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Ileus Obstruksi - Anggi Eka Forenda
Ileus Obstruksi - Anggi Eka Forenda
Original Article
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Background: /Objective: Ischemia is a leading cause of morbidity in Mechanical Intestinal Obstruction
Received 21 October 2020 (MIO) in which the timing of decisions of whether to proceed to surgical or conservative treatment is
Received in revised form critical in emergency departments (ED). While advanced technological options are available, patients
27 January 2021
may be negatively affected by the application of contrast agents or radiation. The use of ultrasound is
Accepted 21 February 2021
Available online 9 March 2021
limited because of the air in the intestines does not allow a good field of vision. While biomarkers can be
considered as a good alternative option at this point. In the present study we examine the effect of
hemogram and blood gas parameters on early surgical decision-making in MIO patients.
Keywords:
Mechanical intestinal obstruction
Method: Involved in this observational prospective study were 264 patients diagnosed with MIO who
Early surgical decision presented to the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ataturk Research and Training Hospital, Katip
Ischemia biomarkers Celebi University between February 2018 and February 2019. Contrast-enhanced tomography (CECT) and
laboratory results of the patients were recorded. Pathology reports of the patients who underwent
surgery were collected. Laboratory data were analyzed by comparing CECT and pathology reports.
Results: In a ROC analysis of the laboratory values of the patients who were diagnosed with ileus, the
sensitivity was calculated as 80% and the specificity was 57.7 in values above WBC>10.75 (109/L), 96.6%,
and the specificity was 31.1% in N/L > 2.9. For intestinal ischemia, the cut-off values were WBC> 12.6 and
N/L > 3.2, Lactate >2.8 mmol/L and B.E < -3.6 mmol/L.
Conclusion: Diagnoses of ileus are based on the results examinations and imaging methods. More data
are needed to support decisions on the timing of surgery in ED. WBC, N/L, Lactate and Base Excess
indicate an ischemic segment. When the parameters are evaluated together, they strongly support early
surgical decision-making regarding the treatment of intestinal ischemia.
© 2021 Asian Surgical Association and Taiwan Robotic Surgery Association. Publishing services by
Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
1. Introduction volvulus (5%) and hernia (2.5%). MIO accounts for 15e20% of all
emergency abdominal pains.1
Mechanical Intestinal Obstruction (MIO) refers to the inability of The basic treatment approach is to determine, through a rapid
intestinal contents and foods to progress due to obstructions. There decision-making process, whether the obstruction is complete or
can be intrinsic and extrinsic factors behind mechanical obstruc- partial, and if surgical intervention is necessary. Any delay in
tion, which usually require surgical intervention. Small-bowel ileus diagnosis and treatment can lead to ischemia and a need to
occurs rarely due to adhesions related to previous surgery (65%) or resection a large bowel section, increasing both morbidity and
hernia (15%), while large-bowel ileus is usually attributable to mortality rates.1
cancer (70%) or to adhesions and stenosis after recurrent divertic- Early biomarkers gained importance in the last quarter of the
ulitis (up to 10%). Rarer causes of large-bowel ileus include sigmoid 20th century. White Blood Cell (WBC) and Neutrophil/Lymphocyte
(N/L) are simple, computable and useful parameters for evaluations
of inflammatory status,2 while lactate and base excess (B.E) are
* Corresponding author. valuable markers indicating tissue hypoxia and acid-base balance.3
E-mail addresses: umutpayza@hotmail.com, umutpayza@hotmail.com Abovementioned, all early biomarkers of inflammatory have
(U. Payza), ahmetkayali@hotmail.com (A. Kayali), serk42@hotmail.com (S. Bilgin),
proven to be valuable in diagnosis and treatment due to their
zeynepkarakaya76@hotmail.com (Z. Karakaya), fatihetopal_18@hotmail.com
(F. Esad Topal). clinical benefits.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asjsur.2021.02.005
1015-9584/© 2021 Asian Surgical Association and Taiwan Robotic Surgery Association. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-
ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
U. Payza, A. Kayali, S. Bilgin et al. Asian Journal of Surgery 44 (2021) 854e859
In the present study we examine the value of WBC, NLR, lactate small intestine, and more than 5 mm for the large bowel. How-
and B.E in diagnoses of MIO, and in determining intestinal ischemia ever, findings were accepted as mucosal hypoenhancement or
in patients admitted to the emergency department with abdominal hyperenhancement (the rate of the effected segments compared
pain. The benefits of early diagnosis of MIO, and whether or not to the normal segments in the intestines), intramural bleeding
parameters exist that can facilitate decision-making in early sur- (presence of gross high-density material within thickened bowel
gical treatment in patients, were also evaluated. The results of the wall on contrast-enhanced study), pneumatosis, or other
present study may support the diagnosis process in healthcare abnormal gas (pneumoperitoneum, portal venous gas, or abscess),
centers where imaging opportunities are limited and when con- mesenteric edema (stranding or haziness of the mesentery adja-
trasting agents are contraindicated, with the aim being to reduce cent to affected loops), and abdominal ascites (interloop,
mortality and morbidity through the facilitation of decision- triangular-shaped fluid within the leaves of the mesentery, or
making for early surgical treatment. dependent fluid).4
WBC, NLR, lactate and BE was determined as a biomarker of
2. Methodology inflammation and subclinical inflammation in an evaluation of the
ileus/ischemic bowel findings. The role of these biomarkers in
This observational prospective study was conducted in the diagnosis and in decisions whether to proceed with surgical or
Department of Emergency Medicine, Ataturk Research and Training conservative treatment was evaluated and compared with the
_
Hospital, Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey between February 2, control group.
2018 and February 2, 2019. A total of 264 patients diagnosed with The statistical analyses of the data were carried out using the
MIO and 81 healthy volunteers were included in the study. Patients IBM SPSS Statistics (Version 22.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.) package
aged over 18 years were included in the present study. Patients program. A Pearson's Chi-Square and a Fisher's Exact Test were
with lactic acidosis that could be attributed to diabetic ketoacidosis, used for the comparison of categorical data between the groups,
severe hypotension/shock findings, poisoning, trauma history, and and a Mann-Whitney U statistical analysis was used for the com-
kidney or liver failure were excluded from the study. Patients who parisons of the groups, as the continuous data were not in a normal
were in shock and those with unstable vital data were also excluded distribution (Kolmogorov Smirnov and Shapiro Wilks; p < 0.05).
from the study. Patients using antiretroviral drugs, especially those
using Stavudine, were also excluded from the study, as were pa- 3. Results
tients who received treatment in other healthcare centers, and
those whose post-operative data could not be accessed. A total of 286 patients meeting the criteria were included in the
Patients who were admitted to the emergency department with study, although 22 patients opted to undergo surgery in another
abdominal pain and who were considered to have MIO were hospitals. Of the remaining 264 patients, 208 were operated after
included in the present study, and their ages, gender, comorbid conservative treatment was shown to be successful in 56 patients.
diseases, admission complaints, laboratory examination results and Among the patients diagnosed with MIO, 186 were male and 78
the results of selected treatment methods were recorded for the were female, with mean ages of 66 ± 4.6 years and 64 ± 3.9 years,
patients whose MIO diagnosis was confirmed. Blood samples were respectively. The mean overall age was 66 ± 1.7 (IQR; 36e91).
collected prior to treatment. Serum and blood gas samples were Among the healthy volunteers, 59 were male, and 22 were female,
taken from the patients by opening an 18G/green peripheral with mean ages of 62 ± 3.12 years and 60 ± 0.5 years, respectively.
vascular tract with no tourniquet application, and the serum sam- The mean overall age was 62 (IQR; 27e89). No statistically signif-
ples were sent to the hospital laboratory. The blood gas samples icant differences were detected between the averages ages of the
were analyzed with a Radiometer-ABL800 FLEX Blood Gas Analyzer two groups.
in our emergency service. All obtained data were recorded. As clinical symptoms, all of the patients had abdominal pain,
The patients diagnosed with MIO were included in the study while 49% had nausea/vomiting, 37% had no gas-stool output and
after examinations and general surgical consultations. Contrast- 21% had distention. The average time from the onset of symptoms
Enhanced Abdominal Tomography was selected as the optimum until application to our emergency department was 36 h.
approach to definitive diagnosis. The applied treatments and sur- Brid-ileus (postoperative adhesion) was identified in 121 of the
gical procedures, as well as the surgical notes, were all recorded, 264 patients diagnosed with MIO, while tumors were identified in
along with the post-operative patient records and pathology re- 53 patients with MIO, hernia in 48, volvulus in 40 and MIO due to
sults. Pathology reports were considered as the definitive indicator diverticulitis in two patients. A total of 52.2% of MOI's were
of ischemia findings, while the post-operative pathology forms of observed in the small intestine, and 47.8% in the large intestine.
the bowel loops were accepted as definitive diagnostic indicators of In physical examination, consultations were requested from the
ischemia/hypoperfusion findings. Bowel conditions were classified surgical clinic for 264 patients who had pain with defense and/or
as normal or as ischemic. A control group was formed from healthy palpation in the stomach, whose anamnesis and x-ray findings
volunteers. The laboratory data was compared with the surgical suggested obstruction, in line with the inclusion criteria of the
results The Consort Diagram was explained in Fig. 1. Fig 2 study. Contrast Enhancement Computed Tomography (CECT) was
CT images were obtained with 128-detector consecutive CT requested by surgeons for patients. However, 69 patients could not
scanner Somatome definition AS (Siemens Medical Systems, undergo CECT because of impaired renal function tests, and 4 pa-
Washington, DC)]. The images were obtained 60e70 s after intra- tients had a known contrast reaction. In 73 CTs performed without
venous contrast (Isovue 370; Bracco Diagnostics, Monroe Town- the use of contrast agent, MIO was detected, but the ischemia could
ship, NJ) injection as 1.5 mL/kg body weight dose at 2.5e3.5 mL/s not be evaluated. 191 CECTs were reported compatible with MIO by
speed. In each condition, there were two section thicknesses at the radiologist. 39.2% (n:75) ischemia findings were reported.
2.5 mm with sagittal and coronal reconstructions as 1.25 and 5 mm. A total of 153 patients were directed to surgery from the
No oral contrast was administered. emergency room; while conservative treatment was started in 111
CT reports have been written by two radiologists trained in patients, of which 55 were taken into surgery within 12 h of the
abdominal imaging in hospital. initiation of conservative treatment (mean: 9.6 h), while conser-
In the MIO literature, related with the intestinal ischemia, in- vative treatment was successful in the remaining 56 patients (see
testinal wall thickening is considered more than 3 mm for the Table 1).
855
U. Payza, A. Kayali, S. Bilgin et al. Asian Journal of Surgery 44 (2021) 854e859
ratios were evaluated, the WBC values and N/L ratios of the ileus
cases were found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05), while there
were no significant differences in the other parameters (Table 2).
In a ROC analysis of the laboratory values of the patients diag-
nosed with ileus for the estimation power of those diagnosed,
sensitivity was calculated as 80% and specificity as 57.7% in values
above WBC>10.75; and the sensitivity was 96.6% and the specificity
was 31.1% in N/L > 2.9. No statistically significant results were
detected in other markers (Table 3).
In an evaluation of the 208 patients treated for ileus, ischemia/
hypoperfused segment areas were reported in the postoperative
surgery notes of 139. When the pathology reports were examined,
it was seen that 117 patients had findings of pathological ischemia.
The inflammation biomarkers were examined on Table 4. The
bioavailability in bowel ischemia was calculated.
In cases with hypoperfusion/ischemic segment findings in the
intestines, the WBC, N/L, lactate and B.E were statistically signifi-
cant in estimating ischemia above the calculated cut-off values,
while the pH value was not found to be significant (Table 5).
Fig. 2. ROC analysis for laboratory parameters of ischemia. Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis was made for the
ability of lactate, WBC, N/L, B.E parameters to predict intestinal
ischemia in ileus patients. The sensitivity of the analysis in
In the diagnoses of ileus/evaluations of ischemic bowel findings, capturing intestinal ischemia was found as 77.8%, the specificity
the WBC, N/L ratio and the lactate, Base Excess (BE) and blood pH, was 56% (overage percentage: 68.3%). It was seen in the model that
indicating the hydrogen status of the blood, and the acid base lactate, WBC and N/L were suitable and supportive for the study.
balance were evaluated for intestinal ischemia, and the results were Among the parameters that were significant, one-unit increase in
compared with the control group. When the WBC values and N/L lactate increased the ischemia risk 1.22 times, one-unit increase in
WBC increased the risk 1.88 times, and one-unit increase in N/L
Ratio increased it 1.63 times in ileus. However, it as seen that B.E. is
Table 1 the mixing factor.
Mean distribution of laboratory values among cases.
Table 2
ROC analysis of the laboratory values made to estimate the power or the patients with an ileus diagnosis.
Table 3 Table 5
The distribution of the mean laboratory values of the patients with findings of Multivariate logistic regression analysis to predict ischemia.
ischemia.
B (coefficient) S.E. Odds ratio P value Confidence Interval
Intestinal Ischemia Ave.±SD Median (Min.-Max.) p
Lactate ,205 ,129 1227 ,034 ,952-1,581
WBC No 14,43 ± 4,58 14,3 (4,59-25,88) 0,034 WBC ,122 ,035 1885 ,001 ,826-1,948
Yes 14,8 ± 5,16 15,4 (5,46-34,7) N/L 1262 ,433 1636 ,000 1,172e1,868
N/L No 10,06 ± 9,06 7,1 (0,43e51) 0,01 B.E ,003 ,006 1003 ,674 ,590-1,015
Yes 11,56 ± 9,4 7,7 (0,8e66) Constant ,251 ,140 1286 ,042
Lactate No 1,43 ± 1,08 1,1 (0,4e6,8) 0,01
Yes 2,6 ± 1,32 1,8 (0,67-14)
B.E No 1,51 ± 3,75 1,3 (3-(-8)) 0,02
Yes 2,01 ± 2,1 1,96 (4- (-14)) mechanical obstructions; and single or paired combinations of the
Ph No 7,39 ± 0,06 7,4 (7,09-7,57) 0,156 findings would be insufficient to show ischemia due to mechanical
Yes 7,36 ± 0,18 7,5 (7,11-7,61) obstruction in the evaluation.14 Present study, Ischemia findings
were not observed in non-contrast CT. Although CECT provided us
with clear evidence for ischemia, it was insufficient to show early
neutrophils and monocytes in tumorogenesis and carcinogenesis is signs of ischemia.
becoming more and more recognizable with each passing day, and Elevated WBC is considered as the sign of inflammation, and is
in recent years, they have come to be used for the diagnosis of an important element in the immune system. There have been
different cancers and in examinations of metastases.5 They can also many previous studies conducted in this field. Panagiotopoulou
play a significant role in myocardial infarction and mortality et al conducted a study in which they reported WBC as having low
following cardiac surgery.6,7 In addition, findings of tissue hypoxia, sensitivity, but significance in appendicitis and perforated appen-
lactate, blood pH and Base Excess, which indicate ischemia and dicitis. In cases where the WBC was >10 109/L, sensitivity was
circulatory collapse, have been among the most frequently studied 84% and the specificity was 58%.15 Teun C. van den Heijkant et al
topics in recent years. Lactate and Base Excess are important identified leukocytosis in mesenteric ischemia, but it could not
markers of inadequate tissue perfusion, and so are recommended distinguish pathologies within the abdomen.16 Andrei M. Beliaev
for trauma patients in ATLS.8 They are also used for the estimation et al came to similar conclusions in their study of acute chol-
of mortality and the prognosis of sepsis in intensive care pa- angitis.17 In the present study, an examination of the laboratory
tients.9,10 In the present study we examine the value of these bio- values of all ileus cases revealed WBC to be statistically significant,
markers in steering decisions for ileus and early surgical treatment, but to have low sensitivity in both groups.
aiming to identify a marker that is easily available, sensitive and In the study by Printer et al, the neutrophil/Lymphocyte ratio
reliable in every hospital in support of emergency doctors and was found to be useful in diagnosing appendicitis, with sensitivity
surgeons. above 90% and specificity above 70% when the N/L ratio was above
The patients had abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and 3.5%.18 Furthermore, Sheng Qiang Gao et al reported it to be a
abdominal distention, and no gas-stool output. The causes of MIO successful marker of inflammation in the intestine in Crohn's Dis-
were brid-ileus, tumors, volvulus, hernias and diverticules. Tim O. ease, and showed that if N/L was >2.13, sensitivity would be over
Vilz et al reported similar pathologies and clinical symptoms.11 82.7% and specificity would be 76.9%.19 In the study conducted by
CECT is one of the important imaging methods for ischemia Posul et al stated that N/L was showed acute period of ulcerative
diagnosis, and is guiding for the physician in the diagnosis.12 Scrima colitis when it was calculated above 2.3.20 In the present study, it
et al reported in their study that the findings obtained with to- was found that an N/L ratio above 2.9 could be considered an in-
mography gave more precise results than laboratory findings.13 dicator with 96.6% sensitivity and 31.1% specificity in patients
However, they also stated that the value of WBC and lactate presenting with MIO. We concluded that a calculated N/L ratio
response was high and CT-compatible findings could be obtained. above 3.2 in patients with bowel ischemia and undergoing surgery,
Millet et al emphasized that if closed-loop mechanism, diffuse and with 92.1% sensitivity and 48.3% specificity, may support an
mesenteric haziness, and reduced bowel wall enhancement were early surgical decision in patients diagnosed with ileus.
seen together, the findings of ischemia could be mentioned in Lactate is a reliable marker that has been used traditionally by
Table 4
ROC analysis made to estimate the power of the patients with ischemia findings.
857
U. Payza, A. Kayali, S. Bilgin et al. Asian Journal of Surgery 44 (2021) 854e859
clinicians, being an indicator of tissue perfusion. Hyperlactatemia been evaluated in many precious studies. Although blood gas
appears due to the increased metabolic activity that occurs in the analysis was seen as worthless in trauma patients until a short time
event of inadequate tissue perfusion, catecholamine discharge, ago; now, it is in included guidelines. Naturally, ER doctors and
alcoholosis, sepsis or burns. “Lactate” is also included in the surgeons base their diagnosis and the optimum treatment strategy
Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) manual as an important sign on a number of factors involving the effective use of laboratory
of tissue perfusion.9 That said, in a study by Demir et al, it was examinations and imaging methods. However, importance of bio-
reported that it could be used in intestinal ischemia, although its markers are to facilitate the decision-making of surgeons by eval-
sensitivity was low. He also reported it to be a valuable marker for uating the physical examination findings, blood values and image
ischemia in the abdomen, but insufficient for differentiating be- methods of patients together. Blood gas is a dynamic examination
tween intra-abdominal events.21 In addition, Matsumoto et al re- best reflecting the clinical condition of a patient. And for this
ported the diagnostic value of circulating lactate in patients with reason, ischemia biomarkers can be used as an alternative option in
suspected intestinal ischemia, and showed a 72% (95% CI 0.58e0.86) confirming the diagnosis, deciding treatment options and in cases
AUC for lactate in patients with proven intestinal ischemia applying where contrast agents are not used.
to the emergency service.22 In the present study, although it is not There are some limitations to the present study. It was made by
sufficiently significant for the diagnosis of ileus, when we looked at a single center without randomization, and so the results of the
patients who were operated and those who had intestinal ischemia, study need to be supported by multi-center, large-scale random-
it was found to be significant in predicting the bowel ischemia ized controlled studies. In our opinion, the most important limi-
when the lactate value was >2.8. Sensitivity above this cut-off value tation of the present study is the inability to determine the size of
was calculated as 84% and specificity as 58.6%. As stated in the the ischemic area in most of the pathology/surgery reports, and so
limitations of our study, however, we cannot say the correlation the size of the ischemic area and the correlation of markers could
between ischemia and the lactate level because the width of the not be evaluated. For this reason, it was not investigated from
ischemic area is not clearly written in pathology reports. Studer existing reports whether the ischemic conditions were reversible
et al conducted a study in which they reported that increases in ischemia or irreversible ischemia.
lactate were not correlated with the ischemic field.23 Keiichiro
Tanaka et al conducted a study in which they found the value of References
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measurement in diagnosing acute mesenteric ischemia? Dig Surg. 2012;29, 28. Groesdonk HV, Klingele M, Schlempp S, et al. Wolfram Schmied, Peter Minko,
226e35. Hans-Joachim Scha €fers. Risk factors for nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia after
22. Matsumoto S, Sekine K, Funaoka H, et al. Diagnostic performance of plasma elective cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. June 2013;145(6):
biomarkers in patients with acute intestinal ischaemia. Br J Surg. 2014;101, 1603e1610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.11.022.
232e8.
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Artikel asli
Sejarah artikel: Latar belakang: /Tujuan: Iskemia adalah penyebab utama morbiditas di Obstruksi Usus Mekanik (MIO) di mana
Diterima 21 Oktober 2020 waktu keputusan apakah akan melanjutkan ke perawatan bedah atau konservatif sangat penting di unit gawat
Diterima dalam bentuk darurat (ED). Sementara pilihan teknologi canggih tersedia, pasien mungkin terpengaruh secara negatif oleh
revisi 27 Januari 2021
penerapan agen kontras atau radiasi. Penggunaan USG dibatasi karena udara di usus tidak memungkinkan bidang
Diterima 21 Februari 2021
penglihatan yang baik. Sementara biomarker dapat dianggap sebagai pilihan alternatif yang baik pada saat ini.
Tersedia online 9 Maret 2021
Dalam penelitian ini kami menguji pengaruh parameter hemogram dan gas darah pada pengambilan keputusan
bedah dini pada pasien MIO.
Kata kunci:
Metode: Terlibat dalam studi prospektif observasional ini adalah 264 pasien yang didiagnosis dengan MIO yang
Obstruksi usus mekanis Keputusan
bedah dini datang ke Departemen Kedokteran Darurat, Rumah Sakit Penelitian dan Pelatihan Ataturk, Universitas Katip Celebi
Biomarker iskemia antara Februari 2018 dan Februari 2019. Contrast-enhanced tomography (CECT) dan hasil laboratorium pasien
dicatat. Laporan patologi pasien yang menjalani operasi dikumpulkan. Data laboratorium dianalisis dengan
membandingkan laporan CECT dan patologi.Hasil: Dalam analisis ROC dari nilai laboratorium pasien yang
didiagnosis dengan ileus, sensitivitas dihitung sebagai 80% dan spesifisitas adalah 57,7 pada nilai di atas WBC> 10,75
(109/L), 96,6%, dan spesifisitasnya adalah 31,1% pada N/L > 2,9. Untuk iskemia usus, nilai cut-off adalah WBC> 12,6
dan N/L > 3,2, Laktat >2,8 mmol/L dan BE < -3,6 mmol/L.
Kesimpulan: Diagnosis ileus didasarkan pada hasil pemeriksaan dan metode pencitraan. Lebih banyak data
diperlukan untuk mendukung keputusan tentang waktu operasi di UGD. WBC, N/L, Laktat dan Basa Kelebihan
menunjukkan segmen iskemik. Ketika parameter dievaluasi bersama, mereka sangat mendukung pengambilan
keputusan bedah dini mengenai pengobatan iskemia usus.
© Asosiasi Bedah Asia 2021 dan Asosiasi Bedah Robot Taiwan. Layanan penerbitan oleh Elsevier BV Ini adalah
artikel akses terbuka di bawah lisensi CC BY-NC-ND (http://creativecommons.org/
lisensi/oleh-nc-nd/4.0/).
1. Perkenalan volvulus (5%) dan hernia (2,5%). Akun MIO untuk 15e20% dari semua
nyeri perut darurat.1
Obstruksi Usus Mekanik (MIO) mengacu pada ketidakmampuan isi usus Pendekatan pengobatan dasar adalah untuk menentukan, melalui
dan makanan untuk berkembang karena penghalang. Mungkin ada faktor proses pengambilan keputusan yang cepat, apakah obstruksi lengkap atau
intrinsik dan ekstrinsik di balik obstruksi mekanis, yang biasanya sebagian, dan jika intervensi bedah diperlukan. Setiap keterlambatan dalam
memerlukan intervensi bedah. Ileus usus halus jarang terjadi karena diagnosis dan pengobatan dapat menyebabkan iskemia dan kebutuhan
perlengketan yang berhubungan dengan operasi sebelumnya (65%) atau untuk reseksi bagian usus besar, meningkatkan angka morbiditas dan
hernia (15%), sedangkan ileus usus besar biasanya disebabkan oleh kanker mortalitas.1
(70%) atau perlengketan dan stenosis setelah divertikulitis berulang (hingga Biomarker awal menjadi penting pada kuartal terakhir abad ke-20. Sel
10 %). Penyebab ileus usus besar yang lebih jarang termasuk sigmoid Darah Putih (WBC) dan Neutrofil/Limfosit (N/L) adalah parameter yang
sederhana, dapat dihitung, dan berguna untuk evaluasi status inflamasi,2
sementara laktat dan kelebihan basa (BE) adalah penanda berharga yang
* Penulis yang sesuai. menunjukkan hipoksia jaringan dan keseimbangan asam-basa.3
Alamat email: umutpayza@hotmail.com, umutpayza@hotmail.com Di atas, semua biomarker awal inflamasi telah terbukti berharga dalam
(U.Payza), ahmetkayali@hotmail.com (A.Kali), serk42@hotmail.com (S.Bilgin),
diagnosis dan pengobatan karena manfaat klinisnya.
zeynepkarakaya76@hotmail.com (Z. Karakaya), fatihetopal_18@hotmail.com(F.Esad
Topal).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asjsur.2021.02.005
1015-9584/© Asosiasi Bedah Asia 2021 dan Asosiasi Bedah Robot Taiwan. Layanan penerbitan oleh Elsevier BV Ini adalah artikel akses terbuka di bawah lisensi CC BY-NC-ND (http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
U. Payza, A. Kayali, S. Bilgin dkk. Jurnal Bedah Asia 44 (2001) 854e859
Dalam penelitian ini kami memeriksa nilai WBC, NLR, laktat dan BE usus kecil, dan lebih dari 5 mm untuk usus besar. Namun, temuan
dalam diagnosis MIO, dan dalam menentukan iskemia usus pada diterima sebagai hipoenhancement atau hyperenhancement mukosa
pasien yang dirawat di unit gawat darurat dengan nyeri perut. Manfaat (laju segmen yang terkena dibandingkan dengan segmen normal di
diagnosis dini MIO, dan apakah ada parameter yang dapat usus), perdarahan intramural (adanya material dengan kepadatan
memfasilitasi pengambilan keputusan dalam perawatan bedah dini tinggi di dalam dinding usus yang menebal pada studi kontras),
pada pasien, juga dievaluasi. Hasil penelitian ini dapat mendukung pneumatosis, atau gas abnormal lainnya (pneumoperitoneum, gas
proses diagnosis di pusat kesehatan di mana peluang pencitraan vena portal, atau abses), edema mesenterika (terdampar atau
terbatas dan ketika agen kontras dikontraindikasikan, dengan tujuan kekaburan mesenterium yang berdekatan dengan loop yang terkena),
untuk mengurangi mortalitas dan morbiditas melalui fasilitasi dan asites abdomen (interloop, cairan berbentuk segitiga di dalam
pengambilan keputusan untuk perawatan bedah dini. daun mesenterium, atau cairan dependen ).4
855
U. Payza, A. Kayali, S. Bilgin dkk. Jurnal Bedah Asia 44 (2001) 854e859
rasio dievaluasi, nilai WBC dan rasio N/L dari kasus ileus ditemukan
secara signifikan lebih tinggi (p <0,05), sementara tidak ada perbedaan
yang signifikan pada parameter lainnya (Meja 2).
Dalam analisis ROC dari nilai laboratorium pasien yang didiagnosis
dengan ileus untuk kekuatan estimasi mereka yang didiagnosis, sensitivitas
dihitung sebagai 80% dan spesifisitas 57,7% pada nilai di atas WBC>10,75;
dan sensitivitasnya adalah 96,6% dan spesifisitasnya adalah 31,1% pada N/L
> 2,9. Tidak ada hasil yang signifikan secara statistik terdeteksi pada
penanda lain (Tabel 3).
Dalam evaluasi dari 208 pasien yang dirawat karena ileus, area
segmen iskemia/hipoperfusi dilaporkan dalam catatan pascaoperasi
sebanyak 139. Ketika laporan patologi diperiksa, terlihat bahwa 117
pasien memiliki temuan iskemia patologis. Biomarker peradangan
diperiksa padaTabel 4. Bioavailabilitas pada iskemia usus dihitung.
856
U. Payza, A. Kayali, S. Bilgin dkk. Jurnal Bedah Asia 44 (2001) 854e859
Meja 2
Analisis ROC dari nilai laboratorium dilakukan untuk memperkirakan kekuatan atau diagnosis pasien dengan ileus.
Tabel 3 Tabel 5
Distribusi nilai laboratorium rata-rata pasien dengan temuan iskemia. Analisis regresi logistik multivariat untuk memprediksi iskemia.
Tabel 4
Analisis ROC dilakukan untuk memperkirakan kekuatan pasien dengan temuan iskemia.
WBC > 12,6 85,9 64,4e87,6 60,12 40,8e78,1 0,69 <0,02 0,66-0,812
T/L > 3,2 92,1 86,8e99,3 48,3 31,6e61,7 0,75 <0,01 0,54-0,891
laktat > 2,8 84 78,1-91 58,6 49,1e76,0 0,74 <0,01 0,551e0,846
MENJADI < -3,6 86,7 76,33e90,8 52,6 27,3e51,7 0,69 <0,03 0,375-0,75
Ph > 7,38 51,2 32,1e63,3 39,8 36,9e53,1 0,51 > 0,69 0,457e0,607
857
U. Payza, A. Kayali, S. Bilgin dkk. Jurnal Bedah Asia 44 (2001) 854e859
dokter, menjadi indikator perfusi jaringan. Hiperlaktatemia muncul telah dievaluasi dalam banyak studi berharga. Meskipun analisis gas darah
akibat peningkatan aktivitas metabolik yang terjadi pada saat terjadi dianggap tidak berguna pada pasien trauma sampai beberapa waktu yang
perfusi jaringan yang tidak adekuat, pelepasan katekolamin, lalu; sekarang, itu ada dalam pedoman yang disertakan. Secara alami,
alkoholosis, sepsis atau luka bakar. “Lactate” juga termasuk dalam dokter dan ahli bedah UGD mendasarkan diagnosis dan strategi
manual Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) sebagai tanda penting pengobatan optimal pada sejumlah faktor yang melibatkan penggunaan
perfusi jaringan.9 Yang mengatakan, dalam sebuah penelitian oleh pemeriksaan laboratorium dan metode pencitraan yang efektif. Namun,
Demir et al, dilaporkan bahwa itu dapat digunakan pada iskemia usus, pentingnya biomarker adalah untuk memfasilitasi pengambilan keputusan
meskipun sensitivitasnya rendah. Dia juga melaporkannya sebagai ahli bedah dengan mengevaluasi temuan pemeriksaan fisik, nilai darah dan
penanda yang berharga untuk iskemia di perut, tetapi tidak cukup metode citra pasien bersama-sama. Gas darah adalah pemeriksaan dinamis
untuk membedakan antara kejadian intra-abdomen.21 Selain itu, yang paling mencerminkan kondisi klinis pasien. Dan untuk alasan ini,
Matsumoto dkk melaporkan nilai diagnostik dari laktat yang biomarker iskemia dapat digunakan sebagai pilihan alternatif dalam
bersirkulasi pada pasien dengan dugaan iskemia usus, dan mengkonfirmasi diagnosis, memutuskan pilihan pengobatan dan dalam
menunjukkan 72% (95% CI 0,58e0,86) AUC untuk laktat pada pasien kasus di mana agen kontras tidak digunakan.
dengan iskemia usus yang terbukti yang diterapkan pada layanan Ada beberapa keterbatasan dalam penelitian ini. Itu dibuat oleh
darurat.22 Dalam penelitian ini, meskipun tidak cukup signifikan untuk satu pusat tanpa pengacakan, sehingga hasil penelitian perlu didukung
diagnosis ileus, ketika kami melihat pasien yang dioperasi dan mereka oleh penelitian terkontrol acak skala besar multi-pusat. Menurut
yang memiliki iskemia usus, ditemukan signifikan dalam memprediksi pendapat kami, keterbatasan yang paling penting dari penelitian ini
iskemia usus ketika nilai laktat >2,8 . Sensitivitas di atas nilai batas ini adalah ketidakmampuan untuk menentukan ukuran area iskemik di
dihitung sebesar 84% dan spesifisitas sebesar 58,6%. Sebagaimana sebagian besar laporan patologi/operasi, sehingga ukuran area iskemik
dinyatakan dalam keterbatasan penelitian kami, bagaimanapun, kami dan korelasi penanda tidak dapat dievaluasi. Untuk alasan ini, tidak
tidak dapat mengatakan korelasi antara iskemia dan tingkat laktat diselidiki dari laporan yang ada apakah kondisi iskemik adalah iskemia
karena lebar area iskemik tidak tertulis dengan jelas dalam laporan reversibel atau iskemia ireversibel.
patologi. Studer et al melakukan penelitian di mana mereka
melaporkan bahwa peningkatan laktat tidak berkorelasi dengan bidang
iskemik.23 Keiichiro Tanaka et al melakukan penelitian di mana mereka Referensi
menemukan nilai laktat meningkat secara signifikan pada model tikus
iskemia, dan mereka menyimpulkan peningkatan kadar laktat menjadi 1. Karakaş DO €, Yeşiltaş M, Go €kçek M, dkk. Etiologi, manajemen, dan kelangsungan hidup
obstruksi usus mekanis akut: hasil lima tahun dari rumah sakit pelatihan dan
stimulan penting dari iskemia usus.24
penelitian di Turki. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2019;25:268e280.
Meskipun BE tidak signifikan pada tingkat yang memadai dalam 2. Balta Sevket, Celik Turgay, Dimitri P. Hubungan antara aterosklerosis dan neutrofile
Analisis Regresi Logistik, tidak tepat untuk langsung menyimpulkan rasio limfosit. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2016;22(5): 405e411.
bahwa BE tidak signifikan dalam model karena parameter variabel
3. Berend Kenrick. Ph.D., MD Penggunaan diagnostik kelebihan basa dalam asame
seperti pH dan pCO2 tidak dapat dimasukkan dalam analisis gas darah. gangguan dasar. Rev Article N Engl J Med. 2018;378:1419e1428. https://doi.org/
Namun, Base Excess (BE) adalah komponen kondisi metabolisme yang 10.1056/ NEJMra1711860.
digunakan untuk menentukan keseimbangan asam-basa.25 Ini juga 4. Cox L, Tahvildari Ali M, Johnson Benjamin, Wei Wei, Brooke Jeffrey Abdom Radiol R.
Dalam: Obstruksi Usus dengan Komplikasi Iskemia: Analisis Temuan CT Veronica.
termasuk dalam Panduan ATLS, dan merupakan penanda yang jilid 43. 2018:3227e3232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-018-1651- 8.
berharga untuk kejutan,9 sementara juga menjadi indikator penting
untuk sepsis.26 Thuijls et al melaporkan BE memiliki sensitivitas rendah 5. Koh CH, Bhoo-Pathy N, Ng KL. Utilitas neutrofil pra-perawatanerasio limfosit dan
trombositerasio limfosit sebagai faktor prognostik pada kanker payudara. Br J Canc.
untuk iskemia usus,27 sementara di HV Groesdonk dkk dilaporkan 2015;113:150e158. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2015.183.
bahwa elevasi Base Excess merupakan indikasi iskemia mesenterika 6. Pergi€ktas MU, Akyol PY, Karakaya Z, dkk. Evaluasi rasio sel darah putih dan neutrofil/
non-oklusif.28 Dalam penelitian ini, nilai BE tidak signifikan secara limfosit pada pasien sindrom koroner akut yang dirawat di unit gawat darurat.
Penelitian Biomedis. 2018;29(10):2009e2014. https://doi.org/10.4066/
statistik untuk diagnosis ileus, meskipun kami mengidentifikasinya
biomedicalresearch.29-18-136.
sebagai penanda signifikan untuk iskemia ketika BE <-3,6 pada 7. Shuli Silberman, Ulfat Abu-Yunis, Rachel Tauber. Rasio Neutrofil-Limfosit: Dampak
subkelompok yang dibuat dari antara pasien yang dioperasi, dengan Prognostik dalam Bedah Jantung. Hasil Awal dan Kelangsungan Hidup Terlambat.
Perhimpunan Ahli Bedah Toraks. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2017.
sensitivitas 86,7 % dan spesifisitas 52,6% di atas nilai batas ini.
07.033.
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Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa rasio WBC dan 2018.www.facs.org/atls.guides.
9. Kapetanstrataki M, Morris K, Wilkins B. RelasiSayaonshSayap antara laktat, kelebihan basa
N/L dapat digunakan sebagai biomarker tambahan dalam manajemen
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