Final Examination, Spring 2021.

Date:23-June-2021
Name: Sumair Shahid
Subject: Pakistan Studies
Semester: 1st (evening)
Batch: 3rd

Question no 1:

FORMATION OF ALL INDIA MUSLIM LEAGUE

The success of simla deputation made it imperative for the Muslims of the sub-continent to
have their own political organization. The Congress’s anti-Muslim activities too strengthened
the need of a political platform for the Muslims from where the interests of Muslims could be
projected. The Muslim leaders of the simla deputation after their meeting with the Viceroy held
consultations among themselves as to the possibility of forming a political association. They
were of the opinion that the time had reached when organized efforts were to be made for the
protection of the Muslims interests.
The annual session of All India Muslim Educational Conference was held in 1906 at Dacca. The
prominent Muslim leaders from all over the country were attending this meeting. When the
meeting ended, Nawab Salim Ullah Khan of Dacca, convened a political meeting of the Muslim
leaders at his residence. The objective of this meeting was to discuss the possibilities of forming
a political association for the Muslims. The meeting was over by Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk on 30th
December 1906. Nawab Salim Ullah of Dacca had already circulated an idea of the political
organization known as All India Muslim Confederacy. Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk, in his presidential
address stressed the need for a political platform for the Muslims. He said that Congress
political activities were highly injurious for the Muslims for which Sir Syed Ahmad Khan had
asked the Muslims to keep away from the Congress politics. He said that the Muslims form only
one-fourth of the total population of India. It is very obvious that if the British leave the country
at any time, the Muslims will come under the domination of that nation which is four times
more numerous than the Muslims. The other participants also expressed their views in favour
of forming a political organization for the Muslims.Nawab Salim Ullah of Dacca, therefore,
moved a resolution which was supported by Hakim Ajmal Khan, Maulana Zafar Ali Khan and
other participants. The resolution declared:
"Resolved that this meeting composed of Muslims from all parts of India assembled at Dacca
decide that Political Association be formed styled as All India Muslim League, for the
furtherance of the following objectives:"
Objectives of the Muslim League
1. To promote among the Muslims of India feelings of loyalty to the British government
and to remove any misconception that may arise as to the intention of the government
with regard to any of the measures.
2. To protect and advance the political rights and interests of the Muslims of India and to
respectfully represent their needs and aspirations to the Government.
3. To prevent the rise among the Muslims of India of any feelings of hostility towards other
communities without prejudice to other aforementioned objects of the League.
Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk and Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk were elected provisionally as Joint
Secretaries of the Muslim League. A Committee consisting of sixty members was set up to draft
the constitution of the Muslim League. The constitution committee included all the members of
simla deputation. Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar, a distinguished student of Aligarh and
Oxford, was given the responsibility of drafting the rules and regulations of the League. The
rules and regulations drafted by Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar were contained in a brochure
called Green Book.
The first regular session of the Muslim League was held at Karachi on 29th and 30th December,
1907 exactly after one year of its formation. Sir Adamjee Pirbhai, a prominent leader of
Bombay, presided over this session. The draft constitution prepared by the committee was
placed before the session for approval. The constitution was adopted after a further scrutiny by
the members of the constitution committee present at Karachi session. The purposes and
objectives of League were re-shaped after the constitution was adopted which were as follows:
1. To promote among the Muslims of India feelings of loyalty towards the British
government and to remove any misconception that may arise as to the intention of the l
Government with regard to any of its measures.
2. To protect the political and other rights of Indian Muslims and to place their needs and
aspiration before the government in temperate language.
3. So far as possible, without prejudice to the objectives mentioned under 1 and 2 above
of this section, to promote friendly feelings between the Muslims and other
communities of India.
The Karachi session of the League adjourned after adopting the constitution. The session was
resumed after a few months and met again on i8th March, 1908 at Aligarh at the residence of
Nawab Muzzamil Ullah Khan, Joint Secretary of the Aligarh College. Justice Shah Din presided
over this meeting which conducted regular business. His Highness the Agha Khan was elected as
the President and Major Hasan Bilgrami as the Secretary. Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk had expired
by this time and Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk was pre-occupied with his new commitments in
connection with the Aligarh College. It was also decided in this meeting that branches of
Muslim League shall be opened in the country. Syed Amir Ali had established Mohammadan
Association in London which was made London Branch of the Muslim League.
The Muslim League met with immediate success in the initial stages of its struggle. It drew
government's attention towards the Muslims' demands expressed by the simla deputation. It
secured due share in the appointments for the Muslims and also seats in the legislative bodies
on local, provincial and central level. It demanded the appointment of Muslim judges in the
courts. It also secured adequate safeguards for the educational interests of the Muslims by
getting due representation for the Muslims on the syndicate and Senates of the Indian
Universities. The most important demand of separate electorate was conceded by the
government and incorporated in the Minto-Morley Reforms 1909. Many Muslims rose to the
judgeship of higher courts who were Mr. Sharaf-ud-Din (CalcuttaFItigh Court), Mr. Karamat
Husain (Allahabad High Court) and Mr. Shah Din (Punjab High Court). The Muslim League
endeavoured to get the Auqaf Bill passed by which the management of Auqafs in the country
was taken over by the Government.

Question No 2
DAR-UL-ULOOM-I-DEOBAND
The Tehrik-i-Deoband was started with the establishment of a Madrassah at Deoband for
religious education. The Madrassah was named as Dar-ul-Uloom-i-Deoband and was started at
Deoband, a small town of Saharanpur. It began functioning on 14th April, 1866 in a small
mosque.

Role Of Dar-ul-Uloom-I-Deoband In Sub-continent

Teachers/Students of Dar-ul-Uloom
Dar-ul-Uloom-i-Deoband has been a place of prestigious learnings where people with
extraordinary qualifications rendered services for the noble task of the impart of religious
education. Deoband produced men of high intellectual status who worked commendably for
the spread of Islam in the sub-continent. These respected personalities include Shah Abdur
Rahim, Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi, Maulana Husain Ahmad Madni, Maulana Rashid Ahmad
Gangohi, Sheikh-ul-hid Maulana Mahmud-ul-Hasan, Maulana Abdul Haq, Maulana Shabbir
Ahmad Usmani, Maulana Ubaid Ullah Sindhi, Mufti Kifiyat Ullah, Maulana Ahmad Ali Lahori,
Maulana Mufti Muhammad Shafi, Shams-ul- Ulema Maulana Tajwar Nakibabadi, Maulana
Ehtesham-ul-Haq Thanvi as the most famous persons who were benefited from the Deoband.
Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani was the trusted companion of Quaid-i-Azam during the
freedom movement.
Dar-ul-Uloom-i-Deoband got the services of great scholars who served there as teachers.
Maulana Muhammad Qasim Nanautvi was its first Principle who raised the institution to the
pinnacle of glory and fame with his devotion in the academic administrative aspects of Dar-ul-
Uloom. Apart from him Maulana Muhammad Yaqub, Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi.,
Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi, Maulana Mahmud-ul-Hassan. Anwar Shah Kushmiri, Maulana
Husain Ahmad Madni and Maulan Shabbir Ahmad Usmani. served the Dar-ul-Uloom. They were
highly pious men who inspired their students with their spiritual and academic qualities.
Political Role of Deoband
Deoband was influenced by the All India National Congress in its political trend. However, there
was one clear group under Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi and Maulan Shabbir Ahmad Usmani who
differed with Congress in political approach. The Madni group formed their political
organization as Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Hind and supported the political philosophy of the Congress.
The Thanvi group set up Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Isam and supported Pakistan movement and
extended valuable assistance to the Quaid-i-Azam. Madni group which included Maulana
Husain Ahmad Madni and Mufti Kifiyat Ullah was influenced by Maulana Abu-ul-Kalam Azad.
This group worked in collaboration with Congress and was opposed to the partition of India.
Educational Role of the Deoband
The Dar-ul-Uloom-i-Deoband is regarded as a prestigious seat of Islamic learnings. It imparts
education in different disciplines which include education on Quran. Hadith, Arabic, Islamic
Jurisprudence, Philosophy and Islamic History. The Ulema of the Deoband are considered as the
highly respected personalities in the religious spheres and their Fatwas carry great authenticity
and importance in the whole of sub-continent.
Maulana Muhammad Qasim remained the head of the Dar-ul-Uloom till 1880. He died on 15th
April 1880 at a young age of 49 years. Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi became the head of the
institution after the death of Maulana Qasim. Maulana Rashid Ahmad was a great theologian, a
sufi and a Muhadis. He was in favour of Muslims participation in the Congress politics. Maulana
Rashid Ahmad died in 1905. After his death Sheikh-ul-Hind Maulana Mahmud-ul-Hasan took
over the charge of Deoband who completed his studies in 1873. He joined Dar-ul-Uloom as a
teacher after the completion of his education. He has written a number of books and has
translated the Holy Quran.
DAR-UL-ULOOM-I-DEOBAND AND ALIGARH
The Tehrik-i-Deoband, immediately after its inception did not see eye to eye with the Aligarh
movement due to the working strategy of the Aligarh. The Aligarh movement was based on the
policy of reconciliation with the British whereas the Tehrik-i-Deoband stressed on the religious
aspects of the Muslims and was opposed to the policy of reconciliation with the British. The
completely different approach to the politics had widened the gulf between the authorities of
Deoband and Aligarh. Maulana Muhammad Qasim, a leading and important personality of the
Deoband remained engaged in the controversy with Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, They had sharp
differences on the political matters of the country. Maulana Qasim and his companions actively
fought against the British and for some time set up their own government in their own area. On
the other hand Sir Syed Ahmad, though very active during the War of 1857, remained loyal to
British. He had adopted reconciliatory posture simply because he felt it essential for the
protection and revival of the Muslim after the War.
Another glaring contrast between Deoband and Aligarh was their different approach toward
the educational system. Aligarh laid stress on the western and English education. M.A.O.
College was the centre of English teaching and its main objective was to prepare a bunch of
students well equipped in the western style of education. On the other side Deoband was a
seat of Islamic and religious learnings. It laid stress on the religious disciplines.
However, despite the differences, the two great institutions, Deoband and Aligarh, did enjoy
some mutuality of thought and action on certain issues. A number of important leaders of both
movements were desirous of Muslim welfare and their social and economic revival. When
Maulana Mahmud-ul-Hasan became the head of Deoband, he encouraged contacts between
Aligarh and Deoband. In his time the sentiments of brotherhood and amity between the two
institutions received a fillip.
In 1906 Jamiat-ul-Ansar was established at Deoband. Sahibzada Aftab Ahmad Khan of Aligarh
College attended the meeting of this organization. It was agreed that the Dar-al-Uloom
Deoband would make special arrangements for teaching religious subjects to the graduates of
Aligarh College, while similar facilities would be extended by the Aligarh College to teach
English and western subjects to the students who had completed their studies at Deoband. In
view of this agreement a central institution. Jamiat Milia was established at Delhi in November,
1920. This institution included many features of both Aligarh and Deoband.
However, the political tension between the two institutions could not be lessened till 1947. This
led to many controversies, but the establishment of a central institution, combining the
features of two movements and imparting education to the Muslims in religious and western
field, did have a healthier and unifying effect.

Question No 3
Role of Provinces In The Creation Of Pakistan
Sindh
The province of Sindh occupies an important place in the history because Islam, the great
religion. entered the sub-continent through this province. It is because of this reason the
province of Sindh is known as Bab-ul-Islam (gateway of Islam). Sindh is also very famous for
being the land of spiritual leaders. A number of mystics, sufis and reformers were born in Sindh
who rendered invaluable services for the spread of Islam.
The Ulema, Mashaikh and religious leaders of Sindh made valuable contributions in promoting
the freedom struggle in the province. The Sirhindi family of Sindh the descendants of Hazrat
Mujadid Alf Sani. played important role in organizing the freedom movement in Sindh. This
family extended all sorts of assistance to the Quaid-i-Azam in activities for the liberation of the
Muslims of India. Hazrat Ghulam Mujadid Sirhindi was a great religious scholar who extended
his sincere services for the cause of freedom. Pir Ghulam Mujadid took active part in the
Khilafat movement and courted arrest along with Ali Brothers and other Khilafatists. Jamiat-Al-
Mashaikh was set up in Sindh by Pir Ghulam Mujadid Sirhindi, which was a great source of
strength for the Muslim League in the province. This great organization supported the Quaid-1-
Azam with utmost sincerity and merged into the Sindh branch of Muslim League.
The students and teachers of the Sindh Madrassah Karachi were taking part in the freedom
movement. The Sindh Muslim Students Federation was also very active in organizing the
younger generation of the province. The entire student community of Sindh came forward with
their energetic support for the movement and worked very hard for the Muslim league. The
Muslim Students Federation became an active party and worked meritoriously for organizing
the students in Sindh. The Muslim students of Thatta set up a Muslim Students Union. The
Union extended its maximum support to the Muslim League and expressed their profound
confidence in the leadership of the Muslim League. Resolutions were passed in several cities of
Sindh by the students bodies endorsing the policies of the Muslim League.
Punjab
The religious leaders, Ulema and Mashaikh belonging to Punjab took active partIn the freedom
struggle. They prepared the people to fight the war for independence by Injecting fervour
amongst them with their speeches and preachings. The people of Punjab stirred by these
speeches worked day and night in spreading the message of independence to every corner of
the province.
The Ulema and Mashaikh of Punjab particularly took active part during election campaign in
order to win support for the Muslim League. Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani and Maulana
Zafar Ahmad Usmani toured several places in the whole of sub-continent to muster support for
the Muslim League. The referendums in N.W.F.P. and Sylhet were looked after by Maulana
Shabbir Ahmad Usmani and Maulana Zafar Ahmad Usmani. They also impressed upon the
religious leaders and pirs to support the Muslim League whole-heartedly.
The students of the Punjab were also very active during the freedom movement. They were the
devoted and dedicated workers of the Muslim League and sincerely worked to make Muslim
League an active and stable political party in the province. The Muslim students of the Punjab
formed the vanguard of the freedom struggle.
The students of Lahore and other cities scattered throughout the province to win support in
favour of Muslim League. They undertook extensive tours of the province and raised slogans in
favour of Pakistan in every street. The Punjab Muslim Students Federation, proved an effective
organization of the students. it clashed with the opponents of Muslim League and the Quaid-i-
Azam and ultimately blasted them. The Unionist party, particularly, was very active in Punjab
and was working in collaboration with the Congress to foil the efforts of the Muslim League and
the Quaid-i-Azam. It was the young and energetic leadership of the Punjab Muslim Students
Federation which effectively faced the anti-Muslim League drive of the Unionist party in the
province it was the Muslim Students Federation which gave a tremendous fillip to the slow
moving chariot of the Muslim League to gain momentum.
During the elections of 1945-46, the Muslim students of the Punjab conducted the election
campaign vigorously throughout the province, they along with the students of Aligarh, Islamia
Collage. Peshawar, Sindh Medrassah Karachi and several other institutions took the message of
Muslim League to the voters. It was because of the sincere efforts of the Students that the
Muslim League was able to secure an outright victory.
Khyber Pakhtunkhawa
The Pathans, the inhabitants of Khyber Pakhtunkhawa have always been politically conscious.
They were also very much averse to the idea of being ruled by the foreigners. For this reason
they struggled hard against the British rule. The Congress had a strong hold on the political
affairs of the Khyber Pakhtunkhawa. The Muslim League could not be organized in Khyber
Pakhtunkhawa on stable footings uptil 1945. Congress openly opposed the freedom movement
in the Khyber Pakhtunkhawa and its provincial ministry, set up after 1945 elections, oppressed
the freedom-fighters.
At this critical juncture the religious leaders, Ulema and Mashaikh came forward with their
spiritual strength to guide the people of Khyber Pakhtunkhawa. Among these selfless leaders.
Pir Sahib of Manki Sharif played the most important role. He along with other Ulema undertook
tours of the province to quell the Congress influence. They were able to bring the scattered
people together on the Muslim League platform.
The Sarhad Muslim Students Federation was set up in 1942. It rendered great services to the
Muslim public and particularly to the Muslim students of the province. For some time after the
fall of Muslim League ministry in 1943 the activities of Sarhad Muslim Students Federation were
suspended. It was re-organized after some time. A number of leading students from Punjab
took active part in the re-organization of the Sarhad Muslim Students Federation. The
prominent among those students, who helped the Sarhad Muslim Students Federation, were
Yahya Bakhtiar, Raja Iftikhar Ullah and Amin Tareen, who personally went to Peshawar in 1943.
However, their efforts could not prove much successful because of the lethargic attitude of the
local student community.
The students of Islamia College, Peshawar and Edward College, Peshawar were the torch-
bearers of the freedom struggle in the Khyber Pakhtunkhawa. They were the sincere workers of
the Quaid-i-Azam and the Muslim League. Fida Muhammad Khan, Sardar Muhammad Hayat,
Muhammad Ali Khan Hoti, Syed Mazhar Ahmad, Mufti Muhammad Idris, Dost Muhammad
Kamil and Sardar Bahadur Khan were the young students who took zealous part in the freedom
struggle in the Khyber Pakhtunkhawa. They worked for the success of Muslim League in the
1946 Elections and made major contributions in winning the referendum in favor of Pakistan.
Balochistan
Balochistan was a backward and under-developed region before partition. The British
government did not take steps for the development of this province. In 1927 the Muslim
League had demanded that reforms should be introduced in Balochistan as had been
introduced in other provinces.
The Muslim League began its struggle for the safe-guard of the interests of the Muslims of
Balochistan by setting up a branch of the Muslim League in the province. Qazi Muhammad Issa
rendered invaluable assistance in the organization of the Muslim League in Balochistan. The
Balochistan Muslim Students Federation was established in 1943 with Qazi Issa as its President.
Four branches of Balochistan Muslim Students Federation were set up in the province. It
became very active soon after its establishment and carried the message of Muslim League to
every part of the province.
The Balochistan students took part in the Civil disobedience Movement launched by the Muslim
League in the Punjab. This Movement was launched against the Punjab government of the
Unionist Party which had banned the Muslim League National Guards. Among the important
student leaders of Balochistan was Yahya Bakhtiar. He was studying at Lahore and was a
member of the Punjab Muslim students Federation, but he was a link between the students
movements of the Punjab and Balochistan. Among the other workers was Malik Abdullah Jan,
Vice-President, Balochistan Muslim Students Federation. The other prominent young workers
of the Muslim League were Sardar Taimur Shah, Sardar Muhammad Usman Jogezai and Mir
Jafar Khan Jamali.

Question No 4
Agriculture
Agriculture sector is the backbone of Pakistan’s economy. Pakistan’s 80% of population is
associated with agriculture for their livelihood. In spite of its important and utility for the
country's economy, the agricultural sector remained under-developed for many reasons.
Factors responsible for agricultural problems of Pakistan.
1. Floods: Floods are the most devastating natural calamity which has done irreparable damage
to our agricultural sector. Floods destroy the standing crops and acutely reduce the productive
capacity of the land.
2. Water-logging and Salinity: The twin menace of water-logging and salinity is a great threat to
our agriculture. It is considered as 'Land Cancer' which quickly devours land fertility. It is caused
when the water table rises to 1.5 meter or less under the surface of the ground. Stagnant water
then adversely affects the growth of plants. Water evaporates leaving salts on the ground
which renders the agricultural land unproductive.
3. Lack of Irrigation facilities: Pakistan agriculture is adversely affected due to the lack of
irrigational facilities. Rainfall is scanty in most of the areas which cannot meet our irrigation
requirements.
4. Ignorance of the Farmer: The farmers in Pakistan are ignorant and illiterate. They depend on
the conventional methods of cultivation. They lag behind in modern knowledge of cultivation.
5. Scarcity of Funds: Our farmer badly lacks in financial potentiality to meet the growing cost of
the cultivation. Most of our farmers possess small units of land which cannot provide them with
sufficient income. The farmer, due to shortage of funds, has no access to the modern
technology to enhance the fertility of land and his production.
6. Land Erosion: Soil and land Erosion is a serious problem of our agricultural sector. It is heavily
damaging the areas by dissecting the cultivable land into small units thus cutting down their
yield and productivity.
7. Under utilization of Cultivable Land: The total cultivable area in Pakistan is about 79.61 M.
hectares. Out of this only 20.43 M. hectares is under cultivation. This means that a major
portion of cultivable land is not being used.
8. Inadequate system of Transportation: The Pakistani farmer has to face difficulties in taking
his production to the market for lack of transport facilities. Our transportation system is
inadequate and under-developed and unable to meet the requirements of quick and speedy
transportation of goods.
STEPS TAKEN BY THE GOVERNMENT TO SOLVE THE PROBLEMS
The Government is fully aware of these problems and has taken several steps for the solution of
the problems in the agricultural sector. The steps taken are described below:
1. Control of Water-logging and Salinity.
The Government has adopted effective measures to control the problem of water-logging and
salinity. The Government has launched a programme of Salinity Control and Reclamation
Project (SCARP) to effectively arrest the evil of water-logging and salinity.
2. Flood Control.
The Government has taken strong measures to protect the land from floods, thunder-storm
and heavy rains. These calamities destroy the standing crops and ruin the productivity of the
land. Flood Control Centres have been set up which give information about floods well in time
to cope with them effectively.
3. Increase in the Agricultural growth.
The Government has taken several steps to enhance the growing capacity of the land. The steps
include provision of fertiliser, availability of improved seeds and a simple and easy way of giving
loans to the farmers for acquiring the modern agricultural technology. The Government has
also arranged to impart education on agricultural techniques and has encouraged research
work on agriculture. The agriculture has been developed on modern lines by mechanization of
agriculture. Storage facilities have been provided to store the yield in order to save it from
being wasted due to rains, floods etc.
4. Training of the farmer.
The Government has provided facilities to educate and train the ignorant farmer on modern
pattern. Arrangements have been made to educate the cultivator in the use of modern farming
technology. The cultivator is being persuaded to adopt modern means of cultivation by leaving
the conventional and obsolete methods.