307 7.6 Woodwork dpe . il ong, In recent years, the trend towards the mass production of standard units by a relatively small number of large manufacturers has reduced much of the former ‘carpentry and joinery’ work to a matter of fixing or assembling on site factory-made components such as roof trusses, door sets, windows, kitchen units, etc. However, skilled labour is still required for most site operations involving the use of wood or wood-based products, The Standard Method arranges the work in the woodwork section into the following six main categories which generally follow the sequence in which the work would be carried out on site: 1. Carcassing. Involving structural timbers forming the framework of roofs, floors, walls, etc, First fixings. Items generally which are fixed after the framework and including roof and floor boarding together with grounds, battens and bearers, etc. which form a base or backing to which other work is subsequently fixed. 3° Second fixings. Covering: (1) Those items of ‘dressed’ or planed wood, many of which are obtainable in standard sizes ‘off the shelf’ from timber merchants and which are exposed in the finished work and require decoration. For example, skirtings, architraves, window boards, etc. (2) Sheet materials fixed as wall and ceiling linings having a wood ‘base’ such as plywood, plastic- covered chipboard and other proprietary boards. 4 Composite items. Factory-made standard items supplied ready for assembling and fixing on site. 5 Sundries. General labours in connection with woodworking operations, together with the supply of insulating materials and metalwork. 6 Ironmongery. Involving all types of door, window ironmongery, etc. hnaey 5 7.6.1 Materials Softwoods Carcassing timbers, first fixings and the bulk of ‘joinery’ quality timber used in building work in this country consist of softwoods of one type of another, those in most common use being Redwoods, Whitewoods and Hemlock which are obtained principally from Northern Russia, Finland, Scandinavia and North Eastern Europe. The specification in the trade preamble will identify the grade or quality required enabling the estimator to price accordingly, the cost of timber varying considerably depending on the quality. With the exception of boarding and flooring, most carcassing and first-fix items are supplied sawn, whilst timber for second-fix and composite items are converted from larger sections into standard8 icknesses and planed either on one side and Ss and endl (PAR) and is of better quality, the esta edge ist) or ao m the area around the Kara Sea in Northern Russia rennin 4 from the port of Archangel. iD id 8 is , = aro f hardwoods, some being suited to g ecific pF vide br Dre high-class work is required and the woodyeae oo itn feature of the building. As with softwoods, the Price of b oe varies according to the type chosen and therefore the net variety of wood must be specified in t z the bill. Any work in jardivood tends to be very expensive for a number of reasons: a Ithas a high basic cost since many hardwoods come from tropical parts of the world and handling and shipping costs are high. In order to prepare the timber for sale, a great deal of work has to be carried out, including proper seasoning, kiln drying often for long periods, machining, etc. Due to its denseness, pattern of grain and sometimes coarseness, the length of time needed to work on the hardwood and fix it in position is invariably much greater than that for a corresponding item in softwood. Teak, for example, has a grain which contains minute particles of silica making it difficult to work and blunting tools very quickly. Extra care must be taken when selecting lengths of hardwood where the grain and colour is required to match up. A higher waste allowance compared with softwood must be made due to the selection Process mentioned above and a higher cutting waste because of a greater degree of unevenness in the Wood. Hardwoods, in most cases, are chosen for clear finish and those lengths of Poor appearance may have to be discarded. Hardwoods are often secured in position using relatively “xpensive meth ‘ods of fixing such as screws, brass cups and crews, pelleting, etc, ngunchetding on the type of hardwood used, the extra labour meded vary between 50 and 150 per cent more than that hag, n OmPatable item in softwood. Te ot Pricing "ik the Unit OF purchase of carcassing timber is the cubic metre, tured jot Measurement is the metre; however, most items o ion ic d0inery are sold by the metre and no further On is needed, ra ttngpore’ Of timber is sometimes quoted ‘FOT’, meaning tee timber fol" Other words, the price includes only for unloading Or then the ship and’on to the buyer’s own transport, a “n having to allow in addition for the cost of transpo!OQ QQ), wo Site or workshop. Similarly, prices quoted ‘FOB" | ‘free on board’ and “free on quay’ respectively, and Must allow for unloading/oading in addition to MSPOTt costs as before, Means of fixing Ttems of woodwork are de Stated, which makes it ne cost of those required per concerned. For example: and delivery to the and "FOO mean again the buyer trai x ‘emed to be fixed by nails unless otherwise 4 ‘cessary for the estimator to calculate the T cubic, linear or square metre of the item General carcassing timbers -2k; cubic metre Boarding and flooring ail — 5 nails per metre Where items are plugged to the background, the distance between the centres of the plugs will be stated, allowing the estimator to calculate the number per metre required together with the quantity of nails assuming two nails per plug. Other methods of fixing include bolting, shot firing (to steelwork), screwing or even glueing, the particular method being stated in the bill description. For items which are bolted, the bolts themselves and forming the hole are measured separately; for items which are fixed by screws, allow 25 per cent additional labour, with f screwing and pelleting requiring approximately 50 per cent extra labour. Other extra costs i In addition to the ‘basic’ price per cubic metre quoted by a supplier, | the following additional costs may also be incurred where the bill of quantities specifies: ! 1 Timber impregnation with preservative. Where timber is exposed to conditions which might encourage decay, the wood can be ( impregnated under pressure with special preservative solutions which help to protect it. The cost of this treatment would be quoted in terms per cubic metre and may be in the region of 10 per cent of the basic price. : j Long lengths. Where single lengths of timber are required over q w 4.8 m long, the cost usually increases on a sliding scale as follows: Lengths: up to 4.8m ~ basic price exc. 4.8m nc. 5.4m — basic price + 74% 4 exc, 5.4m n.c.6.0m_ — basic price + 15%, etc. 3. Stress grading. Structural timbers are required to be stress graded é to a standard specified in the bill at the timber merchant's premises where the wood is passed through a machine and { stamped with # colour code to signify its strength. The cost of ; providing this service is approximately 10 per cent of the basi } cost.3 ions and angle fillets. Basic prices of tj : geotll seaare or rectangular sections over 75 ae cormally wee ‘sections OF angle and tilting fillets are te, vired, addi i, aqnollet a needed, the cost of which is added to the price itional oe aed may be iv the order of 7}-10 Pet cont of the Ee " ot wow ag nevtable wath all timber and sheet materials, the ettens nea pvwmrdeng tO the nature of the material and the Operation _ Syeoed out and whilst 10 per cent allowance may be sufficient wemipoxewng Wem, anything between 5 per cent and 25 per cene if Sy mwre may be needed for some second-fix items. Where items of fonuiactured jornery such as doors and windows are concerned, a seal! allowance eeds to be made to cover the occasional broken or gomaged @ern - say 2} per cent. Whilst there is no cutting waste omiend cm irommongery, an allowance of approximately 24 per cent snwl’ he tuade in anticipation of losses through theft and perhaps, honmempery jommempery & normally supplied with its own matching screws and © no further fixing materials need to be allowed for. The length of ‘mw taken to fx an item of ironmongery depends on the nature of fie tuckprownd = i.e, softwood, hardwood, brick, etc. = the locator te tem ~ i.e. degree of accessibility - and the preparatory work wyuned prior to fixing - i.e. cutting mortices, sinkings, boring for falles,, ee “62 Weadwork - Guide to labour outputs “napats apply ko skilled operatives: Seucural members of roofs and floors Poon Plates, rafters, ceiling joists, etc.) a s poe! — eats ‘ ft hot Comes narbe, boards 12 mn per Dou | Hiominyiyn att Sm per door | Deny — Miwtting 75 he cash Temgun a umaine ton single door Old om pet bout phe eee flooring 10 a? per hour tw + we (based on 1 crafiman Jno per hour Nottowcnreg 0.75 he each YG) Od single door skirting, including mitres |3 ‘The typical bill items to be priced in this section are as follows: a nmg | 150 & SO foot joists SOX SO herringbone strutting to 17S joiss 180 X 25 softwood skirting on and inclading 25 x 12 grounds Plugged to brickwork at 300 centres 1.225 X 1,073 softwood window 18 thick external quality Plywood flat roof boarding 2S thick softwood tongued and grooved board flooring 838 * 1,981 x 40 thick skeleton core flush door Hole through 50 softwood for small pipe 63 upright mortice lock fixed to hardwood The build-up of woodwork rates Item A ~ Roof joists Banc prices: Allin rate for craftsman £4.50 per hour Carcassing timber delivered to site £200 per cubic metre Nails £1.50 per kg Method (a) Me Nails ~ 2 kg per m? at £1.50 per kg Add 10% waste = £17: > Cont of timber delivered to site per m Allow 2 hrs per m? for unloading at £4.00 m 2 8 2 3 Fy S £ |p £200.00 8.00 £208.00 £211.00. w panini ie| it ay Labon! 7 joiner can fix 10m of joist per hour £ Aseartee 1 le qrerefore cost Pe} = ASp - fy oral rate (i) + 2) = £2.19 perm jem B Herringbone strutting votre: Herringbone strutting is measured in metres and is the qial distance taken over the joists. In practice, the work comets of two struts fixed diagonally between the joists which means that the quantity measured in the bill is less than the total ancwnt of timber needed.) Base prices: As above. Method (s) Materials: Cost of timber including waste allowance = £232.10 per m Therefore cost of 50 x 50 per m = £232.10 x 0.05 x 0.05 0.58 Length required per m as measured in BQ: Assume 175 * 50 joists at 450 centres ~ space between joists: = 450 ~ (2 x 25) = 400 mm Disponal distance from top of joist to bottom of adjacent joist: X= 408 + 1792 *= 0.16 + 0.031 =437 x 2 = 874mm wich means that for every 450 mm measured, 874 mm pred ‘betetore length required per m in BOQ * Faw * 0.874 = 1.94 Thetetore material cost perm = a Sip tl = £1.13 of timber are Nails ~ a small nominal sum of, say, 10p perm woukl PS 1 sufficient ~ ©) Labo: ar Assume 1 joiner can cut and fix 5m of strutting Per hour (as Measured)Therefore cost per m = 90p Bl Total rate ({1] + [2] + [3]) = £2.13 per m Item C - Tongued and grooved flooring (Note: The 150 mm dimension is ‘nominal’, i.e. measured over the tongue. After laying, the effective or ‘laid’ width of the board is the nominal width minus the tongue, i.e. 150 — 6 mm = 144 mm. This becomes important when calculating the total length of boards required per square metre of flooring.) Basic prices: Labour rates as above 150 x 25 T & G flooring £115.00 per 100 m 60 mm cut steel floor brads £1.00 per kg (approx. 250 per kg) Method (a) Materials: Cost of flooring delivered to site per 100 m = £115.00 Allow } hr per 100 m for unloading at £4.00 = 1.00 £116.00 Nails - 5 per m = 500 per 100 mor _ 2 kg at £1.00 = 2.00 £118.00 Add, say, 5% waste = 5.90 A £123.90 per 100 m Length required per m? = -j7q- = 6.94 m Therefore cost perm? = 3.0 x 6.94 = £8.58 fl (b) Labour: Assume 1 joiner can lay 15 m of boards per hour Therefore cost per m? = 450% 6.94 _ 9 08 BI Total rate ({1] + 2) = £10.66 per m? arresteeho softwood skirting including grounds et ices: . je pt kirting £1.20 per metre we fo x 25 Srwood grounds £15.00 per 100 m x pus (ay) 4P 0c yatod ' serials: co e i} 150 x 25 skirting Cost of skirting delivered to site per metre . Unloading, stacking, etc., say Nails (say) Add 74% waste (2) 25 x 12 grounds Cost of grounds delivered to site per 100 m Unloading and stacking, say 3/20 hr per 100 m Add 5% waste Therefore cost per m = £1658 = 16p (3) Plugs 34no. per m required at 4p each = 0.13 Add 5% waste P 0.01 0.14 . fl Total material cost = £1.72 % (peur: (2) Skirting - 10 m per hour at £4.50 rounds ~ 12 m per hour at £4.50 ( m y Plugging ~ 6m per hour at £4.50 pl Total ate ((1] + [2}) = £3.30 per m315 Tem E ~ Softwood window Basic prices: 1,225 x 1,073 window complete £40.00 cach Method (a) Materials: was & 1,073 window delivered to = £40.00 cach site Add 24% waste (to cover breakages, = 1.00 theft) £41.00 oll (6) Labour: Craftsman unloading, hoisting and fixing } hr with 50 per cent attendance by labourer 0.75 hr craftsman at £4.50 0.38 hr labourer at £4.00 - 2] Total rate ({1] + [2]) = £45.90 each litem F — Plywood roof decking Basic prices: 18 mm plywood in 2,240 x 1,220 sheets £6.20 per m? Nails £1.50 per kg Method (a) Materials: Cost of plywood delivered to site = £6.20 per m? Unload and stack (2 labs, 5 mins per sheet — approx. 3 m?) = 1/6 hr per 3m? = 0.22 Nails 4 rows per sheet at 200mm c/s _ 4g. 49 = 45 nails (approx. 0.2 kg) 0.2 kg at : £1.50 6.72 Add 5% waste 0.34 £7.06 at) (b) Labour: Assume 1 joiner can handle and fix 1 sheet in 4 hr with 25 per cent labourer’s assistance 0.33 hr at £4.50 = £1.50 0.08 hr at £4.00 = = £1.82 per sheet A182. 6tp 2 Therefore cost per m? = Total rate ({1] + (2]) = £7.67 per m?} 96 ies 40mm thick internal flush door jet ices: | paste Ba 1,981 x 40 skeleton core flush door £25 00 cach | -00 cael yetiod gs : jaterials: . (a) be X 1,981 door delivered to site = £25.00 Unloading and storing say, 33p = 033 each £25.33 ‘Add 23% waste (to cover damage and = 0.63 . —— theft) £25.96 fl] () Labour: Assume 1 joiner can hang 40 mm flush door in 1 hr at £4.50 = £4.50 ..- 2 Total rate ({1] + [2]) = £30.46 each ltem H - Hole for small pipe through 50 mm softwood Labour only item — Assume 1 joiner can mark and drill hole through 50 mm softwood in 5 mins at £4.50 = 38p each. Item I - 63 mm upright mortice lock Basic prices: Mortice lock £4.50 each (including screws) Method (2) Materials: 63 mm mortice lock at £4.50each = £4.50 Add 23% waste (to cover for aoe losses, theft, etc.) = £4.61 a (b) Labour: Assume 1 joiner can cut out for and fix mort Add 50% for fixing to hardwood = a 2 2 15 hrs at £4.50 ice lock in 1 hr Total rate ({1] + [2)) = £11:36 eachChapter 5 Carpentry shaterial squctural timber is normally purchased by the standard. A Petrograd sqniard is 165 cube feet. ‘Therefore cube metres per standard = 165 x 00283 = 4-6695 cube metres. ‘Therefore linear metres, sectional area 100 x 100 millimetres equals 46695 10 10 see o5 7 *7*7= metres. Assuming the timber was £150 per standard, the cost of 100 x 100 milli- sete section of timber per linear metre would be: £150 467 metres = 32p Vote Add 74 per cent to cover cutting and waste on timber. Approximate number of nails per kilogramme 51 mm x 12 gauge round 220 63 mm x 10 gauge round 132 76 mm x8 gauge round ns 102 mm x8 gauge round PA 127 mm x6 gauge round e 152 mm x5 gauge round 374 i 51 mm oval wire 242 ue 63 mm oval wire 10 a 76 mm oval wire 66 ire 102 mm oval wire “ Pel 127 mm oval wire = 4 152 mm oval wi ing and fixing struc- a cs for cutting 4 The following are averse Jnour Cres ectional rea 100 x 100 mm) Per i Utimber per 10000 square ‘ar metre. 59 icsIntroduction to Estimating for Builders 60 ct Sectional area of timber Decrease Not exceeding Exceeding Exceeding 5000sqmm = 5000 not 40000 exceeding sqgmm 10000 sq mm Plates, sleepers and lintels 0-13 0-12 0-10 Bearers, kerbs and the like 0-13 0-12 0-10 Floor joists 0-17 0-15 0-13 Partitions 0-15 0-13 0-12 Trussed partitions 0:35 0-33 0:30 Rafters 0-18 0-17 0-15 Ceiling joists and collars 0-17 0-15 0-13 Purlins, ceiling beams and struts 0-18 0-17 0-15 Trussedpurlinsandtrussedbeams 0:35 0-33 0-30 Members of roof trusses 0-50 0-43 0:35 Members of roof turrets 0-60 0-50 0-40 Add to the above constants 0:008 unskilled hours per 10000 square millimetres per linear metre for unloading and stacking timber. Generally take 0-02 kilogrammes of nails per 10000 square millimetres Per linear metre of timber, including waste, except in the case of floor joists when not fixed to wallplates. Example 1 50 millimetre x 150 millimetre sawn softwood in floor joists (per linear metre). ‘Take timber at £150 per standard=32p per linear metre x 10000 square millimetres, Cost per 100 mm x 100 mm x1 metre, Material Timber 32-00p Unload = 0-008 at 60p 0-48p 32-48p 2-444 Add 74 per cent waste ip 3402p Labour 0-15 hours skilled at 70p 5 1050p 45-42p Therefore cost per metre of 50 mm x 150 mm floor joists = 50x 150 -42p = 34-06 Toooo ** 45°42p a Per linear metre = 34p61 Carpentsy i linear ftwood in rafters (per suimetre sawn SO 100 al ; Material includis -92p ie including unload and waste 34 et including waste . ‘gaat Op et KB ee Labour piSbous skilled at 70p : 1260p 4772p —= Therefore cost per metre of 50 mm x 100 mm rafters = 50x 100 o000 * 4T-T2p = 23-86p Per linear metre = 24p ‘tov . ig are ic additional labour constants in respect of roofing work Ssiled hours per li i S per linear metre. ae - Skilled hours kts mam ridge including cutting rafters, te 0-22 os ‘ide mm ridge including cutting rafters, "mm 259 i me cag OM hip oF v after i i rafters, both sides “ee ta omg are measured over the ‘of the joist: ear metre an' tin, ‘zbor Srating's ane solid strutting to timber joists tern te section of the strutting ‘and the depth lowing are average labour constants Per lin dare in 4 hours, Description Depth of iit yy 300mm oon tsomm 20000" 2302" orgy oid serurting ea wan ge Ste Merringbone strutting 0-3© Introduction to Estimating for Builders Material ‘The following is the amount of timber and nails per linear metre, including waste. Description Depth of joist S51 mm nails 150mm 200mm = 250 mm_—- 300 mm Solid strutting 0-02kg metre metre 1metre 1 metre Herringbone strutting 0-02kg 2metre 2-2 metre 2-4 metre 2-6 metre TRIMMING FLOOR JOISTS Description Depth of joist 150mm~ 200mm — 250 mm 300 mm ‘Tusk tenon (each) 1-00 1-25 1-50 1-75 ‘Square housed end of trimmed joist (each) 0-20 0-25 0:30 0-35 BOARDING Tongued and grooved boarding (per square metre). Width of board Linear metres 63 mm Skilled of board ovals (kg) hours 735 mm 15-39 0-26 0-75 100 mm 1Ll1 0-18 0-70 125 mm 8-69 0-14 0-65 150 mm 714 0-12 0-60 175 mm 6-06 0-10 055 200 mm 5-26 0-09 0-50 ‘The following is the way to calculate the linear amount of timber required (take 125 millimetre nominal boards). ; 125 mm less 10 mm tongue = 115 mm face width. 000 mm Per square metre =z X 1 metre = 8:69 metres. Waste Add 7} per cent for waste and wrot edges. Nails 87 Take 2 nails per 0-5 metre of board = os metres X 2 nails = 34 nails. 34 pag = O14 ke. Weight of nails = x Note 63 millimetre oval nails = 242 per kilogramme. EU, NY MO, . ! Vite, ann OTITUTE pp SCIEF fy .Carpentry 65 Labour constants . Unit Skilled Dexriprion hours sg mm © 38 mm angle fillet | : Getedoa angle filet linear metre 0-10 oe linear metre 0-12 38mm x 38mm tilt fillet plantedon linear metre 0-06 zm diameter roll plantedon _ linear metre 0-10 12 mm x50 mm ground planted on linear metre 0-12 25 mm x75 mm ground planted on linear metre 0-16 Extra for plugging to brickwork _ linear metre 0-20 Extra for plugging to stone linear metre 0-20 ‘Extra for plugging to concrete linear metre 0-25 50 mm x 50 mm bracketing to false ceiling linear metre 0-12 50 mm x50 mm bracketing and cradling around steelwork linear metre 0-20 Boring holes per 15 mm diameter per 30 mm depth each 0-05 Stoking and pellating heads of bolt per 30 mm diameter each 015 tmple 1 5 snillimetre x38 millimetre softwood angle fillet to i softwood finear metre). Take 10 metres, boards ; Material 10 linear metres angle fillet 40-00p 005 kg nails at 1p 0-50p 40:50, Add 7} per cent waste 30dp — 4354p Labour 1 bour silted at 70p 70:00p 113-54p —— 1354p) Per linear met en 10 metres “1135p Per linear metre = 111P7 Tntrodwetion to Retimating for Builders Reample 2 12 mmiiineare » 5) millimetre softwood ground plugged to brickwork (per Minent metre). Take 10 metre plugs at 0-5 metre centres, Material 10 linear metres at 2ip per metre 25-00p 29 phage at 0-25p each 5-00p 40 51 mm oval nails o “ay at 10p 1-00p 31-00p Add 7} per cent waste 2:33p __ 33-339 Labour Plugging == 100-20 = 2-00 Planting on = 10 x0-12 = 1-20 ~~ 3-20 hours skilled at 70p 224-00p 257:33p —_—_ Cost for 10 linear metre =: 257-33p . 257:33p ‘Therefore per linear metre = “To” = 2373p Per linear metre = 25 p