Some topics for the final exam to consider.

Constant acceleration (or deceleration) in the horizontal direction

Acceleration due to gravity.

Be able to calculate position , velocity , and/or time , under a variety of situations.

CHAPTER 2 PROBLEMS: 21, 23, 25, 27, 33, 35, 37

Vector addition and subtraction – Know how to break vectors into components, and add
them vectorially.

Projectile Motion

Since vx is constant x v0 x t . But since there is a negative acceleration due to gravity:

In projectile motion, the horizontal velocity component stays constant because the
acceleration due to gravity is vertical only.

Understand these three kinds of projectile motion

- Motion where the initial velocity is ONLY in the horizontal direction

- Level range problem, where the range
- Find components of initial velocity vector, initial horizontal velocity and initial
vertical velocity ( KNOW your trigonometry ).

CHAPTER 3 PROBLEMS: 7, 9, 17, 19, 21, 23, 31, 53, 63, 67

Know Newton’s Three Laws

Vector Sum of all forces

Adding forces vectorially means adding components.

Be able to draw a force diagram: A diagram showing all the forces acting on a particular
object, all in their correct directions and positions.

The normal force from a surface is always perpendicular to that surface. But the normal
force points straight up only if the surface is horizontal.

The friction force is always pointed opposite to the direction of motion.

Use this equation to calculate the magnitude of the friction force.

CHAPTER 4 Problems: 7, 9, 19, 23, 27, 37, 41, 47, 55, 73, 83, Example 4-11

Centripetal Force:

Be able to identify which force is the centripetal force.

Be able to understand vertical circles. Draw force diagrams for the cases of the bottom
and the top of the vertical circle.

CHAPTER 5 Problems: 1, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 73

Know how to calculate the work done by a force .

where is the angle between the vectors force and distance

.

Know how to calculate power.

The work energy principle states that the sum of all works will equal the change in
kinetic energy.

Potential Energy:
 Gravitational Potential Energy
Elastic Potential Energy

If energy is conserved then

If energy is not conserved then , where is the work done by a non-
conservative force Fr that takes energy away, such as friction or air resistance.

CHAPTER 6 Problems: 5, 19, 35, 43, 49, 53, 55, 59, 65

Know how to calculate momentum and impulse

Two objects, 1 and 2, collide. If momentum is conserved then

The test will only cover motion in one dimension. If the collision is elastic, then the
kinetic energy is conserved as well, and this equation applies for motion in one
dimension.

If the collision is inelastic then the kinetic energy is not conserved. If objects 1 and 2
stick together, then the collision is completely inelastic.

CHAPTER 7 Problems: 3, 15, 25, 27, 35, 39, 65, 71

To calculate torque, you need to identify the pivot point and the lever arm.

where is the angle between the force and lever arm vectors.

Counterclockwise torques are positive. Clockwise torques are negative.

Static Equilibrium: Both these conditions are true:

CHAPTER 9 Problems: 1, 5, 9, 15, 20, 21, 23, 27, Example 9-6

Temperature equations
Ideal Gas Laws

where is the number of moles.

where is the number of molecules.

Be sure to write down the Universal Gas Constant and the Boltzmann Constant in your
note card. Also, when using these equations, the pressure has to be in Pa, the volume has
to be in m3, and the temperature has to be in Kelvin.

Sometimes this equation is the easier one to use. There is more flexibility in
units for pressure and volume, but temperature still has to be in Kelvin.

Warning: In both the ideal gas law and the equation for average kinetic energy, the
temperature has to be in Kelvin.

CHAPTER 13 Problems: 29, 31, 33, 41, 47, 49

Substances come in three phases: solid, liquid, gas.

One calorie = 4.186 Joules.

If energy is added to a substance by heat transfer and the temperature rises, then

where is the specific heat of the substance.

If on the other hand, the substance changes phase, then the heat goes into changing the
phase instead, and the temperature remains constant.

where is the latent heat ( either of fusion or vaporization )

If you put one substance of temperature in contact with another substance of

temperature , then the hotter object will cool down and the colder object will warm up,
until when they reach a final temperature . The hotter object loses energy to the colder
object. If there are only two objects, then.
However, if there is a phase change, the energy gained or lost due to the phase change
has to be put into the equation as well.

Heat is transferred by conduction, convection, and radiation.

CHAPTER 14 Problems: 11, 13, 17, 23, 25, 29, 33, 35, 63

Heat engines – If you put an input heat into a heat engine, you will get out work ,
but lose of output heat.

the efficiency of the heat engine

Between two temperatures and , the Carnot engine is the engine with the highest
efficiency.
NOTE: The temperatures have to be in Kelvin.

object, but requires work to do so.

For a refrigerator, we use the Coefficient of Performance

This tells us how much heat we can extract with our work.
for an ideal refrigerator, a Carnot engine in reverse.

Entropy – A measure of disorder of the system.

We can approximately calculate the change in entropy using the average

temperature in Kelvin.

The net change in entropy of the entire system is always zero or positive.

CHAPTER 15 Problems: 17, 21, 23, 29, 31, 33, 37, 43, 57, 63