Range of Motion of the Wrist

Measuring rotational movements of radioulnar joint is difficult because of long axis of the

movement and lack of anatomic lever arms. In order to make the correct measurement, patient

may be sitting or standing, but the elbow must be flexed 90 ° with the arm close to the side of the

body. Forearm should be in mid-position defined as “0°

Supination For supination, patient rotates the forearm to its maximum palm-up position.

Stationary arm of goniometry is placed along the humeral shaft and movable arm across the

volar aspect of the wrist at the level of ulnar styloid. Normal range of motion of supination is 0

°–80 °/90 ° [11].

Pronation Starting position for pronation is the same as for supination, but this time patient

rotates the forearm into maximum palm-down position. Goniometry is placed similarly as for the

supination measurement. The only difference is the change of position of the hand. Normal range

of pronation of the wrist is 0 °–80 °/90 ° [11] (Fig. 2.7).

Flexion For assessing flexion, range of motion of the wrist goniometry can be placed

laterally or dorsally. For lateral placement, goniometry is placed along the radial border of the

forearm and the second metacarpal bone. Elbow must be in flexed position, and forearm and

wrist must be in neutral position. When the wrist is flexed, the stationary arm of goniometry is

placed along the radius and the movable arm is placed along the second metacarpal bone. Axis of

goniometry is placed approximately at the level of radius. Wrist flexion with the goniometry

placed dorsally requires elbow flexion, forearm pronation, and wrist in neutral position. The

stationary arm is placed along the forearm and the movable arm along the third metacarpal.

Normal range of flexion of wrist is 0 °–80 ° [11].

 Extension Starting position for wrist extension measurement is the same as for wrist flexion.

After proper positioning, wrist is extended maximally, fingers can be allowed to flex passively.

The stationary arm of goniometry is placed along the long axis of forearm, and the movable arm

is placed along the long axis of third metacarpal on the volar surface. Normal range of motion for

extension of wrist is 0 °–70 ° [11]

Radial/Ulnar Deviation Assessment of radial and ulnar deviation of wrist is elicited by wrist

in neutral position and forearm in pronation. Goniometry is placed in mid-position dorsally. The

movable arm of goniometry is placed along the long axis of third metacarpal bone. Then, wrist is

angled toward the thumb and little fingerfor radial and ulnar deviation, respectively. Normal

range of radial deviation is 0 °–20 ° and ulnar deviation is 0 °–30 ° [11]

Range of Motion of Fingers

In order to assess range of motion of fingers thoroughly, wrist must be in neutral position to

allow tendon excursion of long flexors and extensors of fingers. Flexion of one finger is

measured by maximally flexing the other three fingers, and extension of one finger is measured

by maximally extending the other three fingers actively.

Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) Joint Lateral or dorsal placement of goniometry is possible for

assessing MCP joint motion. Usually dorsal placement is preferred because it is easier to apply.

In dorsal placement, the stationary arm of goniometry is placed over the dorsum of metacarpal

bone (MC) and the movable arm is placed along the long axis of proximal phalanx. In lateral

placement, the stationary arm of goniometry is placed on the longitudinal axis of MC and the

movable arm is placed on the longitudinal axis of the proximal phalanx. For the second and third

fingers, goniometry is placed on the radial side of fingers; for the fourth and fifth fingers,
goniometry is placed on the ulnar side of fingers. Normal range of motion of MCP is 0 °–90 °,

but hyperextension up to 45 ° is possible and considered to be in normal ranges [11].

Flexion and Extension of Proximal and Distal Interphalangeal (DIP) Joints Dorsal and

lateral placement of goniometry is possible. Measurement technique of PIP and DIP is quite

similar, so they will be discussed together. For lateral placement, the stationary arm is placed

along the long axis of proximal phalanx and the movable arm is placed along the long axis of

adjacent distal phalanx. The positioning of goniometry is the same for both flexion and

extension.

Dorsal placement of goniometry is the same as for lateral placement except that it is placed

dorsally. Normal range of motion of PIP is 0 °–110 ° and DIP is 0 °–60 °/70 ° [11].

Abduction and Adduction of MCP Joint There is not a standardized technique to measure

finger abduction and adduction in exact means. Finger abduction is assessed by measuring the

distance between two adjacent abducted fingers. It gives only an estimated not a standard value,

and it is only used to follow up the treatment [11].

Thumb Motions

Thumb has the most complex movement pattern along all other digits. This is why its

movement patterns are described separately. Flexion of thumb is the movement of thumb against

the base of the fifth finger across the plane of the palm, and it involves the flexion of

carpometacarpal (CMC), metacarpal (MC), and interphalangeal (IP) joints. Extension of thumb

is the movement of thumb away from the second finger across the plane of the palm. Flexion and
extension of thumb can be measured by placing the stationary arm of goniometry along the long

axis of radius and movable arm along the long axis of first MC. Flexion of CMC joint is 15 °.

Extension of CMC joint is measured by placing the stationary arm of goniometry on the second

MC and the movable arm on the first MC. MCP and IP joint flexion and extension assessment

technique is the same as for the other fingers [11].

Abduction of thumb is the movement of thumb perpendicular to palm and only involves

CMC joint motion and so as adduction. Abduction of the thumb is measured by placing the

stationary arm of goniometry on the second MC and the movable arm on the first MC. However,

according to de Kraker et al. [12], pollexograph-thumb, pollexograph-metacarpal, and the

intermetacarpal distance measurements are most reliable