RENOVATION OF A WRECKED BRIDGE OF SAWANG ROMBLON

A Capstone Project Presented to the

Faculty of College of Engineering and Technology

Romblon State University

Odiongan, Romblon

In partial Fulfillment on the Requirements for the Degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

By:

LIANDER JOHN R. ILAGAN

April 2021

1|Page
CHAPTER II

2|Page
 LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter represents the legal bases, literature, and studies which are

relevant to the research.

RELATED LITERATURE

Performance of pedestrian-load models through experimental studies on

lightweight aluminum bridges (P. Dey et al (2015), Journal of Bridge Engineering,

Volume 21, Issue 8 August 2016) - Aluminum structures give a high-solidarity to-

weight proportion, are consumption safe, and are stylishly satisfying.

Subsequently, their utilization in connect development has as of late expanded,

particularly for person on foot spans. In view of their overall light weight as

contrasted and different designs, they frequently display major vertical

frequencies outside the scope of typical person on foot strolling frequencies.

Notwithstanding this, they will in general be vivacious designs, handily energized

by people on foot, bringing about huge abundancy speed increases. A test

program was attempted by the creators to contemplate the vibration attributes

and execution of three full-scale aluminum person on foot spans, two in the

research facility and one in the field. Albeit the least key frequencies for every

one of the three scaffolds fall outside the typical scope of passerby strolling

frequencies, there is the chance of higher sounds of strolling loads close to

3|Page
reverberation or in reverberation with the major vertical mode. The aluminum

spans contemplated were instrumented and exposed to a scope of walker load

tests to comprehend the presentation of existing occasional models in

anticipating the unique reaction. The exhibition of these models (expecting

walker powers to be a summation of sounds) has hitherto just been surveyed for

cases in which the principal recurrence is full with the primary consonant of

strolling, regularly viewed as the most serious case for plan. This is the first run

through, to the information on the creators, that these models have been read for

the situation of extensions that are nonresonant with the essential mode. This

article notes significant perceptions in regards to the exhibition of these models in

anticipating the usefulness of scaffolds made out of lightweight materials, like

aluminum, for cases in which the higher music of walker strolling is either

nonresonant or close to reverberation with the crucial vertical flexure mode. The

article directly serves as a direct article very much related to the proposed

research project. A solid passerby load model is an essential for the exact

estimation of human-instigated underlying vibration. As of late, numerous

analysts have proposed walker load models dependent on direct power

estimations, for example, power plates. Nonetheless, direct estimation strategies

frequently experience the ill effects of ineptitude when applied to genuine

constructions in activity and can barely be utilized to quantify swarm loads. In this

paper, a reverse burden recognizable proof technique is proposed to remove

passerby vertical burden from underlying reactions. Through a hereditary

4|Page
calculation, the walker's pacing recurrence, dynamic burden factors, and stage

points in the Fourier-arrangement model are distinguished from primary speed

increase reactions. The proposed calculation is additionally researched for the

distinguishing proof of various person on foot load boundaries, where underlying

removal reactions are utilized to give a comparable number of walkers.

Mathematical models show that the passerby load boundaries are assessed with

high exactness and strength against clamor and displaying blunders. An

affectability investigation is given to clarify the distinctive assessment exact

nesses among the boundaries. At last, the proposed strategy is approved

through a trial test, showing its reasonableness for recognizing person on foot

loads in genuine designs.

Analysis of a metallic pedestrian bridge under dynamic human loads in

pre- and post-reinforcement phases (Dora Foti et al (2013), International Journal

of Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences, issue 5, Volume 7) -

The motivation behind this work is to examine the powerful conduct of a walker

connect in Alicante, Spain. It is a thin footbridge with vertical and flat vibration

issues during the section of walkers. Speed increases have been recorded by

accelerometers introduced at different areas of the extension. Two situations, in

free vibration (after the entry of a specific number of people on foot on the

extension) and constrained vibration created by a fixed number of walkers

strolling on the scaffold at a specific speed and recurrence. In each test, the

impact on the solace of the walkers, the regular frequencies of vibration, the

5|Page
mode shapes and damping factors have been assessed. It has been tracked

down that the speed increase levels are a lot higher than the reasonable by the

Spanish guidelines and this ought to be considered in the rebuilding of the

footbridge. These days in the field of primary designing there is a high interest

towards the acknowledgment of significantly lighter and slim constructions. This

pattern, which is profoundly spread in the field of passerby spans, gave the

fashioners the attention to the focal pretended by the investigation of the

powerful underlying conduct among the typical plan boundaries. The

investigations in this space were at first centered around the underlying conduct

in light of vertical speed increases, particularly concerning the wonders of

reverberation because of the incident of the section of people on foot and the

regular frequencies of the design. In this manner especially dangerous

recurrence ranges have been distinguished, such as, 1.6-2.4 Hz for strolling

people on foot or 2.0-3.5 Hz for running walkers. At that point, various practices

of walkers have been numerically displayed, considering them either

independently or as a flood of individuals. Simultaneously, research has been

arranged to the investigation of Dora Foti is with the Department of Civil

Engineering and Architecture, Polytechnic of Bari, CO 70125 Bari ITALY (email:

d.foti@poliba.it). Salvador Ivorra is with the Department of Construction

Engineering, University of Alicante, CO 03080 Alicante SPAIN (email:

sivorra@ua.es). David Bru is with the Department of Construction Engineering,

University of Alicante, CO 03080 Alicante SPAIN. issues of sidelong vibrations

6|Page
produced by walkers, particularly in structures with low parallel firmness. Then

again, as undeniable degrees of excitation can be accomplished with few

individuals, for the security and solace of the clients for the duration of the

existence of the construction, it is stringently important to decide in a thorough

manner the mass, firmness and damping - all variables straightforwardly

identified with the mechanical attributes of the materials and the plan

arrangements chose - to keep away from a high reaction of the design to an

excitation. Studies pointed toward recognizing the mechanical and dynamical

attributes could likewise use Operational Modal Analysis strategies. A refreshed

mathematical model of the construction can be used to confirm the accuracy of

the plan answer for be executed to improve the conduct of the design.

Concerning the footbridge under examination, for instance, the powerful tests

showed that the diminished mass and the states of the course, with the presence

of a cantilever bar, can produce a high reaction. Among the different conceivable

relief methodologies, a significant job is played by vibration control through

energy dissipators, hysteretic dampers, gooey damping frameworks, or tuned

mass frameworks and, as opposed to by changing the mass or firmness using

new materials or reestablishing the construction. The current paper breaks down

the unique conduct of the steel footbridge of Postiguet Beach with the expect to

mechanical portray the design in the pre-and post-reestablishing state stages.

Weathering steel (Raed El Sarraf & Willie Mandeno (2016)) - is a high

strength, primary steel that, in reasonable conditions, builds up a firmly disciple

7|Page
oxide layer or 'patina', which essentially decreases the consumption rate

contrasted and regular underlying steel. Enduring steel has been utilized since

the 1930's in rail line coal carts, spans, structures, exteriors and numerous

design highlights like figures and arranging. It has been utilized broadly in North

America, Europe and Japan for more than 55 years; and throughout the most

recent 10 years in New Zealand. At the point when planned and itemized

accurately, considering the ecological variables that administers its utilization, it

has displayed magnificent execution. An all-around planned and accurately

itemized enduring steel connect, in a proper climate, can give an appealing,

extremely low support, financial arrangement and broadens the extension for

savvy steel spans. Likewise, the Heavy Engineering Research Association of NZ

and Opus International Consultants, NZ have arranged this archive named

'Enduring Steel Design Guide for Bridges in Australia'. The reason for this

distribution is to give a grouping of the fundamental direction for the Australian

business to help with the productive and suitable utilization of enduring prepares

in Australian extensions. It additionally gives direction to accomplish the normal

presentation of enduring steel in Australian extensions, to understand the

arranged life expectancy of the scaffolds. This distribution covers the planning,

development, assessment, support and even recovery of enduring steel, should

consumption rates surpass those expected at the plan stage, just as examining

the restrictions on the utilization of enduring steel. Remarks and questions on the

guide ought to be alluded to HERA. Be that as it may, Weathering steel isn't an

8|Page
upkeep free steel. Past examinations show that the defects in plan and

development make it simple for some underlying parts like backings, extension

joints, and pillar closures to aggregate dampness, and it is difficult to frame a

thick defensive rust layer in the water gathering territory, prompting extreme

consumption and bargains primary wellbeing. Notwithstanding, if the rust layer is

as yet framed, the surface is unpleasant and simple to eliminate by hand,

accordingly acquiring an exact perusing can be a test. Along these lines, it is

additionally prescribed to introduce a separable enduring steel example to all the

more precisely screen the arrangement of the rust layer and measure the erosion

rate. Introduce in any event two arrangements of examples at the principle

underlying individuals on the enduring steel connect. More-over, the extension is

situated in a Category C3 climate, 13 which demonstrates a medium air

destructiveness, the level for which the utilization of unpainted enduring steel is

suggested. Subsequently, a very much point by point enduring steel connect in a

suitable climate gives an appealing, low-support arrangement.

Galvanized Steel Bridge - Planned on a little spending plan the

substitution connect needed to conquer some troublesome plan obstacles.

Legacy safeguarding requests implied that the first scaffold projections would

need to be held inside the new plan which likewise brought about the marginally

slanted arrangement being kept. Stacking limitations on the projections implied a

light single range arrangement would be required. The new extension, created by

baum and baroš planners, in a joint effort with primary designers from EXCON,

9|Page
highlights an unbending located support. The generally straightforward

construction shrouds a complex foundational layout that centers around a

prestressed steel pillar which gives special unbending nature, low weight and

lower material expense. The design is mounted on two elastomer pot courses,

which are fixed at one or the flip side of the pressure part. Parallel clasping of the

construction is forestalled by two customizable shaking docks fitted toward the

finish of each length. This mooring strategy empowers the pivotal evenness of

the construction to be kept up, regardless of the slanted point of the notable

extension. The focal pressure part which serves as a link channel, is shaped

from a 76 cm measurement roundabout empty area with a one-meter chamber.

Both end-ranges are planned as two-section spatial constructions, for sending

tractable power into the focal pressure part. Three longitudinal bars act, to a

limited extent, to ingest the heap, and simultaneously, support the matrix

structure deck. The tensioning framework is shaped by three level parabolae.

The lower parabola running in the vertical plane serves to retain the vertical

burdens, while the two parabolae which stretch out in slanted planes loan

torsional unbending nature to the construction. The finishes of the pressure

components are outfitted with inverse strings with a turnbuckle in the center. The

scaffold deck is shaped from an organization of steel components that coordinate

with the filigree steel that frames the balustrades. The deck is basically proposed

for cycle and walker traffic, however can likewise oblige crisis reaction and

upkeep vehicles up to 3.5 tons. All heap bearing and non-load bearing steel

10 | P a g e
segments of the extension are hot plunge aroused. Its metallic surfaces,

underline the specialized and utilitarian appearance of the scaffold and will give

dependable insurance to numerous many years. Be that as it may, spans are not

by any means the only spot hot-plunge stirred steel is utilized in the framework.

Electrifies steel is ordinarily utilized in various other thruway items like guardrail,

light shafts, sign posts, precisely settled earth frameworks, and surprisingly the

covered up building up steel. Exciting has demonstrated its capacity to effectively

shield steel from erosion in these applications. In spite of the fact that hot-plunge

stirred steel has consistently given unrivaled life-cycle costs since it is essentially

support free, as of late, the underlying expense of HDG is additionally serious

and surprisingly more affordable. This expense investment funds both at first and

over the existence of the undertaking alongside its demonstrated exhibition has

driven specifiers to use hot-plunge electrifies steel in the thruway items market

like never before previously. Electrifying is the workhorse covering opposing

erosion in many extension and interstate components. Here is a rundown of

genuine demonstrated applications being used all through North America.

A Spectral Load Model for Pedestrian Excitation Including Vertical Human-

Structure Interaction (Elissa Bassoli et al (2017), Engineering Structures, volume

156, 1 February 2018) - This paper is centered around the assessment of the

underlying reaction to vertical passerby excitation for a wide scope of footbridge

and group boundaries. A phantom burden model for walker-initiated powers

proposed in writing is embraced. The model records for the arbitrariness in the

11 | P a g e
human excitation just as the expanded connection among walkers with passerby

thickness. In this way, it very well may be applied for the vibration usefulness

examination of footbridges in unlimited and swarmed traffic conditions. To

anticipate the underlying reaction for a wide scope of regular frequencies, an

augmentation of the model to represent the commitment of the initial three music

of the strolling load is proposed. To consider a more precise expectation of the

most extreme reaction, the current examination moreover represents the vertical

mechanical association among walkers and the supporting construction. At last,

the effect of human-structure communication (HSI) on the underlying reaction is

explored. By applying the strategies for straight arbitrary elements, the most

extreme powerful reaction of the footbridge is assessed dependent on an

insightful plan of the heap and the recurrence reaction work (FRF) of the coupled

group structure framework. The main HSI-impact is in the expansion of the viable

damping proportion of the coupled group structure framework that prompts a

decrease of the underlying reaction. In any case, now and again the change in

recurrence of the coupled group structure framework results into a higher

underlying reaction when HSI-impacts are represented. The streamlined burdens

on worked on grid structures are assessed as the amount of the power on every

individual part as opposed to utilizing customary strategies representing the

general support through robustness proportion and worldwide protecting

coefficients. Air stream tests were led on a solitary chamber to decide the

streamlined power coefficients and the speed profile afterward. Streamlined

12 | P a g e
powers were estimated on 5 models of normal cross sections made of round

bars. An observational nearby technique was created to figure the breeze powers

on grid tower dependent on the powers following up on every individual and

considering the safeguarding impact. The breeze powers on the 5 support

models determined with this technique contrast very well with the outcomes from

air stream tests and the distinction with exploratory tests is comparative or more

modest to the one acquired with the different plan records. Since it represents

the protecting impact on every part exclusively, the methodology introduced has

all the earmarks of being promising for the estimation of wind powers on complex

grid structures at different approaches. Which focuses on the reliability of the

design which is crucial for the safety of the pedestrians who are walking on the

bridge. It also studied about the work loads that it can withstand against.

RELATED STUDIES

A Review of the Design of a Pedestrian Bridge in Cape Girardeau as Part

of the Senior Design Requirements of the College of Engineering Amir

Rezaeivahdati (2014), This paper investigates the interaction, difficulties and

consequences of the plan of the superstructure of a walker connect in Cape

Girardeau, Missouri, as a feature of the expansion of the existing Riverwalk trail

along the Mississippi River. The undertaking was allotted to three gatherings of

understudies in the Senior Design B class of Fall 2014. The first venture

13 | P a g e
comprised of a roughly 1700 ft person on foot/bike trail along the waterway, a

scaffold over Aquamsi road and the railroad track and planning bike ways along

the Fountain road and Morgan Oak road to interface with the current path Two

gatherings comprised of six understudies, and our gathering was the lone

gathering with five understudies. I was accountable for the plan of the scaffold

superstructure. We were furnished with a geotechnical report making proposals

for configuration, just as certain guides finding the project site. Moreover, we

could talk with the employees of the division, individuals from the expert warning

board, and different experts and specialists in the field with the authorization of

our manager, Professor Eichfeld. This paper will be a portrayal of the interaction

of the plan of the superstructure, the difficulties I looked as a senior structural

designing understudy and my answers for them, ideas to give a superior learning

experience to future understudies of the senior plan class, and the eventual

outcome of the undertaking. The appointed Senior Design Project of the Fall

2014 class incorporated the plan of a scaffold crossing Aquamsi St. what's more,

railroad tracks as indicated in Figure 1. The superstructure of the connect was

planned by the creator of this paper. The dominate records utilized for

configuration just as the drawings are accessible in the index of this paper. The

last plan decided the extension designs to be of I-support steel connect type, with

K-type cross-outlines at 30 ft and elastomeric course with and without PTFE

plates for longitudinal interpretation. The extension deck was a 7-inch built up

section made composite with braces utilizing shear studs. The task offered

14 | P a g e
numerous difficulties, the most significant of which were absence of down to

earth work insight of understudies in the field, absence of complete plan insight in

class, inadequate time for a total plan, and vague directions to convey the

venture. Absence of work experience was fittingly tended to by the structural

designing division by selecting individuals from the expert warning board as

understudy group tutors. Notwithstanding, different issues could be settled later

on by permitting the understudies to begin the ventures in Senior Design A

classes or on the other hand giving explicit guidelines with regards to the extent

of the normal expectations. This challenge, however, was adequately and

properly predicted and addressed by the department by appointing members of

the professional advisory board who work in engineering firms as mentors of

teams. Therefore, I was able to receive helpful and insightful guidance from our

mentor, Mr. Joseph Lenzini. The importance of this challenge and the way it was

overcome was how this project bridged students’ class experience with real-

world problem-solving skills, an experience that is second only to actual work

experience in the field.

15 | P a g e