for their
investment in the firm.
SHARE: Shares means any of the equal parts into which the capital of a business
company is dividend giving the holders a right to a portion of the profit.
xviii
REFERENCE
Bhattacharya S. (1999) Imperfect Information, Dividend Policy and The Bird – in- the
hand fallacy. Journal of Economics.
Black fisher (1996) The Dividend Puzzle. The Journal Portfolio Management,
Volume 18 No2 page 634-639.
Boothlaurence, Cleary Sean (2003) Dividend Policy and Capital Market. Journal of
Financial Management. Page 101 -121
Dividend Online Etymology Dictionary Douglas Harper 2001 retrieved 2006.
Frankfurter M. George and Wood bob G. (2003) Dividend policy Theory and
Practice, Academic press.
Jensen M.C. and Meckling W.H (1997) The Theory of the firm Managerial behavior
Agency Cost and Ownership Structure. Journal of Financial Economic (October)
Linter J. (1994) Distribution of Incomes of Corporation among Dividend Retained
Earnings Taxes, American Economics Review 46(1) page 97 – 113
Kalay A. (1992) The Ex –dividend day behavior of stock prices. Journal of Finance
page 1052 -1070
xix
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 The aim of this chapter is to review of previous work done by different author as
related to the study and also review the literature on the effect of dividend policy
that are relevant to the research problems in manufacturing firms. The background
theories used to develop the theoretical framework are discussed as follows-
According to Harper (2001), the word “Dividend” comes from the Latin word
“dividendum” meaning “the thing which is to be divided among all. Sheffrin (2003)
define dividends as payment made by a corporation to its shareholding members or as
the portion of corporate profit paid out to stockholders.
Pandy (2005) define the term as payments made to stockholders from a firm’s
earnings whether these earnings are generated in the current period or in previous
periods. Essentially, payments made to equity shareholders for shares held by them
are called dividend.
Davies and Pain (2002) defined dividend as the amount payable to shareholders from
profit or distributable reserves. It represents distribution of earning that cannot be
profitably reinvested by the firm. Companies that are listed in the stock exchange are
usually obligated to payout dividend on quarterly or semiannual bias.
Pandy (1979) defined dividend as that portion of a company’s net earnings which the
directors recommend to be distributed to shareholders in proportion to their
shareholdings in the company.
Thus, if there are no profits made dividend are not declared but when profits are
made, the company whether to issue dividends and what amount is calculated mainly
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on the basis of the company’s in profit and its earnings for the year. Thus, if there are
no Net Present Value (NPV) positive opportunities i.e. projects where returns exceeds
the hurdle rate, then management often return such excess cash to investors. In this
case, dividend may be seen as the free cash flows which comprises of cash remaining
after all business expenses have been met. It is usually expressed as a percentage of
nominal value of the company’s ordinary share capital or as a fixed amount per share.
Whether to issue dividends and what amount is calculated mainly on the basis of the
company’s inappropriate profit and its earnings for the year. Thus, if there are no Net
Present Value (NPV) positive opportunities i.e. projects where returns exceeds the
hurdle rate, then management often return such excess cash to investors. In this case,
dividend may be seen as the free cash flows which comprises of cash remaining after
all business expenses have been met (Damodaran, 2002). The dividend decision in
corporate finance is a decision made by the directors of a company. It relates to the
amount and timing of any cash payments made to the company’s stock holders.
Dividends are usually paid out of the current year’s profit and sometimes out of the
general reserves. They are normally paid out in cash and this form of dividend
payment is known as CASH DIVIDEND. Another dividend available to a company
for the distribution of earning is by STOCK DIVIDEND (bonus Issue) which is
supplementary to cash dividend. When cash dividend is paid to shareholders, it has an
adverse effect on the liquidity position and the reserves of the firms as it tends to
reduce both of them. Dividend is the trade off between retaining earning and paying
out cash or issuing new shares to shareholders. Some firms may have low dividend
payout because management optimistic about the firm’s future and therefore wishes to
retain their earning for expansion.
Davies and Pain (2002) defined Dividend as the amount pay to shareholders
from profit or distributable reserve. It represents distribution of earnings that cannot
be profitably reinvested by the firm. Companies that are listed in the stock exchange
are usually obligated to pay out dividend on quarterly or semi annual bias.
xxi
MEANING OF EARNING PER SHARE
According to Patra (2005) Earnings per share (EPS) can be described as the
reward of an investor for making his investment and it is the best measure of
performance of firm . The above definition of EPS and its importance was further
buttress by Hyderabad (1997) when he said that the bottom line of income statements
are an indicators of performance of think tank or top level of the company, therefore,
ordinary investors lacking in-depth knowledge and inside information mainly based
their decisions on EPS to make their investment decision, so it should be the objective
of financial management to maximize the EPS from the point of view of both the
investor and investee, thus to him, the objectives of financial management of
maximization of value measured in terms of market price of equity share of a
corporate entity is misplaced.
Pandey (2005) says given the objective of the firm to maximize the value of
equity share of the firm, management should select a desired combination of financing
mix or financial structure that will achieve the goal as stated by Patra (2005).
Theoretically, optimum financial structure implies that combinations of debt and
equity should be at the level where overall cost of capital is low and the value of the
firm is high. Therefore, the prevailing view is that the value maximization criterion as
a criterion of optimal financial structure is measured in terms of market price of equity
share, that is, the value of the firm is maximized when the market price of equity share
is maximized, so according to this view, maximization of the market price of equity
share leading to the maximization of value of the firm is a criterion of optimum
financial structure. Contrary to the above view according to Patra (2005) is that, the
market price of equity share should basically depends on the firm’s earnings per share
as the EPS valuation depends to a great extent, on many external factors such as
government monetary and economic policies, political stability, state of the economy
speculative trends etc, thus, it may be contended that market price of share has no
direct bearing on the optimum financial structure. He also agreed that since the
xxii
financial structure decision is an internal decision of the firm, an increase in market
prices of share should not be a criterion of optimum financial structure. Compsey and
Brigham (1985) totally agree with the above argument and say, Earning per share may
be a better substitute as a criterion of value maximization in respect of optimum
financial structure and as such maximizing EPS should be the main aim of a firm in
order to realize the objective of maintaining an appropriate financial structure.
xxiii
2.1.2 STOCK DIVIDEND
This is a situation where stocks are given out instead of paying cash dividend
to shareholders are in such a case given a percentage of their stock. Stock
holding as additional stock thus shareholders retain the same percentage of
stock holding, they had before the declaration of stock dividend. There will of
course be no change in total capitalization of the firm as the assets and
liabilities’ remain uncharged but there is going to be drop in the earning per
share. There is going to drop in the market price of the stock while there is
going to be corresponding rise in the volume of equity shareholdings. The
reserve or retained earnings going to drop. Since the firm have received nor
parted with any funds the both value as its debt will not be affected.
2.1.3 STOCK SPLITS
This is basically the same as stock dividend expects that a shareholder is
given a large number of shares for the old shareholder. There could be a stock
split of 3 for one, I which mean that for every one stock previously held, the
shareholder is given additional two stocks. This involves a reduction of per
value of the stock in proportional terms. As in stock dividend the shareholder
retains the same percentage of stock outstanding after as before stock split. As
with stock dividend, the total capitalization of the firm remains constant
because the assets and liabilities remain unchanged. The total market value of
the firm of the same but there is a drop in earnings per share to the extent of
proportion of the stock split. The individual stock holder still retains the same
total market value for his stock holding.
Firms generally adopt dividend polices that suit the stage of life cycle they are
in. For instance, high growth firms with larger cash flows and fewer projects tend to
pay more of their earnings out as dividend policies of firms may follows several
interesting patterns adding further to the complexity of such decisions.
xxiv
First dividend tends to lag behind earnings, that is increasing in earning are
followed by increases dividend and decrease in earning. Sometimes by dividend cut.
Secondly, dividends are “sticky” because firm are typically reluctant to change
dividends; in particular firm avoid cutting dividends even when earning drops.
Thirdly, dividends tend to follow much smoother path than do earning.
Finally, there are district differences in dividend policy over the life cycle of a
firm resulting from changes in growth rates, cash flows and project investment in
hand, especially the companies that are vulnerable to macroeconomic vicissitudes,
such as those in cyclical industries, are less likely to be tempted to set a relatively low
maintainable regular dividend so as to avoid the consequences of a reduced dividend
in a particularly bad year.
xxv
shareholder as increasing their current wealth and dividend level determines share
price as well as indicates the prospect of profitability of the firm. Dividend payout
reduces the amount of earning to be retained in the firm and affect the total amount of
internal financing. When dividends are treated as a financing decision the net earning
of the firm may be significant source of financing the growth of the firm.
The important aspect of dividend policy is to determine the amount of earning
to be declared as a dividend and the amount to retain in the firm. Retained earnings
are the most significant internal sources of fund for financing the corporate growth of
the firm and dividend constitutes the cash flows that accrue to shareholders. Although
both growth and dividend are desirable, the two goals are often in conflict, high
dividend rate means low retained earnings and consequently, a slower rate of growth
in earnings and stock prices. Residual earnings are all those earning after all other
obligation of the firm have been met and as such are the prerogative of the firm’s
common stockholders ; since share preferences heavily influences the firms dividend
decision. On the other hand, dividends are desirable from shareholders point of view
as it increase their current wealth.
CONSTANT OR FIXED POLICY- The Company pays out a fixed amount of its
profit after tax as dividend. Thus, a company maintains a fixed payout ratio of
dividend. Pandy (2005) define payout as the ratio of dividend to earnings. A company
may as a matter of policy, decide to constantly payout sixty percent of its after tax
profit as dividend to its shareholders and retaining the remaining fraction. This type of
policy allows the shareholders the opportunity to clearly known the amount of
dividend to expect from their investment in the company. However as noted by
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Watson and Head (2004), the policy could be traumatic to companies experiencing a
volatile or fluctuating profit earning. This because of the uncertainty of its profit it
capital project are to viable capital projects, the policy can be chaotic.
2.2.3 RESIDUAL POLICY- Dividends are just what is left after the company
determine the retained profits required for future investment. The policy gives
preference to its positive NPV (Net present value) projects and paying out
Dividends if there are still left over funds available. Dividend becomes a
circumstantial payment only paid when the investment policy is satisfied. There
is a tendency therefore that this type of policy could give rise to zero dividend
structure. Firms may need to modify this policy to ensure that investors of the
different clienteles are not chased out by a strict application of the policy.
2.2.4 ZERO DIVIDEND POLICY: Some firm may decide not to pay dividend.
This is especially common newly formed companies that rather require capital
to execute its projects. All profit is retained for expansion of the business,
investors who prefer capital gain to dividend because of taxation will naturally
be lured by this kind of policy. This type of policy is quite easy to operate and
xxvii
avoids the entire cost associated with payment of dividends. (Watson and Head
2004).
xxviii
B. RESTRICTION OF DECLARATION AND PAYMENT OF DIVIDEND
A company shall not declare or pay dividend if there are reasonable grounds for
believing that the company is or would be after the payment, unable to pay its
liabilities as they become due.
C. UNCLAIMED DIVIDEND
Section 382 sub-section 1-4 of the decree stated that:
1. Where dividend are retained to the company unclaimed, the company shall
send a list of the names of the persons entitled with the notice of the annual
general meeting to the members.
2. After the expiration of three months of the notice mentioned in sub-section of
this section, the company may invest the unclaimed of this section dividend for
its own benefits in an investment outside the company and no interest shall
accure on the dividends against the company.
3. Where dividends have been sent to members and there is an omission to send to
some members due to the fault of the company, the dividends shall earn interest
at the current bank rate from three months after the date in which ought to have
been posted.
4. For the purpose of liability, the date of posting the dividend warrant shall be
deemed to be the date of payment and proof of whether it has been sent is a
question of fact.
xxxii
In the fourth stage, the emphasis shifted form price ratios for pricing to
scientific models for pricing and from pricing shares of stock in one company to
pricing and from pricing shares of stock in one company to pricing portfolios of
stocks in number of companies usually publicly traded corporation. This led to
Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) by Harry Markowitz in 1952 ( journal of finance)
and to related Capital Asset Pricing Model ( CAPM) with its sole explanatory
variable, market- Beta MPT and CAPM are scientific but they apply only to portfolios
stocks instead of individual companies.
In the fifth, the emphasis shifted from scientific models of return for stock
portfolio pricing to pseudo- scientific models for stock portfolio pricing. Similar to the
second stage, these models for stock portfolio pricing followed the pricing practices in
the private markets for closely held companies but with a change from unit prices to
price yields. Unit price have company price as the numerator. Price yields are the
inverse of unit prices. Some of these return models include risk factors that are price
yields such as book –to-market equity ratio ( Equal to book-to-price ratio), earning/
price ratio, and dividend/ price ratio,
According to Robert (2006) price related risk factors in a return model are not
scientifically valid and this is because of the fallacy of circular reasoning. An example
is the FF3F (three factor model). It is devolution rather than an advance.
xxxiii
however, that it is expressible in terms of a single lump sum of money considered as
payable or expendable at a particular time in exchange for property.
Price and value are separate but related concepts. Price is the monetary
consideration received for the sale and payment for the purchase of goods and
services. The market price of a stock may have various intrinsic values to different
prospective buyers. As a buyer of a stock for transaction purpose may have a value
different from a buyer with intention of board membership attached to that stock.
As a result of these factors securities that are expected to have high return and/
or low risk would be in high demand and therefore normally attract high prices and
vice versa. Thus, market value of securities is mostly determined by market forces.
Viewing stock valuation from a similar perspective, it is noted that stocks have
two types of valuations. One is value created using some type of cash flow, sales
or fundamental earning analysis. The other value is dictated by how much an
investor is willing to pay for a particular share of stock and by how much other
investor are willing to sell a stock ( in others words by supply and demand). The
latter is very hard to understand or predict and it often drives the short term stock
market trends while the former which is based on historic ratios and statistics is
typically what drives long – term stock prices. Both of these values changes
overtime as investors change the way they analyze stocks and as they become
more or less confident in the future of stocks.
They are many different ways to value stock. The key is to take each approach
into account while formulating an overall opinion of the stock. If the valuation of a
company is lower than other similar stocks, then the next setup would be to determine
the reasons.
For the purpose of this study, some of the models will summarized briefly while some
others would just be stated and can be further read on “stock valuation- Wikipedia,
free encyclopedia”.
xxxv
2.6.1 FUNDAMENTAL VALUATION ANALYSIS
The fundamental valuation is the valuation that people use to justify stock
prices. The most common example of this type of valuation is P/E ratio. This form of
valuation is based on historic ratios and statistics and aims to assign vale stock based
on measurable attributes. They provide an analytical framework for rational and
informed investment decision making. The fundamentalist carry out an Economy –
industry – company analysis (E.I.C). They evaluate stock using auditor’s report, profit
and loss account, balance sheets sales data, managerial ability etc, of the company to
forecast future business conditions.
This analysis deals with the action of the market itself. it is the science of
recording usually in graphic form, the actual history of trading i.e. prices changes and
volume of transactions in a particular stock or in the averages and then deducing the
probable future trend. These analysts believe that prices are determined by supply and
demand. It is concerned with the identification and analysis of prevailing market
trend. They lay emphasis on price movement resulting from a number of factors
xxxvi
which could be real or imaginary, rational or irrational etc. all of which are
automatically weighed and synthesized in producing the process at which buyers and
sellers strike deals at the stock market.
xxxvii
the firm. In addition, the decision may determine the amount of taxations that
stockholders pay.
The important of dividend decision in term of making an investment decision
has been debated by many writers. There are basically two divergent schools of
thought as regard to this. At one and of the Spectrum, William (1978) argues in favour
of dividend as a determinant of corporate value. This view is identical to that held by
Graham, Odd and Cottee (2006) when they said that the typical investor would most
certainly prefer to have his dividend paid and let tomorrow take care of itself.
In the same view, Jahnke (1995) contents that earnings growth is actually a
surrogate for what really matter, namely dividend growth. All these view re-interate
the relevance of the dividend decision in Investment decision making. At the other
end of the Spectrum is the argument that dividend are Irrelevant in the determination
of stock price and the value of firm. Modigliani and Millar (1978), they show that
since it is possible to state the value of the firm without dividend, then dividend has
no effect on the value of when external financing is used.
Brown (1978) said that “an average, the market correctly anticipated earning change
even before their announcement. White beck and Kisor (1978) argue that investor
should look forward to the future earnings growth of common stock rather than past.
xxxviii
i) FREE CASH FLOW THEORY OF DIVIDEND: According to Pandey
2005, the payment of dividend is very simple, the firm simply pays out, as
dividend, any cash that is surplus after its invest in all available positive net
present value projects. Criticism of the theory is that it does not explain the
observed dividend policies of real world companies. Most companies pay
relatively consistent dividend from one year to the next and managers tend to
prefer to pay a steady increasing dividend rather than paying dividend that
fluctuates dramatically from one year to the next. These criticisms have led to
the development of other models that seek to explain the dividend decision
(see, Brigham, 1995).
The bird-in-hand argument of krishman (1933) was that a firm dividend policy is
relevant. This view is based on the assumption that under conditions of uncertainty,
investors tend to discount near dividends at a higher rate than they discount near
dividends. Investors thus behaving rationally are risk averse and therefore, have a
preference for near dividends to future dividend (Pandey, 2005).
The logic underlining these bird-in-hand arguments can be captured in the words of
Krishman (1933), when he said;
xlii
If two stock with identical earnings record, and prospects, but the one paying
a larger dividend than the other, the former will undoubtedly command a
higher price merely because stockholder prefer present to future values.
Myopic vision plays a part in the price making process. Stock holders often
act and upon the principle that a bird-in-hand is worth two in the bush and
for this reason arewilling to pay a premium for the stock with the higher
dividend rate. Just as they discount the one with the lower rate
(See Pandey, 2005:284).
The above statement was confirmed by Graham and Dodd, et al (1994:327) have a
similar view when they state;
“The typical investor would most certainly prefer to have his dividend today
and let tomorrow take care of itself. No instances are on record in which; the
withholding of dividends for the sake of future profits has been hailed with
such enthusiasm as to advance the price of the stock. The direct opposite has
invariably been true” (See. Pandey, 2005:385).
Myron Gordon also expresses the bird-in-hand argument more convincingly and in
formal forms. According to him, uncertainty increases with futurity, that is the further
one looks into the future, the more uncertain dividend becomes, accordingly, when
dividend policy is considered in the context of uncertainty, the appropriate discount
rate cannot be assumed to be constant (see, Pandey,2005). In fact according to him, it
increases with uncertainty and investors prefer to avoid uncertainty and would be
willing to pay higher price for the share that pays the greater current dividend all other
things held constant.
Gordon concludes that dividend policy affects the value of the share as
investors value a Naira of dividend income to a Naira of capital gains income. This
investor prefer dividend above capital gains because dividend are easier to predict less
certain and less risky and are therefore discounted with a lower discount rate.
xliii
Walter J. E. (1963: 175) said that the choice of dividend policies almost always
affect the value of the enterprises. His model, one of the earliest theoretical works
shows the importance of the relationship between the firm’s rate of return and its cost
of capital in determining the dividend policy that will maximize the wealth of
shareholders.
Walter’s model was based on the following assumptions according to Francis (1972)
1. The firm finance all investment through retained earnings, that is, debt or new
equity is not issued.
2. The firm’s rate of return and its cost of capital are constant.
3. All earnings are either distributed as dividends or reinstated internally
immediately
4. There is a constant EPS and DPS
5. The firm has a very long or indefinite life (See Pandey, 2005).
xlv
Consequently, firms are encouraged to retain more earning than paying out
dividend investors with high tax brackets will buy more shares in the turns that pay
low tax resulting in the rise of stock value of such firms.
Horne. J. Van (2000:333) argued that when investors are tax exempt or pay low tax,
the advantage of capital gains over dividend income is cost such investors go for firms
that pay higher dividends.
What is exploited when earning are retained ploughed back into the firm are
flotation cost, postage cost and dividend payment accounting which made internal
financing cheap and external financing.
xlvi
• There are neither taxes nor brokerage fees and no single participant can affect
the market price of the security through his or her trade. An economists say the
perfect market exist when these condition are met.
• All individual have the same belief concerning future investment, profit and
dividend. These individual are said to have homogenous expectation.
• The investment policy of the firm is set ahead of time and is not altered by
change in dividend policy.
• Risk of uncertainty does not exist
xlvii
Their assumption about non- existence of taxes is unrealistic because investors
are compelled to pay taxes on dividend paid. Normally such taxes are already
deducted before delivery from the dividend as dividend warrants which shareholders
get periodically.
Modigliani and Miller assertion that wealth of shareholder will remain constant
whether or not dividend is paid. For example in the absence of dividend, a shareholder
decides to sell his shares, she has to pay brokerage fee and may even suffer some
inconveniences which may not be easily evaluation in monetary term. Modigliani and
Miller irrelevance principle does not hold in the presence of personal tax.
Modigliani and Miller realized that there is considerable evidence that change in
dividend policy do influence stock prices. An increase in dividend conveys a type of
information to the shareholder namely, that management expect future earnings to be
higher similarly a cut in dividends in viewed as conveying unfavorable information
about the firms earning prospect. Modigliani and Miller argued that informational
content of dividend policy influences share prices and not the patterns of dividend
payment. Modigliani and Miller said that each firm tends to develop its own clientele
xlviii
of investors. For investors who seek capital gain income will be attracted to low
dividend securities while investors who favour large current income that is high
dividend will be attracted to high dividend payout securities. Thus a firm that changes
its dividend policy could loose some shareholders to other firm with a more appealing
dividend policy. This in turn may cause a temporary reduction in the price of the
firm’s stock. Other investor who prefers the new adopted dividend policy will view
the firm as being undervalued and will purchase more shares.
Hirts, G.A, Block et al (1983: 141) said that dividend increase generally
increased common stock value a company with questionable performance even
without earning, dividend may not encourage investors. He agreed that dividend is
irrelevant at the development and growth stages of firm because investor at the state
purchase shares for capital gain based on expected growth. Considering dividend
policy in isolation of borrowing and investment decisions. Scolt B. (1988: 41) argued
xlix
that the effect of dividend policy on stock values will be unequivocally state to be of
no relationship with change in price of common stock.
Analysts take the view that paying low level of dividend does not result in
under-valuation of the firm; the value of a firm with a given current capital is the same
under low or zero future dividends as high future dividend. This view is known as the
Neutrality of dividend policy and is held by Black and Scholes (1976). Black and
Scholes argue that shareholders trade-off the benefits of dividend against the tax
losses. Based on this trade off, that shareholders make, they would be classified into
three clienteles; a clientele that consider dividend are always good; clientele that
considers dividends are always bad and clientele flat is indifferent to dividend.
Pandey (2005), most shareholders in high tax brackets may belong to high payout
clientele since in their case; the tax advantage may outweigh the benefit of dividends.
On the other hand, shareholders in low tax bracket may fit into payout clientele as
they may suffer marginal tax disadvantages of dividend while tax-exempt investors
are indifferent. Between dividends and capital gains, since they pay no taxes on their
income. So, the supply of dividends and demand for dividend matches, there will be
no gain if a firm changes its dividend policy, the investors have already made their
choices or there exist opportunities for shareholders to shift from one firm to another.
The word “Residual” implies left over and residual theory states that dividends
should paid only out of left over earning.
l
Ozoani, G.C. (1998, pg.132), defined the residual theory of dividend policy based on
the premise that investors prefer to have a firm retain and reinvest earnings rather than
pay them out in dividends, if the rate of return of the firm can earn on reinvested
earning exceeds the rate of return, investors can obtain for themselves on other
investments of comparable risk.
A firm using the residual theory of dividend would follow these four major steps:
The intrinsic value of a security reflects and is indeed determined by what most
investors expect to be the ultimate financial consequences of owning it. This depends
on the nature and amount of benefits expected the price of the security and its
expected level of risk. Non – financial consequences have no direct relevance in the
valuation process, expect in so far as they elucidate the ultimate evaluation results.
This basic idea governs security valuation theory, whether it is applied to bond
li
valuation or to the evaluation of variable income securities such as equity stock.
These include:
The advantage of the DCF is that it can be used with a wide variety of firms
that don’t pay dividends and even companies that pay dividend. Companies using this
model must have predictable free cash flows which must be positive. The formula is;
V =∑ FCF
(1 +K) 2
Where v= present value of security
K = cost of capital/ capitalization rate
FCF = free cash flow.
This method of valuation equates the value of shares to the net tangible assets
of the firm divided by the number of share. The difficulty in the use of this method
lies in ascertaining the assets value for inclusion in firm’s new assets. All tangible
assets should be excluded unless they have a marketable value e.g. patents or copy
right which be sold. Surplus value arising from recent revaluation reduced where such
revelation were not professionally certified.
lii
The asset valuation model is expressed as
Vo = A – L
VO = d1 d2 d3 d
The implicit assumption is that equity stock is held in perpetuity (n= α and
therefore, that owners would expect no other income apart from dividends. Dividend
valuation model is conceptually inappropriate for the investor with limited horizon i.e.
liii
anyone who plans to sell the stock after sometime. For such a person, the resale price
of the stock at the end of the holding period constitutes an additional source of value.
If the stock will be held for three years.
VO = d1 d2 d3 p3
Where P3 is the expected price of the share at the end of the third year.
These two equations do not contradict themselves. If the market is efficient and
valuation process consistent then.
P3 =V3 d4 d5 dα
(1 + r) 4 + (1+r) 5 + (1+r) α
This model uses the stream of expected earnings rather than dividends. Apart
from the difference, the model is similar to dividend valuation model.
Vo = E1 - l1 E2 - l2 + (E α -1) α
liv
It is observed that this model is directly related to dividend valuation model because
the effected dividend per period (d) is equal to total earnings minus retained for the
reinvestment (E-1)
VO = E1 - l1 + E2 - l2 + (E n -1n) + Pn
lv
5. What should be the form dividend stability of dividend refers to the amount
paid out regularly, stability of dividends is considered as a desirable policy by
the management of most companies, shareholders also generally favour this
policy and value stable dividends higher than fluctuating ones. Stable dividend
tends to have positive impact on the market price of share all other things been
equal.
Some companies pay a fixed amount for share as dividend every year
irrespective of the fluctuations in the earnings. This policy does not imply that
the dividend per share will never be increased. In a situation where a company
reaches new level of earnings and expects to maintain it, the annual dividend
per share may be increased.
lvi
2.11.3 SMALL CONSTANT DIVIDEND PER SHARE PLUS EXTRA
DIVIDEND
The amount of dividend I set at a high level under the constant dividend
per share policy. This policy is very common with companies with stable
earning. For companies with fluctuate earnings, the policy to pay a minimum
dividend per share with a step – up feature is quite popular. The small amount
of dividend is fixed to reduce the possibility of ever missing a dividend
payment.
1. Declaration Date: This is the first date, the date on which the board of
directors declares the dividend that will pay for that quarter (or period). This
date is important because by announcing its intent to increase, decrease or
maintain dividend, the firm convey information to financial markets. Thus, if
lvii
the firm changes its dividends, this is the date on which the market reactions to
the change occur.
2. Ex- dividend date: At that time, investors must have bought the stock to
receive the dividend because the dividend is not received by investors buying
stock after the ex – dividend date, the stock price will fall on that day to reflect
the loss. To avoid inconsistencies created by such delay, brokerage firm set the
ex-dividend date four business days prior to the record date. Anyone
purchasing a share on or after the ex-dividend date does not receive the
dividend. Prior to the ex-dividend date stock is said to be trading cum-dividend
(with dividend subsequently, it trades ex- dividend.
3. Holders of the record date: At the close of the business a few days after the
ex – dividend date, the company closes its stock transfer books and make up a
list of the shareholders. These shareholders will receive the dividends. There
should be generally be no price effect on this date.
4. Dividend payment date: It involves mailing out the dividend check on the
payment date. In most cases, the payment date is two or three weeks after the
holder of record date.
Although stockholders may view this as an important day, there should
be no price impact on this day either.
Announcement date Ex- dividend day Holder of record day Payment day
2 to 3 weeks 2 to 3 days 2 to 3 weeks
Board of directors announce Stock has to be bought Company closes book and Dividend is paid to
quarterly dividend per share by this date for investor records owner of stock. shareholder.
to receive dividend
lviii
Dividend policy can be measures in two different ways:
1. Dividend yield
2. Dividend payout.
1. Dividend yield: Dividend yield relates to dividend paid to the price of the
stock.
Dividend yield = Annual dividend per share + price per share.
The dividend yield is important because it provides a measure of that
component of the total return that comes from dividend with the balance from
price appreciation.
2. Dividend payout ratio: Dividend payout ratio relates dividend paid to earning
of the firm. The payout ratio is used in number of different setting. It is used in
valuation as a way of estimating dividends in future period because most
analysts estimate growth in earnings rather than dividend.
Second the retention ratio. The proportion of the earning invested in the
firm. Retention ratio= 1- dividend payout ratio is useful in estimating future
growth in earning than firms with lower retention ratios (higher payout ratio).
Third, dividend payout ratio tends to follow the life cycle of the firm
starting at zero. When the firm is in high growth and gradually increasing as the
firm mature and its growth prospects decrease.
lix
Earning
lx
3. NATURE OF SHAREHOLDERS: The shareholder are the owners of the
company in a closely held companies, management usually knows dividend
desires of the share holders and may act accordingly. The firm can establish a
low dividend payout if most share holders are in a high tax bracket and prefer
capitals gains to current income. The low pay out will of course depends on the
availability of profitable investment opportunities in which to employ retained
earnings. In a widely held company, it is a formidable task to know the
dividend desire of share holders.
According to Horin Ben (1987:342) dividend must be set at a level that the
firm can afford in the long run. Thus dividend should be lower, the higher the
volatility of a firms earning.
5. INFLATION: With rising prices funds generated from depreciation are not
sufficient to replace and/or restore existing assets as they wear and become
obsolete. Weston and Copeland et al (1988:552) posited that tax position of a
firm’s owner greatly influences the dividend payout legal rules. They moreover
agree that law plays a major part in determining the legal rules concerning
dividend payment. The described these law as
lxi
iv. Tax on improperly accumulated earning. They also argue that various
governments have from time imposed restrictions on the amount of
profit which companies may distribute as dividend.
6. RESTRICTION IN LOAN AGREEMENTS: Creditors order to protect their
own interest when the firm is faced with liquidity or profitability difficulties
may put restrictions on dividend payments. As such the firm agrees as part of a
contract with a lender to restrict dividend payment. As an example, a loan
agreement may restrict payment of dividend as low as the firms debt- equity or
liquidity ratio does not conform with certain stipulated standards or may
require the firm to pay dividends only when some amount of current earnings
has been transferred to as sinking fund established to retire debt.
Based on these factors, firms develop models with which to determine the
amount of earning the retain and amount for dividends pay out. Pioneering
work in this direction was done by linter john (1994:48) his model was based
on current earning and target pay out ration of current dividend
7. OWNER CONSIDERATIONS: In establishing a dividend policy the primary
concern should be how to maximize the firm’s owner wealth over the long run.
Although it is impossible to establish a policy that will maximize each owner’s
wealth the firm must establish a policy that has a favourable effect on the
wealth of the majority of the owners. Three factors that must be considered are
the tax status of the owners their investment opportunities and dilution of
ownership.
8. MARKET CONSIDERATION: In establishment dividend policy, it is
important to consider certain behavioral aspect of the securities market. Since
the wealth of the firm’s owners is reflected in the market price of the firm’s
shares, an awareness of the market probably response to certain types of
dividend policy. The market place views the firm’s dividend as a source of
information. The firm should attempt to develop a dividend policy that provides
lxii
owners and prospective investor with positive information, therefore reducing
their uncertainty about the firm’s future success.
2.15 FACTOR INFLUENCING SHARE PRICE BEHAVIOUR IN THE
NIGERIA STOCK MARKET
The price at which a security can be bought or sold on the stock exchanges will
depend, as in other markets, on the relative strength demand and supply of that
particular security at a particular time. All sorts of influence affect the price of shares
through supply or demand. If business prospects are good the price of shares will
generally be high; if prospects are poor price will be low. The publication of a
company’s balance sheet will affect the price of its shares favorable or adversely as
the case may be.
Other factor which influence stock exchanges prices are such things as Bank
rate, change in the bank rate affect the price stock favorable or adversely when the
bank rate high or low.
Another factor is change in the government policy, the publication of foreign
trade figures or even rumors of impending political change. At the present day, there
are large institutional buyers in the market and their influence on price is considerable.
The Government broker intervenes in the gift edged market in order to
influence the rate of yield on government stocks, making use for this purpose of the
fund of those government department which have money to invest .if the aim is to
keep up the rate of yield on government stocks the broker will enter the market to sell
in order to reduce the price stock, if the aim is to keep down the rate of the yield he
will go into the market as a buyer in order to raise the price of stock. Thus, the rate of
yield on government stocks is largely determined by the government itself.
Some of the effects of dividend policy on required rate of return are as follow:
lxiii
2.16.1 CAPITAL GAINS TAX RATE
Dividends are taxed at both federal and state government rates. Presently, the
tax and capital gain is generally limited to twenty percent. This makes wealthy
investors tend prefer capitals gain on dividends. To the extent that this factors is
important, Ks will be smaller, the lower the pay out, other things hold constant. Large,
publicly owned firms have stock holders whose tax brackets range from zero to about
sixty percent. This makes it difficult to accommodate all stock holders and thus
creates a problem for group of stock holders, should dividend policy be set.
Some authors have argued the investors regard returns coming in the
form of dividend as being less risky than capital gains returns. On the hand, if
lxiv
someone receives dividends then turns around and reinvest them in the same
firm or one of similar risk, there would appear to be of little difference in risk
between this operation and having the company retain and invest the earning in
the first place.
REFERENCES
Brealey R. and Mysers .S. (1994) The dividend Controversy, Principle of Corporate
Finance 2nd Edition Mc Graw-Hill.
Brigham, E.F. (1990) Foundational of Financial Management. 2nd Edition Hinsdale
Illinois, the Dryden press.
Collier P. A (1988) Common Stock, Financial and Treasury Management. Heinemann
publishing limited. Oxford.
Davies T. and Pain B. (2002) Business Accounting and Finance. Berkshire : Mc Graw
– Hill.
Dividend Online Etymology Dictionary Douglas Harper 2001 retrieved 2006.
Frankfurter M., George and Wodbob,G. (2003) Dividend Policy theory and practice,
Academic
Graham, B.D.C and S. Cottles (1996) Security Analysis New York Mc. Graw - Hill
Gordon, M.J. (2000) The Investment, financing and Valuation of Corporation. R.D.
Irwin Inc.
lxv
Hirt G.A and Block S.B (1983) Economic and Industry Fundamental of Investment
and Strategies. Milnor’s Richard Dillinois Inc Illinois.
Horin, B. (1997) The dividend decision: Procedure Policy and Effect on Value
Essential of Corporate finance, Publishing House Boston, London.
James C. Van horne (200) Dividend and Valuation : Financial management and
Policy, Prentice hall Inc. New jersey.
Kolb R.W and Rodriguez (1996) Financial Management 2nd Edition Cambridge.
Blackwell Publishers.
Ozoani G.C (1998) Basic of Financial Management and Analysis: Enugu, Veamark
publishers Enugu.
sPandy I.M (1999) Dividend Theories Financial Management: India, Vikas publishing
house PVT limited India
Pandy I.M (2005) Financial Management 9th Edition Delhi Vikas publishing house
PVT limited India.
Weston J.F and Copeland T.E (1988) Dividend Policy Management Finance. 2nd
edition United Kingdom, Cassel London.
JOURNAL
Nigeria Companies and Allied Matters Act 1990 with all the amendments page 165 -
167.
Black F. and Scholes (1996) The Dividend Puzzle. Journal of Finance, volume 18 no
2, 264
Graham. and Dodd C.D ( 1994) Security Analysis, Principles and Technique
American Economic review volume 64
lxvi
Gordon, M.J.(1993) Optimal Investment: Journal of Finance volume XVIII NO 2 264
-272.
Miller M. H and Modigliani F. (1996) Dividend Policy, Growth and the Valuation of
Shares, Journal of Business, volume 34 page 411
Uzoaga W.O. and Alozieuwa J.U (1994) Dividend Policy in an era of Indigenation
Nigeria Journal of Economics and Social Studies. Volume XVI No 3 page 97-118
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
lxvii
In the view of Onwumere (2009:111), Research design is a kind of blue
print that guides the researcher in his or her investigation of problems.
Research design is the framework which specifies the type of data. It is the
basic plan for data collection and analysis of the study.
For the purpose of this study, ex-post design was used for the study. The
method is considered adequate, objective and most appropriate because it
helped the researcher to describe, examine, record, analyze,interpret and cannot
manipulate the variables that exit in the study
In order to accomplish the goal of the research a earlier stated in this work, the
thesis is based on data drawn from secondary data.
lxviii
the problem. Data collection method involves the basic definitions for the
concepts to be investigated specific wording of inquire to communicate these
concepts, delineation of environment in which the data will be collected,
specified field procedures and the design of instruments for recording the actual
data.
All the data for this study were collected from secondary sources precisely the
data were sourced as shown below:
• The companies market share value: The market share value for securities for
the period under the study 2005 -2010 were collected from Nigeria stock
exchange daily official list.
• Dividend per share, Earning per share and Shareholder fund for the period
under the study 2005 -2010 were collected from the annual report of the
companies.
lxix
3.5 SAMPLE OF THE STUDY
Determining the size of the sample (i.e. the number of elements constituting the
sample) from the population can be done in a number of ways; the researcher
employed the use of Yaro Yamani 1964 formula with 20% error tolerance.
N= n
1 + n (e) 2
Where N = Population
n = Sample size
1 = Theoretical constant
In applying this formula in determining the sample size for this study, we substitute as
follows:
n = N
1+Ne2
n = 40
E = 20% (0.2) 2
N= ?
N= 40
1 + 40 (0.2)2
lxx
N= 40
1 + 40 0.04
N= 40
1 + 1.6
N= 40
2.6
N = 15 companies
Data collected in the course of this study were presented and analyzed using
suitable statistical tools. They were presented in tabular form and analyzed using the
Pearson product moment correlation coefficient correlation coefficient.
Formula = n ∑xy - ∑x ∑y
DECISION RULE
lxxi
In testing of hypotheses
• If the value of the correlation coefficient (r) is greater than zero i.e. positive it
means that the variable correlated then by accept H1 and reject H0.
• If the value of the correlation coefficient (r) is less than zero (i.e. negative) or
equal to zero. It means that the variables are uncorrelated hence accept H0 and
reject H1.
The Statistical model to be adopted for this research is Pearson product moment
correlation coefficient. It is defined as
Formula = n ∑xy - ∑x ∑y
n = number of observation
∑ = summation sign
x = independent variable
y = dependent variable
REFERENCE
lxxii
Churchill G. (1991) Marketing Research : Methodological Foundation, New York :
The Dryden press.
Olannye P.A (2006) Research method for business. “A skill building approach”.
Lagos: peen publication.
Onwumere J.U.J. (2009) Business and Economic Research Method 2nd Edition Enugu
: Vougasen limited publisher
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 INTRODUCTION
The focus of this chapter is on the presentation and analysis of data generated
through tested and analyzed the generated statistical data such as Pearson correlation
coefficient test in respect of the dependent and independent variables. The firms
under study are analyzed on a firm by firm basis as well as on aggregated as is
consistent with firms in the same industry or the industry (Brealey, Myers and Marcus
2004). The presentation and interpretation was concentrated on the discussion of the
magnitude and direction of the relationships between the dependent and independent
variables and as well as explaining whether value is created as a result of the firm’s
share value of dividend policy at a predetermined benchmark.
It must be stressed here however that the data presented and subsequently
analyzed and discussed are only those which bear direct relevance to the problem
and objectives of the study and which apparently are relevant to the hypothesis
formulated in this study. The aim was to draw conclusion on an appraisal of the
effect of dividend policy on manufacturing firms’ share value.
lxxiii
4.1 DATA PRESENTATION
The data utilized in this study are presented below. This includes earning per
share, dividend per share, market share price and shareholder funds of some
selected companies between 2005 to 2010.
lxxiv
Source: Annual report, Facts book, NSE daily Official list from 2005 -2010
EPS = Earnings per Share, DPS = Dividend per Share, SP = Share Price.
As shown from table 4.1, In 2010, the company had the highest shareholder rate of
34,199,119 while in 2005 was the lowest shareholder fund rate of #18,227,442. EPS
According to Patra (2005) is the reward of an investor for making his investment from
the book value figures of the firm. As shown in the table above, in the year 2010 had
the highest earning per share of 91k followed by in the year 2009, 2008 while in 2005
was the lowest earning per share of 412k. It should be noted that the figures are in
kobo. Dividend per share is a ratio that measures the amount of dividend payable to
shareholders on per share basis as a reward for their investment in the firm.
From the table, it shows that most companies with high earning per share also
had a high dividend per share while the lowest dividend per share is in both 2005 and
2006.
In share price value, the highest price is in the year 2010 while in 2008, the price is
low which is 72.5. The price was fluctuating.
4.1B PATERSON ZOCHONIS INDUSTRIES PLC (P.Z)
YEARS SHAREHOLDERFUND EPS DPS SP
lxxv
Source: Annual report, Facts book, NSE daily Official list from 2005 -2010
EPS = Earnings per Share, DPS = Dividend per Share, SP = Share Price.
As shown in the table 4.1B, the company had the highest shareholder fund in the
year 2010 which is 38,707,544. In 2005, the shareholder fund was the lowest which is
21,925,758. In earning per share, in the year 2010 was the highest reward. In the year
2005 and 2006 the earning per share was the same while 124k was the lowest in the
year 2008. In dividend per share and share price value, the value was the highest in the
same year 2010which is 86k and 33.00. In dividend per share and share price value, the
lowest price value is the same in the year 2005 which is 62k and 11.97.
lxxvi
2009 46,570,094 369k 180k 53.02k
2010 50,172,162, 401k 354k 77.10
TOTAL 243,128,113 1613k 1363k 283.12
Source: Annual report, Facts book, NSE daily Official list from 2005 -2010
EPS = Earnings per Share, DPS = Dividend per Share, SP = Share Price
From the table above, the shareholder fund in the year 2010 followed by the
year 2009 and 2007. Which was 50,172,162, 46,570,094 and43, 188,242 while the
lowest fund is in the year 2008 which is the sum of 32,229,181. In earning per share
and dividend per share, the year was the same and the figure was different which is
401k and 354k. it should be noted that the figure are in kobo. In the year 2005, the
earning per share is 109k and dividend per share is 65k in the same year 2010 which
was the lowest figure. In share price, the value is 77.10 which are the highest in the
year 2010 and the lowest value is 25.90 in the year 2005 which is 25.90. It should be
noted that the figure are in naira (#).
lxxvii
2010 8,973,770 369k 175k 21.80
Source: Annual report, Facts book, NSE daily Official list from 2005 -2010
EPS = Earnings per Share, DPS = Dividend per Share, SP = Share Price
In table 4.1d, the highest shareholder fund is 8,973,770 in the year 2010, while the
lowest shareholder fund is 4,409,059 in the year 2005. In Earning per share and
dividend per share, the values are 369k and175k in the same year 2010 while the
lowest price is 233k in the year 2005. Dividend per share, the value occur twice in the
year 2005 and 2006 which is 125k while in the year 2008 and 2009, the value still
occur twice which is 150k but the highest value is 175k in the year 2010. The share
price value is 46.50 which is the highest in the year 2007 followed by 42.65 while the
lowest value is 21.80 in the year 2005 and 2010 which the value occur twice.
lxxviii
2010 32,330 199k 110k 39.50
Source: Annual report, Facts book, NSE daily Official list from 2005 -2010
EPS = Earnings per Share, DPS = Dividend per Share, SP = Share Price
As shown in the table 4.1E of UAC plc in the year 2008, the shareholder fund is the
highest among the other years which is 41,157. In the same year 2008, earning per
share and dividend per share was the highest value, the value sometimes decrease and
increases. In the year 2005 to 2006 the dividend per share are the same which the
value is 100k. in the year 2007, the share price value which is 44.43 while the lowest
value is 14.17 in the year 2005
lxxix
2010 1,676,664 203k - 8.29
Source: Annual report, Facts book, NSE daily Official list from 2005 -2010
EPS = Earnings per Share, DPS = Dividend per Share, SP = Share Price
As shown in the table, in the year 2010 the value of shareholder fund and earnings per
share value are the highest value which is 1,676,664 and 203k.In the year 2005, the
earning per share is negative in value. The company (Berger paint) did not pay
dividend from 2005 to 2010 which is the payable to shareholders on per share basis as
a reward for their investment in the firm. In the year 2008, the company share price is
9.45 while the lowest value is in the year 2005 which is 4.11. In the year 2005,
Earning per share was negative in the value.
lxxx
2009 12,665,235 (84)k - 11.04
Source: Annual report, Facts book, NSE daily Official list from 2005 -2010
EPS = Earnings per Share, DPS = Dividend per Share, SP = Share Price
As shown from the table, In the year 2010, the value is 12,944,281 which is the
highest value followed by the year 2009 which is 12,665,235. The lowest value is in
the year 2006. In earning per share from the year 2006 to 2009, the value was negative
which makes the grand total have negative value. In the year 2005, the earning per
share was 270k while the lowest value was in the year 2010 which is 38k. In the year
2005, the dividend per share was paid 130k but in other year, dividend was not paid.
Share price value is 54.15 which is in the year 2006 and is the lowest value in the
shareholder fund and highest negative value.
lxxxi
2010 49,852,077 783k - 72.01
Source: Annual report, Facts book, NSE daily Official list from 2005 -2010
EPS = Earnings per Share, DPS = Dividend per Share, SP = Share Price
From the table, the highest shareholder fund is in the year 2010 which is
49,852,077. In the same year, earning per share is 783k. In the year 2007, dividend per
share is 120k which is the highest value among other years. In the year 2010, the
company did not pay dividend per share. The share price value is 78.80 in the year
2007 which is the highest value followed by the lowest value in the year 2005 which is
16.61.
4.1i GLAXOSMITHKLINE
YEARS SHAREHOLDER EPS DPS SP
FUND
2005 883,296 102k 40 8.20
2006 8,869,207 13k 45 17.80
2007 8,719,161 87k 45 23.00
lxxxii
2009 12,078,361 178k 75 23.62
Source: Annual report, Facts book, NSE daily Official list from 2005 -2010.
EPS = Earnings per Share, DPS = Dividend per Share, SP = Share Price
In table 4.1i, the shareholder fund was increasing year by year. In the year 2010,
shareholder fund was the highest value among other years. In the same year, earning
per share, dividend per share and share price value was the highest value while the
lowest value in shareholder fund was in the year 2005. Earning per share is in the year
2006 followed in the year 2005 for dividend per share was the lowest value. In the year
2006 to 2007, the value was the same in dividend per share. In the year 2010, the share
price value increase to 28.70 and decrease to the value of 8.20 in the year 2005.
lxxxiii
2008 9,031,240 12.61 8.40 201.51
Source: Annual report, Facts book, NSE daily Official list from 2005 -2010.
EPS = Earnings Per Share, DPS = Dividend Per Share, SP = Share Price.
From the table, in the year 2010 the shareholder fund was the highest value followed
in the year 2009. In earning per share, the value increase to 19.08in the year 2010 and
decrease 8.79 in the year 2007. The value of the dividend per share occurs twice in the
year 2009 to 2010 which is 12.55 and the value decrease to 7.00 in the year 2005. In
share price value, the value increase to 400.00 in the year 2010 and decrease to146.56
in the year 2005.
lxxxiv
2009 8,202,734 1.08 - 19.00
Source: Annual report, Facts book, NSE daily Official list from 2005 -2010.
EPS = Earnings per Share, DPS = Dividend per Share, SP = Share Price.
From the table, in the year 2010, the shareholder fund, earning per share and
share price was the highest value followed in the year 2009. The company did not pay
dividend from 2005to2010.The share price in the year 2010 was the highest value
which is 28.00. In earning per share the value increase to 1.11 in the year 2010and
decrease to a negative value which is (0.43) in the year 2006.
lxxxv
2008 12,795,158 121 1.50 15.39
Source: Annual report, Facts book, NSE daily Official list from 2005 -2010.
EPS = Earnings per Share, DPS = Dividend per Share, SP = Share Price.
From the table above, in the year 2010, the shareholder fund is the highest value
followed by the year 2009, 2008. In the year 2005, the earning per share is 303 and
dividend per share is 232 in the same year. In the year 2007, the share price is 52,50
which is the highest value and lowest value is 11,60 in the year 2009. In dividend per
share, the value was the same in the year 2009-2 010 which is 0.30.
lxxxvi
2009 43,534,494 115 25 23.94
Source: Annual report, Facts book, NSE daily Official list from 2005 -2010.
EPS = Earnings per Share, DPS = Dividend per Share, SP = Share Price.
From the table, the shareholder fund value is 43,534,944 which is the highest in
the year 2009. The earning per share is 342 in the year 2010 while dividend per share
is 100 in the year 2005. In 2006 and 2007, the values are zero in dividend per share and
they are the lowest value. The share price value was decreasing and increasing up to
the year 2008 and the highest value is38.12 in the year 2007 and the lowest value is
14.40 in the year 2010.
lxxxvii
2009 2,160,210 63 25 5.60
Source: Annual report, Facts book, NSE daily Official list from 2005 -2010.
EPS = Earnings per Share, DPS = Dividend per Share, SP = Share Price.
From the table above, the company highest shareholder fund is 2,468,243 in the
year 2010 while the lowest fund is 785,436 in the year 2005. Earning per share in the
year 2007 is the highest value while in 2009 to 2010; the earning per share is the same
value. The lowest value is 17k in the year 2005. In dividend per share, in the year 2008
and 2010, the values are the same which is the highest value while the lowest value is
12k in the year 2006.
The share price value in the year 2007 is the highest value which is 9.15 while
the lowest value is 3.00 in the year 2005.
lxxxviii
2010 950,740 (15) - 1.98
Source: Annual report, Facts book, NSE daily Official list from 2005 -2010.
EPS = Earnings per Share, DPS = Dividend per Share, SP = Share
Price.
As shown in the table, in the year 2008, the highest shareholder fund is
16,347,840 while the lowest fund is 540,919 in the year 2005. In earning per share,
from 2009 to 2010, it has a negative value. From 2005 to 2006, dividend per share is
the same value and is the highest value for the year while in 2008, the lowest share is
12k and the company did not paid dividend from 2009 to 2010.
In the company, the share price for the year 2007 is 4.92 which is the highest
value and the lowest value is 1.65 in the year 2009.
To test the hypotheses listed in chapter one the work adopted the following statistical
tool: Pearson’s correlation coefficient test for analysis to test the three major
hypothesis as earlier stated in chapter one. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used
in testing all the hypothesis and below is the analyses and the testing of the
hypotheses formulated to answer the research questions asked to guide the study.
lxxxix
H1: There is no effect of dividend policy on manufacturing firms’ share
value
xc
n = number of years (15)
∑x = 8792.59
∑y = 4162.41
∑x2 = 1587100.8701
∑xy = 3579670.8583
∑y2 = 3090741.269
r= 53,695062.38 -36598364.54
r= 17096697.8
160546874.2 x 29035462.03
r= 17096697.8
12670.7093 x5388.456368
r= 17096697.8
68275564.21
r= -0.250407272
xci
The correlation co –efficient is r = -0.25
DECISION RULE
From the analysis above, hypothesis one was tested in consistent with Whitaker
(2005) rules which applied as follows.
• If the value of the correlation coefficient (r) is greater than zero i.e. positive it
means that the variable correlated then by accept H1 and reject H0.
• If the value of the correlation coefficient (r) is less than zero (i.e. positive) or
equal to zero. It means that the variables are uncorrelated hence accept H0 and
reject H1.
Therefore from the table above, the computed value of correlation coefficient
showed a negative and uncorrelated (r =- 0.25) between variables. Therefore we
accept the null hypothesis which states that There is no effect of dividend policy on
manufacturing firm share value.
H1: There is no significant relationship between dividend per share and earning
per share.
xcii
ANALYSIS OF HYPOTHESIS TWO USING CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
xciii
n∑x2- (∑x2) x n∑y2- (∑y2)
∑x = 8792.59
∑y = 14807.11
∑x2 = 15857100.8701
∑xy = 22277304.92
∑y2 = 34514796.7
r = 15 (22277304.92) - 8792.59(14807.11
r = 334159573.8 - 130192847.3
r = 203966726.5
160546874.2 x 298471443.9
r = 203966726.5
12670.7093 x 17276.32611
r = 203966726.5
218903305.9
xciv
r = - 0.9317663142
DECISION RULE
From the analysis above, hypothesis one was tested in consistent with Whitaker
(2005) rules which applied as follows.
• If the value of the correlation coefficient (r) is greater than zero i.e. positive it
means that the variable correlated then by accept H1 and reject H0.
• If the value of the correlation coefficient (r) is less than zero (i.e. positive) or
equal to zero. It means that the variables are uncorrelated hence accept H0 and
reject H1.
Therefore from the table above, the computed value of correlation coefficient
showed a negative and significant relationship (r = - 0.932) between variables.
Therefore we accept the null hypothesis which states there is no significant
relationship between dividend per share and earning per share.
H0: Dividend policy does not satisfy the objective of maximizing owners
wealth
xcv
ANALYSIS OF HYPOTHESIS THREE USING CORRELATION
COEFFICIENT
xcvi
Total 8792.59 1168530732 4288417469 15857100.8 5389192208
7
∑x = 8792.59
∑y = 1168530732
∑x2 = 15857100.8701
∑xy = 4288417469
∑y2 = 5389192208
r= 6432626204 – 1027441163
r= 5405185041
160546874.2 x 6718324240
xcvii
r= 5405185041
12670.7093 x 81965.3844
r= 5405185041
1038559558
r= 5.204501754
DECISION RULE
From the analysis above, hypothesis one was tested in consistent with Whitaker
(2005) rules which applied as follows.
• If the value of the correlation coefficient (r) is greater than zero i.e. positive it
means that the variable correlated then by accept H1 and reject H0.
• If the value of the correlation coefficient (r) is less than zero (i.e. positive) or
equal to zero. It means that the variables are uncorrelated hence accept H0 and
reject H1.
Therefore from the table above, the computed value of correlation coefficient
showed a positive and significant relationship (r = 5.205) between variables.
Therefore we accept the alternate hypothesis which states Dividend policy satisfy the
objective of maximizing owners wealth.
xcviii
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 INTRODUCTION
From the data analysis, the following are the majors findings of research
investigation.
xcix
The study found out that there is no significant relationship between earning per
share and dividend per share with the use of correlation coefficient in hypothesis two.
The researcher also found out that dividend policy satisfies the objective of
maximizing owner’s wealth.
Modiligiani and Miller realized that there is no considerable evidence that change in
dividend policy do influence stock price. An increase in dividend conveys a type of
information to the shareholder namely that management expects future earnings to be
higher.
It was also found out that payment of dividend reduce agency cost, discretionary fund
avalaible to management to seek financing in capital market.
Finally, some investors prefer dividend above capital gain because dividend are
easier to predict less risky and are discounted with a lower discount rate.
5.2 CONCLUSION
c
On the basis of research findings the following conclusions were made:
The study concluded that dividend payment is more attractive but for
stimulating investment decision. The critical issue in dividend policy is whether
dividend has an influence of the firm’s stock or not. Again corporate decisions are
expected to analyze in term of how alternative cause of action will affect the value of
the firm’s share .given the tax effect on dividend and uncertainty of capital gains, it is
quite plausible that some investors would prefer high payout companies while others
would prefer low payout companies.
Dividend policy of firms may have informational value about their profitability but
highly unstable economic environment.
Therefore, I conclude that dividend policy does not have effect on most
manufacturing firm share value.
5.3 RECOMMENDATION
Financial manager should have information on the factors in the economy that
affects the behavior of investors in their purchase of stock before any public reissue.
In making investment decisions, investor should focus more on thee shoreline and
tendencies of the management of the different firms and not just on their dividend
rates
ci
Nigeria stock exchange should maintain its reliance on the forces of demand and
supply alongside its daily biding system because it tends to give the firms a fair
assessment before the public is an unstable business environment.
Future researchers should endeavor to find out possible answer to the following
question.
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