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ID The Meanings of Sanskrit Loanwords in Thai and Javanese Languages
ID The Meanings of Sanskrit Loanwords in Thai and Javanese Languages
ID The Meanings of Sanskrit Loanwords in Thai and Javanese Languages
- :; ~ ;
Hamam Suprrjradi*
ABSTRAK
Dalam sejarah perkembangan bangsa, penutur bahata Thai dan J a m berinteraksi dengan
penutur bahasa lain, misalnya mereka b e r i n t d i dengan pedagang India yang juga datang dengan -
mernbawa kesusastem dan agamanya. Di dalam kontak sosial tersebut, penutur Thai dan Jawa ,--
jugs mengadopsi sebagian kosa kata Sanskerta ke dalam khasanah bahasa Thai dan Jaw. Penelitian
ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan makna kosakata Sanskerta setelah diserap d a b bahasa Thai
dan Jawa. Hasilnya menunjukkanbahwa ada 14 kategori makna kata Sanskerta di dalam bahasaThai
dan bahasaJam. Perubahantersebut merefleksikan perkembanganlatar belakangsosial dan budaya
dari para penutumya.
Kata Kunci: perubahan makna, kata serapan dari Sanskerta, kata pinjaman
ABSTRACT
Through history of nation building, Thai and Javanese people interacted with other language
speakers. For example, they interacted with Indian mbrchants who also brought their literature
and religions. In their contacts, Thai and Javanese speakers adopted Sanskrit words for enriching
their own vocabularies. This article attempts to describe the meanings of Sanskrit loanwords. In
comparison between the meanings of Sanskrit loanwords in Thai and Javaneselanguages, there are -
14 categories of semantic adaptations which are found in both languages. These changes reflect the
changes of the socio-cultural background of the Thai and Javanesespeakers.
INTRODUCTION
Javanese and Thai are major ethnic
groups who live in Southeast Asian region
wether with other ethnic groups, such as
Way,Batak, Acahnese. Cebuano. Balinese,
Macfuresie, Khmer, Viet, Burmese, Lao, Cham, Sukhothai period wn me land was
amd Sundanese. Through history of nation
clever or skillfully p e m . Therefore, Thai also maintained; such as exampb (4) @am
speakers c a l M a personwho graduated from m;tru Epara- mtru/ 'mM is of
university as lbandltl in bachelor level, /mdh&: words pan /para/ 'marker of grwp ot dIW-
bmd1t/ in master level, arrd /dit s d i : bandit/ kity' and /saW 'enemy'.
in doctoral level'. The Sanskrit word pa~dlta in Meaniqp dsjrv6r;alSanskrRworQrwhich
Javanese language is w r c l m to different are loaned into Thai end Javanese-1
drcumtanws. The meaning of pandhita as are shifted if comprd to the Sanskrit. For
a hermit or a clever persen stiU recognized example is 8gama. The Sanskrit uvord Bgma
by Javanese from the library works, such as is defined as 'coming mar, a p p e m , ar-
pendhita Duma tpswita duma/ ' D m ' . In rival, a secret knowledge,a traditional doctrine
Javanese Mahabharab, he was well-known or precept'. In Thai language, the structure
hemlit who mastered archery. He taught both is adaptad as fla:khom/, then its meaning is
Pandava and Kauravas in this martial skill. shifted as 'magic, incantation, spell, charm',
Nowadays, in Javanese, pendHRB is referred whereas in Javanese language, the sfNckm
to a Christian preacher. Attribute fori Islamic is adapted as agama 'religion' as f a l M :
preacher is used the word kyai (male) and /phr6s6q m&ikfiuen udt ?78:r] nai wf @hi:
nyei (female) ar ustadr (male) and ctsfadzah (5)
?a: khoml(7H12)
, (female) of Arabic loanwords.
'Bhddhist monks should'mt claim that
E
However, the concept of 'gradWwhich he has a maglealp&wnrw.'
t ''-inThai termed by Sanskrit loanword /bandit/,
'in Javanese language, the word is replaced by (6) Senajan a h dudu m g bnang soleh,
nanging aku isU1 k M ngugemi aturan
- another Sanskrit loanword saqana /sarjanal
aturan agama. (JV06:36)
which previously also denoted as 'someone
/senapn aku dudu woq lanaq soleh
who is clever, skillful or a scholar'.
naqiq aku isih kuwat qugemi aturan
Meanings of several Sanskrit words
aturan agamd
- which are loaned into Thai and Javanese la- 'Even I am not as a pious man, but I am
nguages are maintained if compared to the
still able to rely on the religious rules.'
Sanskrit. For example is satru. The Sanskrit
word Satru is denoted as 'enemy'. In Thai
In Thai language the Sanskrit word 8ga-
and Javanese languages, it is borrowed as / ma is adapted as /?a:khom/, then its meaning
sattru: / and s a w /satru/, respectively. In Thai
is shifted as 'magic, incantation, spell, charm',
: and Javanese languages, the meaning is still
such as,examples (5) /wf tcha: ?a: khom/ 'ma-
maintained as 'enemy', as follows:
gical power'. Meanwhile, in Javanese la-
(3) /?or] ka:n r6t Pdba:n kliip k1a:i pen s8t nguage, its structure is adapted as agama /
tnr: kiip pr&? tea: tchon pai sia ni:l agamal, and its meaning is shiftedas 'religion',
(TH04: 239) such as, in aturan aturan agama Iaturan atur-
'Government organization conversely an agama/ 'religious rules' in example (6)
becomes an enemy of the citizen.' which is formed from aturan aturan Iaturan
I I'(4)
I
(Kuwi) kanggo nelukake para satru. aturanl 'rules' and agama /agama/ 'religion'.
i (JV02: 95) Meanings of several Sanskrit words which
1 !
ikuwi
'(It) is
kaqgo
used
nalukake
to conquer
para
the
satrul
enemies.'
are
but
loaned into Thai language are shifted,
in Javanese language, the meanings are
i 1
extended if compared to the Sanskrit. For
-
The examples (3) (4) show that Sanskrit example is vicar& The Sanskrit word vicars
word Satru which is denoted as 'enemy' in which previously denoted as 'mode of acting or
Thai language, the meaning is still maintained proceeding, procedure, consideration', in both
as 'enemy', such as /pen s&t tru:/ 'as enemy.'; languages, the word is undergone to different
; ,aswell as, in Javanese language, its meaning changes, e.g. in Thai language, its structure
, :.>,:*, .,..
,- '. .
. , -. , <?; ... ., .. .:. - . *.
,<d$., :. ~*:;
- - ... *:.:!' 3; ,C -.. . ,-
w: 23;NO. 3 aofrrem .:zae,
?am &:t @a:k k&&V Y m n M q - a power Example (13) &mm that
frolm king'. In Javanese tanguage, the San- age, Sanskrit foammd I&:V
'
skrit loanword mWya ntioned as 'war- 'knowledge, scien ect', such as kr /
rior' mly in its archaic as wedl as wed ssya &:ti ' orf Wsm"olr%
by m6ah Gmntal in example (12) which was mpo- between l&:tf
discuang about atriya f m the R m y a n a m'.Meanwhile, example (
epic. Therefore, the amtemporary meaning Jsvmem language, Sanskrit banword tw&m
satnja 'n~bleman' is found in word nylatriya It%&m/ is m 1 W d as Won litmlmJ, such
Iqatriyal which is msisf9d of saws and
derivational prefix N- which referring to 'do as
a nobleman, do a suppmtive kthfi'. In Thai
" language, the meaning of kes14V "king' still
'
,
1
" (JV03: 43) The adverb is formed from word @ti which
Idcyat keplok rams gmWmnc3rl
'People applaused loudly. Ws joy able.' rn
are IcaMXI into
Exhnlple (17) show;sthat in Thai-Idnguage, tsut JW- m
loanward /kharnphi:/ is denoted as language, the meanings a re reetrkted. For
k', such as khamphi:7al ker ?arn/ 'a1 example is aS6ma. Tb,Samkritword a&stna
bra#; n<"arrtp"i bai be"V WbW; and /k"amphi:
7@%Btmipidbk/ 'Buddhist s ~ u m rWnwhile,
. the stiudute is
- -%&&le (18) shows that Sanskrit loariwurd
g&nbfra /gembid are denoted as 'happy,
''-jqa&L'
. .. in Javanese language. , and its 'meaning is ex-
Meanings of several Sanskrit words tended as 'dorrnkry', as Poflows:
which are loaned into Thai languqje -are (21) /@ids: &:k ?&I ?a:i I@ kmr] M:&:car]
mminseS Sf campared to the &mkritt twt t d ? pai Pdr] hU: M a : tGuq Pit thi: tc&
language, the m i n g s are &r) hii:n.bi;r: MPAq si: ma:% pai thuIr]
ple is jiW. The Sanskrit ?a:siSm! (TW 13)
'm,
ious~yd ~ ~ t e d . ~ ~ 'The dragon daughter ashamed and
language, the structure worried that the problem wbuld be
of S s n H LQcPnworrlsin Thei and Sewnem
Ward by her father. Ttwmm, she had mwlcstten in .Thai pram by Mng
idea to kill 4 asoetim wherr arrived to
their hemitage.' ek~rstory%f~the&ajan*.M).
(22) Ltm piye M, aku rak kwdu bali nyang
asmm?(JVOS: 11)
Aha pije iki aku mk kLRtU hfi tpq asra-
ma/ other name of Arjuna, the third p r i m of Pan-
'What should f do? Imust ga back ba my dava d IUahab-sl stay.
.(miJ-Y) -bry*'
are loaned into T
Exampte(21)showsth&kr TAirf language,
Sanskrit banword /'?a:sClm/ 58 mantaifmi as
'hgdW6'.hbZNWhik?8- (22) S ~ W S is bh8ve. The Sanskrit word Miva is ddtnotacl
that st Jjavaeese language the meaning@of as 'manner of toeing, natum, temperament,
amkrlt l m w a t d eSFBm /am- 18 ex- character'. In Thai language, #m stmtum is
&mcled as 'donnintory, tjernadr'. adapted as Ip"@l,then, its meaning is shifted
Meanings of wml $a
which are! lowmd info mi
'
miriM&If ampared to
'in J m n m brrguage, fhs r?wmings dre
mstricbd. Fat example b &mJt~.The $an-
at word ]anah is denoteci (25) Jph&:p dek tdnsi:i PI4x:i kbj8:i j&i kWn
' tern P5q f4:J (THW 149) ? ..
'The brry -@&re k
fitted sky.'
: turn k adapted a9 jamka
Maning is s h R d becoming %m&hwmime (26) Swam s e s m k wpg kabupaten anteb
merbawani. (JVO3: 45)
b af Atjuna, the thWs Panda* brottren', as Jswara sasorahe wor) kabupaten antap
Mows: marbawani!
(23) h a n nQq phrd rnW t#m& soq 'Voice speech of the regency officer
prathdg bm kha: W k q p%: t%t phrh was heavy and exerting authority.'
n6:t 7uPeja:nl flH13)
' One day ~ a f a ~ kZng k awi above Example (25) shows that in Thai la-
of elephant nedc for slghming the nguage, Sanskrit loanword lpNil:pJis denoted
garden.' as 'pictarm', such as in /ph$:b d$k W8;il 'the
(24) Ana ing panOBunB 4 wong Afih picture of a bay'. Mstanwhile, the example (26)
kadhapuk dad Ja ( J ~ u:?17) shows that the meaning of Sanskrit bnward
Jana ir)w t l q wayaq w q mih kadapuk barn /bawd in Javanese langua_g.s,is ex-
dadi tended, such as in marbswni I m e W m i J
'On the wayang m g stage, ArJuna 'exerting authority' which is fonned from
. was performed bywh.' penbawa (per + bawa) which is attached by
confix N-i,
Example (23) show that in ~ h o.l;mgu-
i M m i q p of wvu;,mlSanskrit words whi&
age, Sanskrit IoanwQlzl IWWW isi demted are loaned into Thai lmguag~are ,s~& if
a9 'father', such as /me#& W& 'the great compwed to the Sanskrit, but the ~.tpim
father' which is adopted from the -Story of are maintained in Javanese 4aoguagc F'or
,-the Mahajanaka, a dBuddwm text, ,example is upav~lw. The f3mskfR wwd w-
lxmmes well-known a q Thais after vasa is denoted as 'a fasting, a fist'. h Thgi
of Sanskrit loanword /ke&tl is 'king', other in Javanese alphabet. Spreading crf
meaning8 such as "warrior" and "castesn litemtum, such as mvJ an4 genres,
are removed. i i because Thailand is a and the ~dmanitt3tsdnof Javanese dlphabets
constitutiom! Wuntry under royal patmnage. In within Dutdi mwpatbn may have influenced
addition, the meaning of IkesW as 'the second the shiftingin meaningof sash,from 'science,
caste' of tiirrdu mliion is removed because kowledgb'to 'a fiction li?etWrrtl.The concept
the majority of Thai speakers are Buddhist. of 'science, knowledge' is replaced by the
In Javanese language, the old meanings of Arabic :oanword ngitmu or ilmu.
satriya are no longer used in current daily life.
Javanese speakers have shifted the meaning REFERENCES
to 'a good manner and personalii; sportive;
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of political changes in Java. The &verting of mahajanaka.html
Java kingdoms from Hindu-0uddLristto Islamic Gonda, J. 1952. Sanskrit in Indonoda. Den Haag:
kingdoms generated changes of potitid terms Agents Oriental 'Boakhop.
used. For example, the adapted wwds suitan Lehmann, Winfred R t%2. HktarM Wnguistim: An
is used as a title given to Muslim rubs in same Introduction. New Whi: Rake& Press.
Poerwadarrninta, W.J.S, J 939. Baoesustra DjawalJava-
countries and sultanate as 'an area of land that nese Dictionary. Batavia: J.B. Wolters Uitgwers-
is ruled over by a sub.' Tha Maatschappii N.V,Gronigen.
is colonialism eras and integra Pdipta, Budya "HowJ a ~ ~ eSs o e c i Tmats Sanskrit
into the Republicof h-ia which resukd in Words Within its C u h "
decreasingroles of Sultanor ac@ati'somn, Sanskrit in SwtheastAsii
regent' in Java. The new meaning of &ya of Cultures, International Sanskrit Cordimnce, May
as 'sportive, nobleman' instead appeared in Ce
m
Javanese language, reftecting the imprcassion npekorn
ljfhm&y(-o- -1.
of Javanese speakers toward their idols froin lhksmmee, KusurnaL&34. KonwlWKdt SNaRakhadi
the Javanese dassic literary works s m h as Thai T m Thrmedi VVanakhadi hndwjt. Krung-
Ramayana, M a h a b h b , or Panji stwks. tw: Phak Wicbaa Phama tawan "ok Khana
Another example is Sanskrit w r d &%fm Borankhadi Mahaawitthaydai !%pkern.
'in order, command, and precept, rule, teach- Shastri, Satya Vrat. 2005. D j s c o q %$&ti Treasure:
Southeat Asian Studies (Vol. VI). India: Yash
ing any religion or scientific '. In PuMications,
Thai language, the meaning is d as Subalidinata. 1 994.hwruh ksustran)awa. ~0gyakat-t~
'knowledge, science', whereas in Javanese Yayasan Pustaka Nusatama.
language the meaning is restiicted as '(fiction) Tuaycharaen, Pinthip. 2525. Satthasaat Lack Sara-