ELECTRICAL MACHINES 2

ELECTRICAL MACHINES 2

Course Outline: Midterm

• Operating Principle of Alternators

• Construction of Alternators

• Armature windings of Alternators

• Determination of Voltage Regulation

• Synchronization of Alternator

• Two Reaction Analysis of Alternators

• Direct and Quadrature axis synchronous reactance

• Power Equations for salient and cylindrical type rotors

• Excitation system of alternators

 Alternators

• Three-phase Alternators are the primary source of all the electrical energy we consume.
• Convert mechanical energy into electrical energy
• Generate AC power at specified frequency
• Power rating up to 1500 MW
• An alternating current generator is frequently referred to as an Alternator.
• Alternator is also called the synchronous generator because it has to be operated (by
prime mover) in a speed (synchronous speed) in order to get an induced EMF of the
required frequency (infinite bus-bar frequency)
 Alternators
Operating Principle
• Electricity is produced in AC generator or Alternators by Electromagnetic Induction
• To generate electricity in a coil either the coil should rotate with respect to the
magnetic field or the magnetic filed should rotate with respect to the coil.

Used in DC Generator
Used inAlternator
 Alternators
Operating Principle
• As like DC generator,Alternator has also an armature winding and a magnetic field.
But
DC Generator Alternator

Armature rotates but the magnetic Armature is stationary but the

field is stationary magnetic field rotates
• In an Alternator, the armature windings are mounted on a stationary element called stator and
filed windings are mounted on a rotating element called rotor.

The stator consist of a

cast-iron frame, which
supports the armature
core, having slots on
its inner periphery for
housing the armature
conductors.

Laminated Sheets are

used to reduce Eddy
current loss
 Alternators
Operating Principle
• The rotor is like a flywheel having alternate North and South poles fixed to its outerrim.

Similar to stator, rotor

bars are made of
laminated sheets to
reduce eddy current
loss

The magnetic poles are

excited from direct current
supply by a DC source at
125 to 600 volts.

➢ DC current can be supplied either from an external source or from an small DC generator which is fitted on the
same prime mover.
 Alternators
Operating Principle
Self-ExcitedAlternator

Slip rings

➢ As the required exciting voltage is relatively small, the slip rings and brush
gear are of light construction.
➢ Recently, brushless excitation systems have been developed in which a 3-
phase AC exciter and a group of rectifiers supply DC to the alternator. Hence,
brushes, slip-rings and commutator are eliminated.
 Alternators
Operating Principle

➢ When rotor coils are excited with DC power

source, magnetic field will be produced around it
as shown is above figure.

➢ As the rotor is made to rotate by a prime mover,

this makes the rotor flux also rotate along with
that at the same speed
known as revolving magnetic flux
 Alternators
Operating Principle
➢ When the rotor rotates, the stator conductors (being stationary) are cut by the magnetic flux, hence they have
induced EMF produces in them.
➢ Because the magnetic poles are alternately N and S, they induce an EMF and hence current in armature
conductors, which first flows in one direction and then in the others.

Induced alternating EMF

in armature coil

Armature Coil for

single phase

➢ For this particular four pole system, when the rotor turns half revolution, induced EMF takes one completecycle
➢ Frequency, Rotor Speed and Number of poles are connected
through following relationship.
P(number of poles)*N(rpm)
f(Hz) =
120
➢ Generated frequency depends on the number of N and S
poles moving past a conduction in one second
➢ Direction is given by Fleming’s Right hand rule
 Alternators
Operating Principle
➢ For producing three phase AC current, two more such armature coils, which are in 1200 phase difference with the
first, is put in the stator winding.

➢ Always, one end of these three coils are star connected and the neutral is connected toground
➢ Three phase electricity is drawn from the other end.
Star Connected
 References
1B. L. Theraja, A. K. Theraja, “A Textbook of ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY in SI Units Volume II, AC & DC Machines”,S.
Chand & Company Ltd., (Multicolour illustrativeEdition).

2A. F. Puchstein, T. C. Lloyd, A.G. Conrad, “Alternating Current Machines”, © 1942, Asia Publishing House, Third Edition
(Fully revised and corrected Edition 2006-07).

3Jack Rosenblatt, M. Harold Friedman, “Direct and Alternating Current Machinery”, Indian Edition (2nd Edition), CBS
Publishers & Distributors.

4A. E. Fitzgerald, Charles Kingsley, Jr. Stephen D. Umans, Electric Machinery, 5thEditionin SI units, ©1992 Metric Edition,
McGraw Hill Book Company.

5 Irving L. Kosow, Electrical Machinery and Transformers, Second Edition, Prentice –Hall India Pvt. Limited.

Acknowledgement
Ahmed Mortuza Saleque