B1

Kapitel 1: Gute Reise

Infinitiv mit zu

- The first verb is not a modal verb

- The second verb needs to be/ is in infinitive form
- The second verb in infinitive form is introduced by “Zu”

*verb such as lassen,gehen,bleiben,werden,sehen,kommen....are

exceptions to the rule, even if they are not modal verbs, when used
as first verb the second verb in infinitive will not be introduced by
“Zu”.

Ich brauche mehr Sport zu machen. Ich muss mehr Sport machen.
Ich gehe mehr Sport machen.

*if the second verb in infinitive is a separable prefix verb

(trennbares verb), “Zu” comes between the prefix and the root
verb.

Ich habe vergessen, dich anzurufen.

Lassen (to let something done by someone for oneself) or sich

lassen (to let something done by someone to oneself) used as
helping verb

Lassen used on its own means to let, to leave.

Ich lasse mein Auto zu Hause. I leave my car at home.

Lassen (a – ä) in present, in perfekt use haben as helping verb and

partizip II is gelassen.

When used as helping verb lassen means now to let something

done by someone for oneself, and sich lassen to let something done
by someone to oneself. The second verb will be in infinitive without
“Zu” because of the exception.

In that case the partizip II will be “lassen”.

Present : Ich lasse das Mittagessen ( von dem Restaurant) kochen.

I let the lunch being cooked by the restaurant. I let the restaurant
cook the lunch for me.

Ich lasse mich von dem Taxifahrer zum Bahnhof fahren.

I let the taxi driver drive me to the train-station.

- Lassen (present) + 2nd verb at the end in infinitive.

With modal verb:

In English the verb order goes from left to right. In german the verb
order is different, it goes from second position in the sentence to
the end of the sentence.

I eat – i have eaten – i must have eaten (English)

I eat an apple – i have an apple eaten – i must an apple eaten have

(german)

Modal verb + ....................+ 2nd verb in infin + lassen (at the end)

I want to let the lunch be cooked by the restaurant. I want to let

the restaurant cook the lunch.

Ich will das Mittagessen ( vom Restaurant) kochen lassen.

Ich will mich vom Taxifahrer zum Bahnhof fahren lassen.

I want to let myself being driven by the taxi driver to the train
station. I want to let the taxi driver drive me to the train station.
Perfekt:

Haben (present) + .................... + 2nd verb in infin + lassen (at the

end)

I have let the lunch be cooked by the restaurant. I have let the
restaurant cook the lunch

Ich habe das Mittagessen (vom Restaurant) kochen lassen.

I have let the taxi driver drive me to the train station. I have let
myself being driven by the taxi driver to the train station.

Ich habe mich (vom Taxifahrer) zum Bahnhof fahren lassen.

He eats – He (to go) eats – he goes to eat – He (want) goes to eat

He wants to go to eat a cake. Er will einen Kuchen essen gehen.

Er will gehen, einen Kuchen essen

Kapitel 2: Alles neu!

Connector obwohl(eventhough)

introduces a non expected, non logic reason.

Haupsatz, obwohl Nebensatz (verb at the end)

Ich komme heute, obwohl ich krank bin.

Genitiv

After nominative, accusative and dative, genitive is the last case.

Genitive as seen in a2 expresses possession or ownership.

In a2 , we have seen genitive applied to names or proper nouns.

Das ist Toms Beruf

The genitive can also be applied to articles.
Article in genitive

Article Masc Fem Neut Plur

Of The. Des . Der. Des. Der

Of a/an. Eines. Einer. Eines. -----

Of not any. Keines. Keiner. Keines. keiner

Of my,your... Es. Er. Es. Er

*in genitive the masculine and neuter noun take an extra “S”/”Es”

The car of the man. Das Auto des Mannes/ Manns.

Das Auto von dem Mann.

Preposition + gen

Wegen (because of) ; trotz (in spite of)

Ich bin spät wegen des Staus. Ich komme heute trotz des Problems.

Wegen is the prep (+ word)/ weil is the connector (+ nebensatz)

Trotz is the prep (+ word)/ trotzdem,obwohl are the connectors (+

nebensatz)

Ich bin spät, weil es einen Stau gibt. Ich komme heute, obwohl es
ein Problem gibt. Es gibt ein Problem, trotzdem komme ich heute.

Wessen (whose) is the question word in genitive

Wessen Auto ist das?

Kapitel 3: Wendepunkte

Präteritum

As discussed before präteritum is less used than perfekt.

Präteritum is used a lot more in formal writing ( newspaper,
novels..). The verbs haben, sein, werden and modal verbs will be
used more in präteritum than in perfekt.

The präteritum is equivalent in English to the simple past, the past

continuous and the past with the expression ‘used to’

There is 3 categories of präteritum

1. Regular Präteritum
- Remove the ‘en’ ending from the original verb form
- Add the following endings: Ich – te, du – test, er/es/sie – te,
wir – ten, ihr – tet, sie/Sie – ten.
Ich machte ( i did/made, i was doing/making, i used to
do/make)
Ex: Wollen, sollen; ich arbeitete
2. Irregular Präteritum
- They use an irregular base compared to the regular
präteritum which use the original verb as a base.
Ex: Sein – war, gehen – ging, finden – fand.
- To those irregular bases add the following endings: Ich – no
ending, du – st, er/es/sie – no ending, wir – en, ihr – t, sie/Sie
– en
3. Mixte Präteritum
- They use irregular bases
- But they use regular präteritum endings
Ex: Haben – hat (te,test,te,ten,tet,ten)
Können – konn, dürfen – durf.....mögen-moch
  Werden does belong to the mixte eventhough the endings
will be e,est,e,en,et,en. The base is ‘wurd’.

Connector deshalb(therefore), darum (that’s why), deswegen (due

to that) , so......,dass (so...,that), sodass (in such a way that)

All those connectors express consequence.

Deshalb, deswegen, darum

Haupsatz, deshalb/deswegen/darum + verb (nebensatz)

So.......,dass

Haupsatz (so + adjec), dass + nebensatz (verb at the end)

Sodass

Haupsatz, sodass + nebensatz (verb at the end)

Temporale Präposition

Vor ( before/ ago)+ time/event (dat)

Nach + time/event (dat)

Während (during) + time/event (gen)

Kapitel 4: Arbeitswelt

Irreale Bedigungssätze (unreal conditional sentences)

These sentences are always in konjunktiv II with the connector

‘wenn’. They express an action that did not happen and might
never happen. Here ‘wenn’ means most of the time ‘if’.

Wenn ich mehr Zeit hätte, würde ich meine Freunde öfter treffen.

If i would have (had) more time, i would meet my friends more

often.
Pronominaladverbien (pronominal adverbs)

In A2 we learnt the special combination between verbs and

prepositions. Sprechen über/mit, sich freuen auf.....

The pronominal adverbs replace the preposition and the nouns that
comes after it.

Pronominal adverbs = da(R if the preposition starts by a vowel) +

preposition.

Freust du dich auf den Urlaub?. Ja, Ich freue mich darauf(to it).

Pronominal adverbs can only be used for things. For people we use
the personal pronoun.

Freust du dich auf deinen Bruder? Ja, ich freue mich auf ihn.

Pronominal adverbs in Nebensätze

The pronominal adverbs can be used along with nebensätze (dass,

infinitive with zu or indirekte Fragesätze). They will be in the
Haupsatz.

Ich freue mich, dass du kommst. (i am happy that you are coming)

Ich freue mich darauf, dass du kommst ( i am happy about the fact
that you are coming)

Ich interessiere mich, meinen Urlaub anzufangen.

Ich interessiere mich dafür, meinen Urlaub anzufangen.

Kapitel 5: Umweltfreundlich?

Adjectives endings applied to superlative and comparative forms

The adjectives endings after definite and indefinite articles , learnt

in a2, are also applied to the superlative and comparative forms.

*in that situation use the normal form of superlative, i.e. without
‘am’.

*exceptions: The comparative form of viel (mehr) and wenig

(weniger) never take any endings.

Connector ‘da’ (because)

Same as ‘weil’, ‘da’ used as connector introduces the reason, and

has the same effect.

Ich komme nicht heute, weil/da ich krank bin.

“N” declination of some masculine words

Some masculine words take an extra ‘n’/’en’ in all cases, in singular

except in nominative.

So these words do not take ‘s’/’es’ extra ending in genitive.

Masculine word ending by e, masculine titles, professions or

animals, masculine international words ending by –graf, -ant, -ent,
-ist, -at und oge.
Kapitel 6: Blick nach Vorn

Futur I

Werden (present) + 2nd verb in infinitiv at the end of sentence.

Relative pronouns in dative

Meaning. Masc . fem. Neut. Plu

Which, dem. Der. Dem. denen

Whom,

That

Relative sentences with prepositions

The relative pronouns will be introduced by prepositions , which

will evidently decide the case of the relative pronoun (accusative,
dative).

Ich wohne in einer Stadt, in der es viele Freizeitangebote gibt.

Kapitel 7: Beziehungskisten

Plusquamperfekt (past perfect)

Perfekt and präteritum are the past tenses, that we have learnt
before. Those are the most often used past tense. Plusquamperfekt
is only used when we have two past actions which did not happen
in the same period.

Learning English. Learning german a1.

Learning English is the older event so we use plusquamperfekt.

Learning german is more recent past so we use perfekt or

präteritum.

I have learnt german a1 but before that i had learnt English.

Plusquamperfekt

Haben/sein(präteritum) + 2nd verb in partizip II form, at the end of

sentence

Ich hatte vor zwei Jahren Deutsch studiert. I had studied (past
perfect). I had been studying (past perfect continuous)

Connectors

Bevor( before the fact that)

Hauptsatz, bevor Nebensatz (verb at the end of the sentence)

Nachdem (after the fact that)

Hauptsatz, nachdem Nebensatz (verb at the end of sentence)

*when using nachdem a special condition have to be respected

Haupsatz (present) – nebensatz (perfekt)

Haupsatz (perfekt/präteritum) – nebensatz (plusquamperfekt)

*don’t confuse the connectors bevor and nachdem, which

introduce a second sentence, with the adverbs vorher and
nachher/danach, which are part of one and same sentence.

Während

As seen before während used in the meaning of “during” is a

genitive preposition and will introduce a word.

Here we use während as a connector, its meaning will be “while”

and it introduces a Nebensatz.

Haupsatz, während Nebensatz (verb at the end)

Seit/seitdem (since, since that)

Seit can be use as a connector or a preposition.

Preposition seit + dative

Connector Haupsatz, seit/seitdem Nebensatz (verb at the end)

Bis (until, up to)

Bis can be use as a connector or a preposition

Preposition Bis (until, up to) + accusative

Connector Haupsatz, bis (until) Nebensatz (verb at the end)

*those 3 prepositions are called. “Temporale”, because they

describe an event or period of time .
Kapitel 8: Von Kopf bis Fuß

Nicht/ kein brauchen + zu (no need to), nur brauchen + zu (only

need to)

Same as in English, good expressions to give advices. These

expressions applies the “infinitive mit zu” rule.

Example: Du brauchst nur mehr zu lernen. Du brauchst keine

Sorgen zu machen/ du brauchst nicht zu sorgen.

*müssen can be use at the place of brauchen, since müssen ,when

used with a negative expression or ‘nur’, will be translated as to
have to and not must.

Example: Du muss nur mehr lernen. (you only have to study more )

Du muss keine Sorgen machen. (you don’t have to worry)

Reflexive pronouns in dative

The reflexive pronoun as learnt in A2, is the accusative form. Which

means that there is a dative form of reflexive pronouns.

Reflexive pronouns

Accusative : Mich, dich, sich, uns, euch, sich

Dative: Mir, dir, sich, uns, euch, sich

There are two situations, where the reflexive pronoun can be

dative.

1. Reflexive Verbs with dative reflexive pronouns

Those verbs have their reflexive pronoun always in dative.
Ex: Sich(dat) wünschen, sich(dat)vorstellen – to imagine.
2. Accusative reflexive pronouns changing into dative
For this to be possible, we need 2 requirements
- Presence of an accusative element in the sentence
- The accusative element must not be introduced by a
preposition.

2 parts connectors

Sowohl.........., als auch........../ as well......, as also........

Nicht nur........, sondern auch........./ not only........., but also........

Entweder.........., oder............/ either........, or.........

Weder.........., noch............/ neither........, nor.........

Zwar.........., aber.........../ indeed......., but.........

Einerseits........., andererseits......./ on one side.........., and on the

other (side)

This connectors are other options to und, oder, .....nicht und.....

nicht, aber.

They are normal words, so no special effect on the sentence.

 Kapitel 9: Kunstücke
Adjectives’ endings without article

Mas Fem Neut Plur

-.... . -..... -.---- ----. (nom)

Gut. Er. E. Es. E

Mann. Frau. Auto. Autos

(acc)

. ------. -----. -----. -----

Gut. En. E. Es. E

Mann. Frau. Auto. Autos

(dat)

------. ------. . ------. ----

Gut. Em. Er. Em. En

Mann. Frau. Auto. Autos

(gen)

------. ------. ------. ----

Gut. En. Er. En. Er

Mannes. Frau. Autos. Autos

Kapitel 10: Miteinander.

Passiv

I cook the dinner ( active voice). The diner is cooked by me

(passive voice).

The object in active voice (the dinner), becomes the subject in

the passive voice

The verb (cook) in the active voice, is changed into the past
participle form (cooked) and replaced by the verb “to be”

The subject of the active voice (i), is now introduced by the

preposition “by” and change form if necessary in the passive
voice.

It’s quite similar in german, but the verbs used to replace the
verb in the active voice can be “werden” or “sein”.

When we use ‘werden’, it means the action is in progress and

not completed .

When we use ‘sein’, it means it’s completed .

‘Werden’ is the most used because of the confusion with

Perfekt, when we use ‘sein’.

Passiv voice in german

Werden/sein + partizip II of the 2nd verb at the end of the

sentence .

*specifying by whom in german is optional , but if we do specify,

we use ‘von’ + subject of active voice
Ich koche das Abendessen. Das Abendessen wird (von mir)
gekocht (the dinner is being cooked by me). Das Abendessen ist
von mir gekocht ( the dinner is cooked by me )

Passiv present

Werden/sein( present) + partizip II of the 2nd verb at the end of

the sentence .

Passiv past

Präteritum

Werden/sein( präteritum) + partizip II of the 2nd verb at the end

of the sentence.

Das Abendessen wurde von mir gekocht.

Perfekt

Sein (present) + partizip II of the 2nd verb + *worden/gewesen

*as werden is not used in its literal meaning, we use worden

instead of geworden as partizip II.

Das Abendessen ist von mir gekocht worden.

With modal verb

Modal verb +........+ partizip II of the 2nd verb + werden/sein.

Das Abendessen muss vor 8 Uhr gekocht werden.

New prepositions

Außerhalb (outside of) + genitive

Innerhalb (inside of, within) + genitive

Kapitel 11: Vom Leben in Städten

Articles used as pronouns

In English they are words such as one, none, mine, yours etc.....
They replace a noun and its article.

Ex: Is that your car? Yes it is mine (my car)

So in German, those will be a combination of the article with an

ending which represent the replaced word.

. . . Masc. Fem. Neut. Plur.

er. e . (e)s. e. (nom)

kein-/Ein-/mein- en. e. (e)s. e (acc)

em. er. em. en. (dat)

*for the indefinite article in plural, as we have no form, we use

Welch- as a base and add the endings. Here Welch- will mean
some.

Ex: Hast du einen Kuli?

Ja, ich habe einen( einen Kuli). Nein, ich habe keinen (keinen Kuli).
Ja, ich habe meinen(meinen Kuli). Ja, ich habe welche (Kulis)

Ist das ein Auto?

Ja, das ist eines (ein Auto)

Adjectives used as nouns

The adjective obdachlos means homeless. Der obdachlose Mann

( the homeless man). So when we use the adjective as a noun, it
still follows the ending of adjectives rules, but this time in capital
since it is a noun.
The homeless – der Obdachlose, a homeless - ein Obdachloser.

Question words (wo, was) used as relative pronouns

Beside the definite article we can also use question words as

relative pronouns, “Wo” will replace a location, “Was” will replace
an object/ pronouns such as alles, etwas, nichts,das/ or an entire
sentence. “Was” then often takes the meaning “Which”/”That”.

Bangalore ist die Stadt, in der ich gern wohne.

Bangalore ist die Stadt, wo ich gern wohne.

Er kocht etwas, was ich gern esse

Im Regal gibt es ein Buch, das ich schon gelesen habe.

Im Regal gibt es ein Buch, was ich schon gelesen habe.

Mein Bruder hilft mir immer, was ich mag.

Kapitel 12: Geld regiert die Welt. ( money rules the world )

2 parts Connector je......, desto.....(comparative connector)

The more, the merrier( better). The more you work, the better you
become.

Je + adjective in comparative form (verb at the end), desto +

adjective in comparative form + verb......

So the particle “Je” is in the nebensatz, and “Desto” in haupsatz.

Je mehr, desto besser.

Je mehr Sie arbeiten, desto besser werden Sie.

*It’s possible for the adjectives to come with a word

The more exercises you do, the better you understand.

Je mehr Übungen Sie machen, desto besser verstehen Sie .

Partizip II used as adjectives

To break – broken, the broken glass. Partizip II (past participle) can

be used as adjectives and follow the same rules as normal
adjectives.

Brechen – gebrochen, das gebrochene Glas.

Partizip I used as adjectives

It is equivalent to the “ing” form of the verb in English. To make the

Partizip I (present participle), add “d” at the end of infinitive form.
Only used as adjectives.

Tanzen – tanzend (dancing)