Page 0519

World Electric Vehicle Journal Vol. 3 - ISSN 2032-6653 - 2009 AVERE

" 

3#5#.)'1
/16#7
#7

 















!



 


"

"




!1)!
1!(-

!,%2

-$%12.-
),.3(7

!++)-'3.-
!32
)++)!-$%1



'0#13-'.3
/(
.'1)7
#.&
.5+1/.-'.3
*72+%#,
'2/41%'
*'/17
*#,-'12
!.+5'12+37
/(
'%*./,/)7




93'$/1)
6'&'.
-#+,
-#1+#)1#*.%*#,-'122'



723'-2
.#,73+%2
#.&
.5+1/.-'.3#,
%+'.%'2
'0#13-'.3

/1&
/3/1
/-0#.7
#+,
1/0
  
'#1$/1.

  

!




*#,-'12
!.+5'12+37
/(
'%*./,/)7
'0#13-'.3
/(
'%*./,/)7
#.#)'-'.3
#.&
%/./-+%2
#.#)'-'.3
/(

1)#.+8#3+/.#,
'.'6#,
#.&
.31'01'.'412*+0

93'$/1)
6'&'.




,.$)&)%$

,.$%+
5%12).-
6!2
42%$
3.
)-5%23)'!3%
+.-'3%1,
#.23%&&%#3)5%
&4%+
!-$
5%()#+%

3%#(-.+.')%2
&.1
'+."!+
/!22%-'%1
31!-2/.13
(%
!),
6!2
3.
04!-3)&7
3(%
/.3%-3)!+
),/!#3
.&
#!1".-
#!/341%

!-$
23.1!'%

3%#(-.+.'7
!-$
+.6

)-3%-2)37
%+%#31)#)37
&1.,
1%-%6!"+%
2.41#%2
24#(
!2

#.-#%-31!3)-'
2.+!1
/.6%1

.-
#.23%&&%#3)5%
/!22%-'%1
5%()#+%
&4%+
!-$
3%#(-.+.'7
./3).-2
-%#%22!17

3.
!#()%5%
23!")+)8!3).-
.&
!3,.2/(%1)#

!3

//,
-
!$$)3).-
3(%
,.$%+
6!2
42%$
3.
!22%22
3(%

2%-2)3)5)37
.&
&4341%
5%()#+%
#.23
!224,/3).-2
.1
!++
#!2%2
)-5%23)'!3%$
3(%1%
)2
-.
2)-'+%
3%#(-.+.'7
!-$

&4%+
3(!3
$.,)-!3%2
3(1.4'(.43
3(%
#%-3417
)-23%!$
!
5!1)%37
.&
&4%+2
!-$
5%()#+%
3%#(-.+.')%2
!1%

),/.13!-3
(%
!5!)+!")+)37
.&

!-$

(!5%
!
24"23!-3)!+
),/!#3
.-
#.23%&&%#3)5%
&4%+
!-$
3%#(-.+.'7

#(.)#%2
)-
'%-%1!+
)
3(%
)-31.$4#3).-
.&

)-#1%!2%2
3(%
42%
.&
#.!+
)-
3(%
%-%1'7
2723%,
!-$


#.-5%-3).-!+
5%()#+%
3%#(-.+.'7
))
3(%
)-31.$4#3).-
.&

1%$4#%2
3(%
1%+!3)5%
#.23
.&
%+%#31)#)37
)-

1%+!3).-
3.
(7$1.'%-
!-$
3%-$2
3.
)-#1%!2%
3(%
42%
.&
%+%#31)#)37
&.1
31!-2/.13
!-$
)))
3(%
)-31.$4#3).-
.&

".3(

!-$

1%$4#%2
3(%
%#.-.,)#
)-#%-3)5%2
3.
2()&3
3.
,.1%
!$5!-#%$
5%()#+%
3%#(-.+.')%2

!17)-'
#.23
%23),!3%2
&.1
&4341%
5%()#+%
3%#(-.+.')%2
1%24+32
)-
+!1'%
$)&&%1%-#%2
)-
3(%
#.23%&&%#3)5%
&4%+

!-$
5%()#+%
3%#(-.+.'7
2.+43).-2
.1
)-23!-#%
&.1
+.6
"!33%17
#.232

 * (
%+%#31)&)%$
/.6%131!)-2

$.,)-!3%
!-$
&.1
()'(%1
"!33%17
#.232
  * (
(7$1.'%-&4%+%$
5%()#+%2
$.,)-!3%
1%'!1$+%22
.&


!-$

!5!)+!")+)37
(%
1%24+32
()'(+)'(3
3(%
),/.13!-#%
.&
!
,4+3)2%#3.1
!//1.!#(
!-$
3(%
),/.13!-#%
.&

/4124)-'
1%2%!1#(
!-$
$%5%+./,%-3
.&
,4+3)/+%
&4%+
!-$
5%()#+%
3%#(-.+.')%2

'76/1&2
-/&',+.)
%/23
#,3'1.#3+5'
(4',
'-+22+/.2
0#22'.)'1
%#1


-3%1-!3).-!+
!33%17
7"1)$
!-$
4%+
%++
+%#31)#
%()#+%
7,/.2)4,

 Page 0520
World Electric Vehicle Journal Vol. 3 - ISSN 2032-6653 - 2009 AVERE

,/>A//8
</1398=
A3>2
>2/
/B-/:>398
90
/6/-><3-3>C



A3>2
-9=>=
+=-<3,/.
>9
=?-2
79@/7/8>

#/1398+6

=96?>398=
A/</
+11</1+>/.
>9
13@/
169,+6
</=?6>=

%9
0+-363>+>/
0?<>2/<
.3=-?==398=
90
=><+>/13/=
>9
%2/
:+>>/<8
90
+669A/.
169,+6
!
/73==398=
A+=

+..</==
-637+>/
-2+81/
>2/
69,+6
8/<1C
-98=><+38/.
+--9<.381
>9
>2/
/73==398
:<9036/

%<+8=3>398
%
79./6
) *
:</@39?=6C
6/+.381
>9
+8
+>79=:2/<3-
!
-98-/8><+>398
90

</1398+63D/.
)*
A+=
79.303/.
>9
38-6?./
+
79</


::7
./@/69:/.
,C
(316/C
+8.
-9A9<5/<=

./>+36/.
./=-<3:>398
90
:+==/81/<
@/23-6/
)*
%2/
79./6
.9/=
89>
-98=3./<
1<//829?=/
1+=/=

>/-289691C
9:>398=
%#

+8.
A+=
?=/.
9>2/<
>2+8
!

>9
38@/=>31+>/
-988/->398=
,/>A//8
>2/






%2/
79./6
3=
<?8
09<
>2/
:/<39.






><+8=:9<>+>398
+8.
9>2/<
/8/<1C
=/->9<=

A3>2

C/+<
>37/
=>/:=
:</=/8>381
</=?6>=
0<97







>
3=
37:9<>+8>
>9
?8./<=>+8.
>2/
0?/6
+8.






@/23-6/
>/-289691C
-293-/=
+@+36+,6/
09<

:+==/81/<
@/23-6/=
+8.
29A
+->398=
38
9>2/<

/8/<1C
=/->9<=
7312>
37:+->
>2/=/
-293-/=
%2/</

2+@/
,//8
0/A
:?,63=2/.
/8/<1C
=C=>/7=
=>?.3/=

>2+>
+8+6CD/
>2/
-97:/>3>398
90
/6/-><3-3>C

2C.<91/8
+8.
,390?/6=
38
>2/
><+8=:9<>+>398

=/->9<
)*
$>?.3/=
38-6?.381
:6?138
2C,<3.

/6/-><3-
@/23-6/=
"'=
+8.
,+>>/<C
/6/-><3-

@/23-6/=
'=
/1
E6


)*
+</
8/3>2/<







%2/
./=-<3:>398
90
>2/
/8/<1C
=C=>/7
38
>2/

79./6
3=
+
=37:6303-+>398
90
</+63>C
38
+>
6/+=>
09?<

37:9<>+8>
</=:/->=
3
-98=3./<+>398
90
6373>/.

8?7,/<
90
>/-2896913/=
33
+==?7:>398
90
:<3-/

38/6+=>3-
./7+8.
333
=/6/->398=
7+./
986C
98
>2/

,+=3=
90
-9=>
+8.
3@
:/<0/->
09</=312>
A3>2
89

?8-/<>+38>C
90
0?>?</
-9=>=
-637+>/
>+<1/>=
9<

/8/<1C
./7+8.
%2/
79./6
.9/=
89>
:</.3->
>2/

0?>?</
+8.
3=
89>
./=318/.
>9
09</-+=>
>2/
0?>?</

169,+6
89<
7//>
+>79=:2/<3-
!
-98-/8><+>398=
./@/69:7/8>
90
>2/
/8/<1C
=C=>/7
%2/
79./6

,/69A


::7


.9/=
29A/@/<
:<9@3./
+
?=/0?6
>996
>9
?8./<=>+8.







%2/
8/A
%#

79./6
A+=
?=/.
>9
>2/
=C=>/7
,/2+@39<
+8.
>2/
38>/<+->398=
+8.

;?+8>30C
>2/
:9>/8>3+6
37:+->
90
-+<,98
-+:>?</
-988/->398=
,/>A//8
/8/<1C
>/-289691C
9:>398=
38

+8.
=>9<+1/
$
>/-289691C
+8.
69A
!
.300/</8>
=/->9<=
38
+
0?>?</
-+<,98-98=><+38/.

38>/8=3>C
/6/-><3-3>C
0<97
</8/A+,6/
=9?<-/=
=?-2
A9<6.

+=
-98-/8><+>381
=96+<
:9A/<
$"
98
-9=>
/00/->3@/
:+==/81/<
@/23-6/
0?/6
+8.
>/-289691C

9:>398=
8/-/==+<C
>9
+-23/@/
=>+,363D+>398
90








+>79=:2/<3-
!
+>


::7
8
>2/
:</=/8>
8/<1C
./7+8.
3=
.3@3./.
38>9
>2<//
=/->9<=
3

A9<5
$"
3=
,9>2
+8
/8/<1C
>/-289691C
+8.
+
/6/-><3-3>C
33
><+8=:9<>+>398
+8.
333
2/+>

:<9BC
09<
9>2/<
38/B:/8=3@/
89838>/<73>>/8>
A23-2
-97:<3=/=
+66
=>+>398+<C
?=/=
90
/8/<1C

69A!
/6/-><3-3>C1/8/<+>381
>/-2896913/=
>2+>

7+C
,/
./@/69:/.
38
>2/
0?>?</








%2/
79./6
A+=
?=/.
>9
+..</==
>2<//

;?/=>398=
3
A2+>
-9=>/00/->3@/
0?/6
+8.
@/23-6/

>/-2896913/=
7312>
.9738+>/
38
+
-+<,98
-98=><+38/.
A9<6.
33
>9
A2+>
./1<//
3=
>2/

+8=A/<
>9
>2/
03<=>
;?/=>398
+00/->/.
,C
>2/

/B-/:>
09<
>29=/
+==9-3+>/.
A3>2
1/8/<+>381

/6/-><3-3>C
9<
><+8=:9<>+>398
0?/6=
7:2+=3=
A+=

13@/8
>9
:/<=98+6
><+8=:9<>+>398
38
>2/
:</=/8>

=>?.C








#/1398+6
/8/<1C
./7+8.
38
>2/
%
79./6
3=

./<3@/.
,C
-97,38381
:<94/->398=
90
169,+6

:9:?6+>398
38-</+=381
>9


,366398
38



+8.

38><9.?->398
90
$
+8. 9<
$"
+8.
333
29A

,366398
38



(9<6.
8/<1C
9?8-36

=/8=3>3@/
+</
>2/
</=?6>=
>9
0?>?</
@/23-6/
-9=>
/=>37+>/=
90
>2/
./@/69:7/8>
90
:/<
-+:3>+
38-97/

+==?7:>398=
$ (
=-/8+<39

)
*
+==?7:>398=

</1+<.381
>2/
+->3@3>C
./7+8.
/1
:/<=9857

:57
09<
:/<=98+6
><+8=:9<>+>398
+==9-3+>/.
A3>2
+


 
13@/8
:/<
-+:3>+
38-97/
09<
79</
./>+36=
=//
D+<

%2/
638/+<
:<91<+77381
%
79./6
-98=><?->/.


)*


,C
D+<
38.1</8
+8.
-9A9<5/<=
)*
-9@/<=

>2/
169,+6
/8/<1C
=C=>/7
+8.
3=
./=318/.
>9
7//>



 
 

/B91/89?=6C13@/8
/8/<1C
./7+8.
6/@/6=

=?,4/->
>9
+
!
-98=><+38>
+>
>2/
69A/=>
=C=>/7
8
+66
+</+=
/B-/:>
9<>2
7/<3-+
?<9:/
+8.
>2/

-9=>
9<7/<
$9@3/>
&8398
A/
+==?7/.
+
,397+==
<+A

7+>/<3+6
-9=>
90
 
8
9<>2
7/<3-+
>2/
-9=>

A+=
 
8
?<9:/
+8.
>2/
9<7/<
$9@3/>


 


&8398
>2/
-9=>
A+=
 

./>+36/.
+==/==7/8>

%2/
A9<6.
3=
></+>/.
+=
>/8
.3=>38->
</1398=
A3>2
90
>2/
,397+==
=?::6C
:9>/8>3+6
-+8
,/
09?8.
38

?837:/./.
79@/7/8>
90
/8/<1C
</=9?<-/=

'$
8>/<8+>398+6
+>>/<C
C,<3.
+8.
?/6
/66
6/-><3-
'/23-6/
$C7:9=3?7



 Page 0521
World Electric Vehicle Journal Vol. 3 - ISSN 2032-6653 - 2009 AVERE

==5D789
- .

=?
4=B?
27443?3<A
@13</?7=@
/<2






=?
5:=0/:
@B>>:F
>=A3<A7/:
=4
=7:
/<2
</AB?/:

AD=
07=;/@@
>?=2B1A7=<
1=@A
:3C3:@
:=D3?
A6/<

5/@
D3
6/C3
16=@3<
/>>?=E7;/A3:F
AD713
A637?

*(!
/<2
:=D3?
A6/<

*(!
@63
>?3@3<A
>?=C32
?31=C3?/0:3
?3@3?C3@
7
3



3@A7;/A3@
A63
5:=0/:
@B>>:F
>=A3<A7/:
A=
:73
7<
A63
/<2

!
?3@>31A7C3:F
-  .
/<2
/@@B;32
/

?/<53
=4
 
!F?
D7A6
/
;3/<
C/:B3
=4
?357=</:
27@A?70BA7=<
4=::=D7<5
!=6/<@@=<






!F?
0F
A63
F3/?


)67@
7@
1=<@7@A3<A
- .

=?
1=/:
D3
6/C3
16=@3<
/
5:=0/:
@B>>:F

D7A6
/
?313<A
%
3@A7;/A7=<
=4


!
- .
>=A3<A7/:
=4
/>>?=E7;/A3:F

!
4=::=D7<5

/<2
@7;7:/?
A=
!=6/<@@=<




- .
D63?3
A63
A=A/:
?3@=B?13
3@A7;/A3@
7<
'=5<3?
- .

<
A63

3@A7;/A3@
=<
?357=</:
07=;/@@
@B>>:F
>=A3<A7/:@
;=23:
%
3;7@@7=<
1=<@A?/7<A@
:7;7A
A63
B@3
=4

/22
B>
A=
/
5:=0/:
;/E7;B;
=4

!
>3?
F3/?
4=@@7:
4B3:@
53<3?/::F
:3@@
A6/<

=4
A63
1=/:

D6716
D3
6/C3
16=@3<
A=
4=::=D
7<
A63
>?3@3<A
@B>>:F
>=A3<A7/:
7@
B@32
D7A67<
A67@
13<AB?F
D63<

@AB2F


;33A7<5

>>;





)/0:3

=@A
/<2
%
2/A/
4=?
A?/<@>=?A/A7=<
4B3:@




!     "




 
!


 #



"


 

"

"

 
"
!





95





"
"
9,4B3:
"
F3/?@

!4B3: !4B3: !4B3:
!
!4B3:
!4B3:
!4B3:

%7:

&3A?=




















$
$
























7=;/@@
)"














4


5




$
)"




















=/:
)"




















7=;/@@















4


5




$





















=/:





















%7:






















(=:/?
















5




7= (













6


4







$ (






















=/: (






















%7: (






















<4?/ )"













@A?B1AB?37
)"

)"


<4?/ $













7
@A?B1AB?3

<4?/ 













@A?B1AB?37



/
<<B/:7G32
7<C3@A;3<A
1=@A

=4
3<3?5F
1=<C3?@7=<
>:/<A
1/:1B:/A32
/@

 

    
    
 

   
   
D63?3

7@
A63
7<C3@A;3<A
1=@A

7@
A63
27@1=B<A
?/A3

F?

7@
A63
:743
A7;3
/<2


7@
A63
1/>/17AF
4/1A=?

)63
1=<@A/<A


#@F?
7@
7<1:B232
A=
/11=B<A
4=?
A63
1=<C3?@7=<
7<A=
!
?3;3;03?

F3/?@
>3?
A7;3
@A3>

)63
4/1A=?
  

?34:31A@
A6/A
7<C3@A;3<A@
/?3
;/23
03AD33<
AD=
A7;3
@A3>@


0
$=A3
A6/A
A63
@A/A32
>?7;/?F
3<3?5F
1=@A@
2=
<37A63?
7<1:B23
@1/?17AF
?3<A@
D6716
/?3
53<3?/A32
3<2=53<=B@:F
7<
A63

;=23:
<=?
1/?0=<
A/E3@

)=
@33
A63
34431A
=4
/<
7<1?3/@7<5
1/?0=<
433A/E
@33
G/?




-.


1

)63
%
3;7@@7=<
4/1A=?@
D3
6/C3
B@32
/?3
</AB?/:
5/@


=7:


1=/:


/<2
07=;/@@

95!
-.


2

)63
%
@A=?/53
1=@A
7@

A%
4=?
%
4?=;
4=@@7:
4B3:@
/<2

A%
4=?
%
4?=;
07=;/@@

)63
?3/@=<
4=?
A63

67563?
1=@A
4=?
07=;/@@
%
7@
A6/A
D3
/@@B;3
A6/A
4/17:7A73@
1/>AB?7<5
%
4?=;
07=;/@@
D7::
AF>71/::F
03
@;/::3?
@33

G/?




-.
4=?
;=?3
23A/7:@

,3
6/C3
/@@B;32
A6/A

=4
A63
1/?0=<
1/<
03
1/>AB?32


3
)63
A=A/:
4B3:
1=@A
7@
23?7C32
/@
>?7;/?F
3<3?5F
1=@A1=<C3?@7=<
3447173<1F



%#
1=@A

27@A?70BA7=<
1=@A

%

@A=?/53
1=@A



4

<
A63
23C3:=>7<5
?357=<@
D3
6/C3
/@@B;32
/
07=;/@@
4332@A=19
1=@A
=4
!

<
$#
/<2
&%
A63
1=@A
D/@
@3A
A=

!

<
*'
/<2
(*
A63
1=@A
D/@
@3A
A=
!


5

BAB?3
B@3
=4
07=;/@@
/<2
@=:/?
3<3?5F
7@
/@@B;32
A=
1=<A?70BA3
<35:7570:3
%
3;7@@7=<@



6

"=<53?
A?/<@>=?A/A7=<
27@A/<13@
=4
07=;/@@
A=
7=<3?5F
(
>:/<A
/22@

!
A=
A63
27@A?70BA7=<
1=@A
@7<13
:/?53?

>:/<A@
/?3
23@7?/0:3
A=
1/>AB?3
31=<=;73@
=4
@1/:3


7

)63
7<1?3;3<A/:
1=@A@
4=?
7<C3@A7<5
7<
<3D
7<4?/@A?B1AB?3
/?3
0/@32
=<
A63
2/A/
>?3@3<A32
7<
A63@3
A6?33
?=D@
/<2
/?3

7<1:B232
4=?
3/16
4B3:
=>A7=<
7<
1=:B;<


)63
1=@A
4=?
27@A?70BA7=<
=4
1=<C3<A7=</:
>3A?=
7@
@3A
A=
!

+(
<A3?</A7=</:
/AA3?F
F0?72
/<2
B3:
3::
:31A?71
+3671:3
(F;>=@7B;




World Electric Vehicle Journal Vol. 3 - ISSN 2032-6653 -




);)
.69
=-01+3-
;-+05636/@
):
>-33
):

+65=-9:165
73)5;:
)5,
15.9):;9<+;<9-
-/


@-)9:
;6
+0)5/-
;0-
-5;19-

15=-:;4-5;
+6:;:
+65=-9:165
-..1+1-5+1-:

31.-;14-:
)5,
+)7)+1;@
.)+;69:
)9-
0-3,
+65:;)5;

Page 0522
2009 AVERE
;6
)=61,
:63<;165:
;0);
)9-
6*=16<:3@
<59-)31:;1+

$01:
15+3<,-:
+65:;9)15;:
65
;0-
4)?14<4

-?7)5:165
9);-:
6.
5->
;-+05636/1-:
15
/-5-9)3

:-;
:6
;0);
1;
;)2-:

-5-9/@
:@:;-4
):
>-33
):
)55<)3
69
;6;)3
-?;9)+;165

3141;:
65
;0-
,1..-9-5;
)=)13)*3-
-5-9/@
:6<9+-:





);
;0-19
A4);<9-
3-=-3:B
:--
$)*3-

)5,
$)*3-


$-+05636/1+)3
+0)5/-
1:
-?6/-56<:
15
;0-
$

46,-3
1-
;0-
+6:;
)5,
7-9.694)5+-
-;+
)9-


6.
;6;)3
-3-+;91+1;@
<:-
$6

15,-7-5,-5;
6.
06>
4<+0
;0-@
)9-
<:-,
&-

)::<4-
;-+05636/@
4);<9-
+6:;:
;096</06<;
;0-



7-9
@-)9
6.
;0-
0-);

;14-
7-916,
+65:1,-9-,
&-
=-91.1-,
;0);
;01:
,1,

56;
3-),
;6
)5
<5,<3@
9)71,
),67;165
6.

;-+05636/1-:
&-
.<9;0-9
)::<4-
;0);


;
'(
)
4)?14<4
9);-
6.

;-+05636/1-:
,-=-367-,
15
65-
9-/165
)9-


; @-)9
)5,
5-/31/1*3-







$0-
+65;91*<;165
6.
15;-941;;-5;
-3-+;91+1;@

:6<9+-:
>15,
)5,
:63)9
"%
1:
3141;-,
;6
)

4)?14<4
6.

:14<3);-
;0-
79-:-5;
:1;<);165
15
,-=-36715/

+6<5;91-:
)
41514<4
6.

,-4)5,
5--,:
;6
*-
796,<+-,
.964
*164)::
,<915/

;0-
.19:;
,-+),-:
69
#
>-
)::<4-,
)
:;69)/-

+)7)+1;@
6.

15+9-):-
6.
#
6.

)=)13)*3-
.69
6;0-9
9-/165:
36*)3
,1::-415);165

6.
;-+05636/@
1:
56;
:--5
):
)
3141;15/
.)+;69
33

791+-:
)5,
+6:;:
)9-
15
9-)3
;-94:
):
.<;<9-

15.3);165
1:
56;
+65:1,-9-,

/36*)3
,1:+6<5;
9);-

6.

7-9
@-)9
>):
<:-,
.69
;0-
5-;
79-:-5;
=)3<-

+)3+<3);165:




65:;9)15;:
65
06>
.):;
+0)5/-:
+)5
*-
4),-
15

;0-
-5-9/@
:@:;-4
0)=-
*--5
),,-,
;6
;0-
46,-3



3-)2)/-
6.
:;69-,
!








$0-
.<;<9-
963-
6.
5<+3-)9
-5-9/@
1:
7914)913@
)

7631;1+)3
,-+1:165
)5,
>133
,-7-5,
65
:-=-9)3
1::<-:

:<+0
):
5<+3-)9
:).-;@
>):;-
,1:76:)3
8<-:;165:
6.

5<+3-)9
>-)765:
79631.-9);165
)5,
7<*31+

)++-7;)5+-
&-
)::<4-
;0);
;0-
+65;91*<;165
6.

5<+3-)9
76>-9
,6-:
56;
-?+--,
;0-
3-=-3
>-
0)=-

;6,)@


$)*3-

6:;
)5,
!
,);)
.69
0-);
)5,
-3-+;91+1;@
67;165:

  







 

 





 











 2&-

@-)9:

 -
 
2/ -
 -
 -














164)::









.



/



 

);<9)3
/):














6)3















!13













#63)9
"%












/

 

#63)9
#"














/



@,96













/



&15,












/



<+3-)9











/

 

16#









.




 
0

#













6)3#


 








 
 

!13#

























164)::









.



/




);<9)3
/):












 

6)3













!13














#63)9













/



16#










.
 



0

#












 

6)3#
















!13#

















69
-?73)5);165:
:--
.66;56;-:
;6
$)*3-


%#
5;-95);165)3
);;-9@
@*91,
)5,
<-3
-33
3-+;91+
%-01+3-
#@476:1<4



 Page 0523
World Electric Vehicle Journal Vol. 3 - ISSN 2032-6653 - 2009 AVERE

(/093

%/@@3;53?
9756A2BAF
C367193
3;3?5F
B@3
/;2
1<@A
2/A/
7;
A63
:<239




*367193
;3?5F
447173;1F
&/A7<
*367193
<@A


*
/
)'

B39;57;3

,3/?
,3/?
/@3
;1?3:3;A

(316;<9<5F
0



1


%3A?<
*




2




2





'F;A6
*







#
*












*







 

*










3

*





34

%*
5





3

%3A?<
*









3

'F;A6
*









3


*








3



/

(/;8A<D6339@
3;3?5F
*
0/@7@
B@32
0F
%3A?<
*
27C7232
0F
A6/A
4<?
/9A3?;/A7C3
A316;<9<5F


0

%3A?<
*
'F;A6
*
#
*

*

7;A3?;/9
1<:0B@A7<;
3;57;3
C367193
4B3932
37A63?
0F
=3A?<93B:

@F;A63A71
4B39
(!
(!
<?
(!
;/AB?/9
5/@
<?
5/@3<B@
6F2?<53;
*

6F0?72
3931A?71
C367193
*

0/AA3?F

3931A?71
C367193
%*

=9B57;
6F0?72
3931A?71
C367193
%3A?<
*
'F;A6
*

*

4B391399
C367193
4B3932

37A63?
0F
=3A?<93B:
@F;A63A71
4B39
<?
5/@3<B@
6F2?<53;


1

+6793
7A
7@
193/?9F
;<A
/==?<=?7/A3
A<
B@3
:/AB?3
1<@A@
4<?
/2C/;132
A316;<9<5F
2B?7;5
A63
0357;;7;5
<4
A63
A7:3
=3?7<2

A67@
/@@B:=A7<;
272
;<A
1<:=?<:7@3
A63
@AB2F
@7;13
/2C/;132
A316;<9<573@
272
;<A
3;A3?
A63
@13;/?7<@
B;A79
9/A3?
7;
A63

A7:3
=3?7<2
@AB2732


2

F
2347;7A7<;

(63
<C3?/99
3;3?5F
1<;@B:=A7<;
" 8:
0F
%3A?<
*@
7;


7@
/
4/1A<?
<4

93@@
A6/;
A6/A
7;





3

/AA3?F
1<@A
<4


8+6
4B39
1399
@A/18
1<@A
<4
 8+
6F2?<53;
@A<?/53
1<@A
<4


 

 
;/AB?/9
5/@

@A<?/53
1<@A
<4



/@@B:32

4

*
1<@A
0/@32
<;


8:
2?7C7;5
?/;53
1<:=/?32
A<


8:
?/;53
4<?
A63
<A63?
A316;<9<573@



5

447173;1F
@6<D;
/@@B:3@
AD<
A67?2@
<4
A<A/9
27@A/;13
A?/C3932
7@
=<D3?32
C7/
5?72
3931A?717AF
'F;A6
*
/;2
'F;A6

%*
/?3
/9@<
7;19B232
7;
A63
:<239
D7A6
3447173;173@
3>B/9
A<
%3A?<
*
/;2
%*
D7A6


/227A7<;/9
7;1?3:3;A/9

1<@A









"<239
?B;@
/@@3@@32
A63
@3;@7A7C7AF
A<
C/?7/A7<;



 
  
<4
A63
4<99<D7;5
0/AA3?F
1<@A@
4?<:

8+6

931A?717AF
/;2
6F2?<53;
/?3
3;3?5F
1/??73?@
4<?
5</9
4<?
9<;5A3?:
1<::3?17/97G/A7<;
@3A
0F
A63

@7:=9717AF
D3
7;19B23
A63@3
/@
4B39@
(63
:<239
)'
2C/;132
/AA3?F
<;@<?A7B:
-.
A<

2<3@
;<A
27@A7;5B7@6
03AD33;
5/@<97;3
/;2
273@39

8+6
/0<C3
D6716
A63
:<239
?3@B9A@
D3?3

4B39@
D6716
/?3
9B:=32
A<53A63?
/@
=3A?<93B:
7;@3;@7A7C3
A<
0/AA3?F
1<@A
;/AB?/9
5/@
@A<?/53
1<@A

=3A?<
7C3
4B39
<=A7<;@
=3A?<
;/AB?/9
5/@
4?<:



/@
/@@B:32
7;
(



A<

#
@F;A63A71
4B39@
1</9
A<
97>B72
(!
5/@
A<



1<;@7@A3;A
D7A6
3@A7:/A7<;
0F

97>B72
(!
07<:/@@
A<
97>B72
(!
3931A?717AF
$#+
-.
6F2?<53;
@A<?/53
1<@A@
4?<:

/;2
6F2?<53;

/;2
47C3
C367193
A316;<9<573@



)'
3=/?A:3;A
<4
;3?5F
A/?53A
-.

7;A3?;/9
1<:0B@A7<;
3;57;3@
*@
6F0?72
A<
 

 
/;2
4B39
1399
@A/18
1<@A
4?<:
 8+

3931A?71
C367193@
*@
=9B57;
6F0?72
3931A?71

C367193@
%*@
0/AA3?F
3931A?71
C367193@


=?<C723@
A63
C367193
3;3?5F
3447173;1F

*@
/;2
4B39
1399
C367193@
*@
D3?3

1<;@723?32









(63
3447173;1F
/;2
1<@A
2/A/
D3?3
23?7C32

/99/?2
-.
A<
 8+
$#+
-.








(/093

/;2
1<@A
2/A/
4<?
A63
27443?3;A
1<:07;/A7<;@
<4
4B39

/;2
C367193
A316;<9<573@
7;19B232
7;
A63
:<239



4?<:
=B097@632
@<B?13@
-
.

;
3931A?71




0/AA3?F
?/;53
<4

8:
D/@
/2<=A32
4<?
%*@

D6716
3;/093@
/==?<E7:/A39F
AD<A67?2@
<4
A637?

2/79F
2?7C7;5
27@A/;13
A<
03
=<D3?32
0F

3931A?717AF
4?<:
A63
5?72
<;
/
@7;593
<C3?;756A

<B?
@13;/?7<@
/?3
1<;@723?32
/
D63?3
;37A63?

'
;<?
'%
/?3
/C/79/093
0
D63?3
'
7@

/C/79/093
0BA
'%
7@
B;/C/79/093
1
D63?3
'%
7@

/C/79/093
0BA
'
7@
B;/C/79/093
/;2
2
D63?3

16/?53
-
.
*@
6/C3
/
?39/A7C39F
@6<?A
/99 0<A6
''
/;2
'%
/?3
/C/79/093
&3@B9A@
<;
1<@A
3931A?71
?/;53
D3
/@@B:3

8:
(63
/993931A?71
34431A7C3
4B39@
/;2
2?7C3
A?/7;
A316;<9<573@
4<?
A63

?/;53
D/@
@3A
A<


8:
4<?
*@

*'
;A3?;/A7<;/9
/AA3?F
F0?72
/;2
B39
399
931A?71
*367193
'F:=<@7B:



 Page 0524
World Electric Vehicle Journal Vol. 3 - ISSN 2032-6653 - 2009 AVERE

%5570)(
+/2&%/
3%55)1+)4
8),-'/)
*/))6
-1
6,)
*274
(-**)4)16
5')1%4-25
%4)
34)5)16)(
-1
-+74)


!
126
%8%-/%&/)
!
126
%8%-/%&/)
!
%8%-/%&/)
!
126
%8%-/%&/)








%
&

































































































































!
126
%8%-/%&/)
!
%8%-/%&/)
!
%8%-/%&/)
!
%8%-/%&/)










(

'


























































































































-+74)

/2&%/
3%55)1+)4
8),-'/)
*/))6
0-//-215
'215-56)16
9-6,
(%6%
%5570)(
-1
'%5)

-)
%
&%66)4;
'256
2*



.$,
%
,;(42+)1
5624%+)
'256
2*



%
1%674%/
+%5
5624%+)
'256
2*



%

56%'.
'256
2*

 .$
%1(
%
1)-6,)4
!
124
!
%8%-/%&/)
&
21/;
!
%8%-/%&/)
'
21/;
!
%8%-/%&/)
24
(
!
%1(

!
&26,
%8%-/%&/)






-1)
'%5)5
*24
8),-'/)
'2565
9)4)
'215-()4)(
)**)'6-8)1)55
&)69))1
*7)/5
%1(
6)',12/2+;

%5)

-5
&%5)(
7321
%
&%66)4;
'256
2*
236-215
',%1+)5
28)4
6-0)
(7)
62
-1'4)%5)(
'%4&21



.$,
%
,;(42+)1
5624%+)
'256
2*


'21564%-165
%1(
---
2-/
%1(
1%674%/
+%5
5733/;


%


5624%+)
'256
2*


%1(
%
326)16-%/5
&)'20)
5'%4')4
9-6,
6-0)
%1(
6,-5
%/21)

*7)/
')//
56%'.
'256
2*
 .$,

%5)5

%1(

(4-8)5
6,)
-1642(7'6-21
2*
%/6)41%6-8)
*7)/5
1
6,)

):3/24)
6,)
-03%'6
2*
',%1+-1+
6,)

5624%+)
*-+74)5
"
%1(
"
&26,
*420
*255-/
5274')5

'2565

%5)5

%1(

):3/24)
6,)
-03%'6
2*
%4)
'20&-1)(
*24
'/%4-6;

',%1+-1+
6,)
,;(42+)1
5624%+)
'256
%557036-215


%5)5

%1(

6)56
6,)
5)15-6-8-6;
62
&%66)4;

!#





'2565

-1%//;
'%5)5

%1(

6)56
6,)
5)15-6-8-6;
",)
%8%-/%&-/-6;
2*
!
%1(
!
,%5
%
342*271(

62
*7)/
')//
56%'.
'256
",)
4)57/65
*420
'%5)5

 -1*/7)1')
21
6,)
/29)56
'256
3%55)1+)4
8),-'/)
*7)/


%5570-1+
6,%6
&26,
!
%1(
!
%4)
%1(
6)',12/2+;
',2-')
-1
%
'%4&21'21564%-1)(

%8%-/%&/)
%4)
34)5)16)(
-1
-+74)


924/(
$-6,276
!
24
!
-+74)
%
3)4521%/

64%153246%6-21
',%1+)5
*420
3)642/)70*7)/)(


"##%
$

%"

#5
62
%
'20&-1%6-21
2*
0256/;
#5
%1(

1
%//
5')1%4-25
6,)4)
-5
12
5-1+/)
8),-'/)
#5
*7)/)(
&;
3)642/)70
%1(
#5
*7)/)(
&;

6)',12/2+;
%1(
*7)/
6,%6
(20-1%6)5
6,427+,276
1%674%/
+%5
3342%',-1+



6,)5)
8),-'/)5
56%46

6,)
')1674;
",)
(-8)45-6;
2*
52/76-215
4)*/)'65
-
62
&)
4)3/%')(
0256/;
&;
#5
*7)/)(
&;

(-**)4)16
4)+-21%/
4)5274')
%8%-/%&-/-6;
%1(
,;(42+)1
342(7')(
8-%
52/%4
)1)4+;


02&-/-6;
()0%1(
--
6,%6
4)/%6-8)
'256

#!
16)41%6-21%/
%66)4;
;&4-(
%1(
7)/
)//
/)'64-'
#),-'/)
!;0325-70



 Page 0525
World Electric Vehicle Journal Vol. 3 - ISSN 2032-6653 - 2009 AVERE

*'
#6#+-#$+-+49
0(

%0.1#2'
+)52'

$
7+4*

#
'84'/&3
4*'
53'
0(
%0/6'/4+0/#-




3402#)'


 


3402#)'











#
$







 























 















 


































































3402#)'


 

3402#)'

 








%
&












 


















 















 
 

































































#44'29
%034


 ,"*
#44'29
%034

  ,"*








'
(









 


























 
 








































































34#%,
%034

,"*





34#%,
%034


,"*

)


*







































 
 


































































+)52'

-0$#-
1#33'/)'2
6'*+%-'
(-''4
.+--+0/3
(20.
4*'
3%'/#2+0
#335.+/)
$04*

#/&

#6#+-#$-'

%0/3+34'/4
7+4*
&#4#
#335.'&
+/
#
%#3'

-07'2

3402#)'
%034



$
%#3'

*+)*'2

3402#)'

%034



%
%#3'

-07'2

3402#)'
%034



&
%#3'

*+)*'2

3402#)'
%034


'

%#3'

-07'2
$#44'29
%034


,"*
(
%#3'

*+)*'2
$#44'29
%034

,"*
)
%#3'

-07'2

34#%,

%034

,"
*
%#3'

*+)*'2

34#%,
%034


,"

!
/4'2/#4+0/#-
#44'29
9$2+&
#/&
5'-
'--
-'%42+%
!'*+%-'
9.103+5.




World Electric Vehicle Journal Vol. 3 - ISSN 2032-6653 -


1'420-'5.(5'-'&
!3
$9
#
('7
&'%#&'3

2'35-43
+/
4*'
53'
0(
.02'
!3
#/&
!3

(5'-'&
$9
$+0(5'-3
#/&
  
#/&
&'-#93
4*'

&
3*073
4*#4

+/420&5%4+0/
0(
!3
(5'-'&
$9
*9&20)'/

120&5%'&
(20.
%0#-
7+4*

*'
3934'.

&9/#.+%
#4
702,
+3
4*#4

1206+&'3
2'-#4+6'-9

 ,"*
"+4*
+/%2'#3'&
$#44'29
12+%'
#/&

+/'81'/3+6'
-07
'-'%42+%+49
#/&
*'#4
(20.

%0#-
7*+%*
120-0/)3
4*'
53'
0(
42#&+4+0/#-
!3

*'
#6#+-#$+-+49
0(

-'#&3
40
%0#-
&+31-#%+/)

 ,"*
!3
#2'
2'1-#%'&
$9
*9&20)'/
Page 0526
2009 AVERE






*'
3'/3+4+6+49
40
6#2+#4+0/
0(
$#44'29
#/&
(5'-

%'--
34#%,
%0343
#2'
3*07/
+/
+)52'
'*

0.1#2+30/
0(
+)52'
'
7+4*

!3
#2'
#/
#442#%4+6'
30-54+0/
(02
$#44'29
%0343

#4
4*'
-07
'/&
0(
4*'
2#/)'
+/6'34+)#4'&


*'/%'
6'*+%-'
%034
!3
$'%0.'
-'33
#442#%4+6'


"+4*
$#44'29
%0343
#4
4*'
*+)*
'/&
0(
4*'
2#/)'


$+0.#33
+/
4*'
*'#4
3'%402
7*+%*
#--073

+/%2'#3'&
120&5%4+0/
0(
42#/31024#4+0/
(5'-
(20.

&
3*073
4*#4
&'%2'#3+/)
4*'
(5'-
%'--
34#%,

$+0.#33
7*'/

+3
/04
#6#+-#$-'
$+0.#33
+3

53'&
.034-9
40
1206+&'
*'#4
"*+-'

'/#$-'3

4*'
120&5%4+0/
0(
.5%*
%*'#1'2
*9&20)'/
(20.

%0#-
+/34'#&
0(
30-#2
4*'
06'2#--
+.1024#/%'
0(

*9&20)'/
&'%2'#3'3
2'(-'%4+/)
4*'
(#%4
4*#4


'/#$-'3
/0/42#/31024
3'%4023
40
2'#-+:'
.02'

,"
+)52'
*
2'.06'3
4*'

'.+33+0/
2'&5%4+0/3
#4
#
-07'2
%034
4*#/
+/
4*'

42#/31024
3'%402








*'
#6#+-#$+-+49
0(
-07
'-'%42+%+49
(20.


*#3
30.'7*#4
&+(('2'/4
+.1#%43

3
3''/
$9

%0.1#2+/)
+)52'

%
7+4*

#
7*'/

+3






6'/
#4
4*'
-07'34
$#44'29
%034
!3
7'2'
/04

#6#+-#$-'
35$34#/4+#-
60-5.'3
0(
!3
#/&

!3
(5'-'&
$9
1'420-'5.
#/&
39/4*'4+%
(5'-3

 
#/&
 
#2'
53'&
#4
4*'
'81'/3'
0(

!3
(5'-'&
$9
30-#2$#3'&

*'
3934'.

&9/#.+%
#4
702,
+3
3+.+-#2
40
4*#4
&'3%2+$'&

#$06'
(02

$54
7+4*
470
'(('%43
+


&+31-#%'3
(033+-
(5'-
&'2+6'&
'-'%42+%+49
#/&


,.
&2+6+/)
2#/)'
(02
!3
5%*

120-0/)3
4*'
53'
0(
1'420-'5.(5'-'&
!3
#/&

++

1206+&'3
-07
'-'%42+%+49
#/&



120.04'3
4*'
'-'%42+(+%#4+0/
0(
1#33'/)'2

(5'-'&
6'*+%-'3
+)52'
(
0.1#2+/)
+)52'
)

7+4*

%034
(20.

40
,"
2'35-43
+/
2'1-#%'.'/4
0(

*9&20)'/

7+4*
*9&20)'/

6'*+%-'

4'%*/0-0)9
.02'
120(05/&
+/
4*'
3%'/#2+0

#335.+/)
4*#4
/'+4*'2

/02

#2'
#6#+-#$-'
;

2'35-43
/04
3*07/
+/
4*+3
1#1'2
/%2'#3+/)
4*'
(5'-

%'--
34#%,
40

3.#--
/5.$'2
0(

!3
12'3'/4
+/
4*'
,"

%#3'
*'
+.1#%4
0(
$#44'29
#/&
(5'-
%'--
34#%,
%034

7+4*
$04*

#/&

#6#+-#$-'
3*07
4*'
3#.'

42'/&3
+--5342#4'&
#$06'

(05/&
40
$'
#
%034%0.1'4+4+6'
-#2)'3%#-'

4'%*/0-0)9
5/&'2
#/9
3%'/#2+0
+/6'34+)#4'&
'6'/

4*05)*
!3
7'2'
#--07'&
40
%0.1'4'
7+4*

2'&5%'&
(5/%4+0/#-+49

,.
&2+6+/)
2#/)'

+/34'#&
0(

,.
(02
#--
04*'2
6'*+%-'3
/
#/

#&&+4+0/#-
3'/3+4+6+49
#/#-93+3
7'
2#/
4*'
.0&'-

#335.+/)

%#23
#2'
/0
-0/)'2
&+2'%4-9
%0.1#2#$-'
7+4*
4*'

04*'2
%#2
014+0/3
+/
4*'
.0&'-
'6'24*'-'33

,.
&2+6+/)
2#/)'
.+)*4
$'
#/
+/4'2'34+/)
014+0/
(02

6'*+%-'3


%+49
%#23
3
3*07/
+/
+)52'

!3
'/4'2
4*'







"*'/
$04*

#/&

#2'
#6#+-#$-'
3''
3%'/#2+0
7*'/
#335.+/)
4*+3
3*024'2
&2+6+/)
2#/)'

+)52'

&
%034'(('%4+6'
0110245/+4+'3
(02

(+234
#/&
(02'.034
4#,+/)
3*#2'3
(20.
!3

2'&5%4+0/
+/
04*'2
3'%4023
#--07
35$34#/4+#-
53'
0(
%0.1#2'
7+4*
+)52'




!3
107'2'&
$9
1'420-'5.
 
#/&
 








#3'053
(5'-3
/#452#-
)#3
#/&
*9&20)'/
(02

!3
#/&
!3
7'2'
/04
'81-+%+4-9
%0/3+&'2'&












*'2'
3
/#452#-
)#3
!3
#/&
*9&20)'/
!3

*'
+.1#%4
(20.
%*#/)+/)
4*'
#335.14+0/3
0/
7'2'
%0.1'4+4+6'
+/
%'24#+/
%#3'3
+4
+3
1033+$-'
4*#4

(5452'
6'*+%-'
4'%*/0-0)9
%0343
#2'
+--5342#4'&
+/
4*'
*+)*'2
'((+%+'/%+'3
#330%+#4'&
7+4*

+)52'

*'
3'/3+4+6+49
40
/#452#-
)#3
#/&
*9$2+&+:#4+0/
%05-&
.#,'
/#452#-
)#3
#/&

*9&20)'/
3402#)'
%0343
#2'
3*07/
+/
+)52'
#&
*9&20)'/(5'-'&
!3
#/&
1033+$-9
!3

0.1#2+30/
0(
+)52'3
$
#/&
&
7+4*

&
3*073
%0.1'4+4+6'
+/
4*03'
%#3'3

524*'2
702,
+3
/''&'&

4*#4
#
*+)*'2
%034
(02
0/$0#2&
3402#)'
0(
/#452#-
40
+/6'34+)#4'
4*+3
1033+$+-+49

)#3
02
*9&20)'/
+/%2'#3'3
4*'
53'
0(
!3
#/&

!3
#4
4*'
'81'/3'
0(
4*'
)#3'053(5'- 




107'2'&
6'*+%-'3
*+3
0$3'26#4+0/
+--5342#4'3
4*'
*'
)0#-
0(
4*+3
702,
7#3
40
+/6'34+)#4'
4*'

%0.1'4+4+0/
$'47''/
6'*+%-'3
107'2'&
$9
%0//'%4+0/3
$'47''/
42#/31024#4+0/
#/&
04*'2

)#3'053
(5'-3
#/&
'-'%42+%+49
+/
#
%#2$0/ '/'2)9
3'%4023
+/
#
%#2$0/%0/342#+/'&
702-&
/

%0/342#+/'&
702-&

/%2'#3'&
%034
0(
3402#)'
0(
1#24+%5-#2
7'
#/#-9:'&
*07

#/&


)#3'053
(5'-
(#6023
4*'
'-'%42+%+49107'2'&
4'%*/0-0)+%#-
014+0/3
4*#4
*#6'
4*'
104'/4+#-
40

014+0/3
+/
#--
(052
3%'/#2+03
3+)/+(+%#/4-9
2'&5%'

'.+33+0/3
#330%+#4'&
7+4*

'-'%42+%+49
#/&
*'#4
)'/'2#4+0/
.#9
#(('%4
014+.#-

!
/4'2/#4+0/#-
#44'29
9$2+&
#/&
5'-
'--
-'%42+%
!'*+%-'
9.103+5.



 Page 0527
World Electric Vehicle Journal Vol. 3 - ISSN 2032-6653 - 2009 AVERE

(6'-
#/&
7'*+%-'
5'%*/0-0)+'4
(03
53#/41035
*+4
)-0$#-
'/'3):
4:45'.4
.0&'-
 



*'

8#4
&0/'
$:
(635*'3
&'7'-01+/)
#/&
36//+/)
#





/05
#7#+-#$-'

/05
#7#+-#$-'

#7#+-#$-'

/05
#7#+-#$-'








#
$

































  












  








 

 






















































/05
#7#+-#$-'

#7#+-#$-'

#7#+-#$-'

#7#+-#$-'








%


&















































  




  




 

 




















































+)63'

-0$#-
1#44'/)'3
7'*+%-'
(-''5
.+--+0/4
%0/4+45'/5
8+5*
&#5#
#446.'&
+/
%#4'

#/&
#/
#446.'&

&3+7+/)
3#/)'
0(


,.
+/45'#&
0(


,.
(03
!4
+/
5*'
4%'/#3+04
#
/'+5*'3

/03

#7#+-#$-'
$

0/-:

#7#+-#$-'
%
0/-:

#7#+-#$-'
03
&

#/&

$05*
#7#+-#$-'






.045
+.1035#/5
#&&+5+0/
50
'#3-+'3
7'34+0/4
0(
5*'

.0&'-
8#4
#
.03'
&'5#+-'&
&'4%3+15+0/
0(
-+)*5
&65:
7'*+%-'
5'%*/0-0)+'4








4
(03
063
,':
26'45+0/
8'
(+/&
5*#5
5*'

#7#+-#$+-+5:
0(

#/&

*#7'
46$45#/5+#-

+.1#%54
0/
5*'
(6'-
#/&
5'%*/0-0):
015+0/4
(03

#/&
5'/&4
50
+/%3'#4'
5*'
64'
0(
'-'%53+%+5:
(03

53#/41035
#5
5*'
'91'/4'
0(
*:&30)'/










*+3&
5*'
+/530&6%5+0/
0(

#/&


%0.$+/'&
3'&6%'4
5*'
%045'(('%5+7'/'44
0(
4*+(5+/)

#8#:
(30.
1'530-'6.
#/&
!
*+4
'3#
+4

130-0/)'&
&7#/%'&
'/'3):
5'%*/0-0)+'4


1#44'/)'3
7'*+%-'4
+/
.''5+/)
)-0$#-

#/&

3'&6%'
5*'
%045
0(
%#3$0/
.+5+)#5+0/
+/

'.+44+0/
5#3)'5
0(


11.
#5
-08'45
4:45'.
5*'
.0&'-
#/&
5*'3'(03'
5*'
+/%'/5+7'4
50
4*+(5
50

%045
063
,':
(+/&+/)4
'.'3)'
.03'
#&7#/%'&
7'*+%-'
5'%*/0-0)+'4








+345
5*'
+/530&6%5+0/
0(

+/%3'#4'4
+/






0635*
5*'
%045
'45+.#5'4
(03
(6563'
7'*+%-'

)'/'3#-
5*'
64'
0(
%0#-
+/
5*'
'/'3):
4:45'.
5'%*/0-0)+'4
#3'
7'3:
6/%'35#+/
(03
5*'
5+.'
41#/

#/&
!
(03
53#/41035
:
1307+&+/)
3'-#5+7'-:
%0/4+&'3'&
#/&
5*'3'(03'
+5
+4
500
'#3-:
50
'913'44

-08%045
#1130#%*'4
50
3'&6%+/)

'.+44+0/4
(+3.
01+/+0/4
#$065
5*'
(6563'
%045'(('%5+7'/'44
03

#440%+#5'&
8+5*
'-'%53+%+5:
#/&
*'#5
)'/'3#5+0/
015+.#-+5:
0(
&+(('3'/5
(6'-
#/&
108'353#+/


3'&6%'4
5*'
3'.#+/+/)
;
5#4,<
(03
5*'

53#/41035#5+0/
4'%503
'95'/&4
5*'
5+.'
41#/
0(

%0/7'/5+0/#-
1'530-'6.(6'-'&
!4
#/&

'/#$-'4
5*'
64'
0(
-+26+&
$+0(6'-4
#4
8'--
#4

   
(03
53#/41035#5+0/


,"*







'%0/&
5*'
+/530&6%5+0/
0(

3'&6%'4
5*'

3'-#5+7'
%045
0(
'-'%53+%+5:
+/
3'-#5+0/
50
*:&30)'/

,"*
*:&30)'/(6'-'&

%0.$+/#5+0/4
95'/4+7'
4'/4+5+7+5:
#/#-:4'4
+/

8*+%*
8'
7#3+'&
5*'4'
1#3#.'5'34
07'3
3'#40/#$-'

3#/)'4
3'46-5
+/
-#3)'
&+(('3'/%'4
+/
5*'
%045
'(('%5+7'
(6'-
#/&
7'*+%-'
5'%*/0-0):
40-65+0/4

03
+/45#/%'
(03
-08
$#55'3:
%0454

'-'%53+(+'&
108'353#+/4
&0.+/#5'
#/&
(03
*+)*'3

$#55'3:
%0454


!
/5'3/#5+0/#-
#55'3:
:$3+&
#/&
6'-
'--
-'%53+%
!'*+%-'
:.104+6.



 Page 0528
World Electric Vehicle Journal Vol. 3 - ISSN 2032-6653 - 2009 AVERE

D4782;4A
3><8=0B4
@460@3;4AA
>5
'
0=3
'%
&) 0
*0*+%
%'$
  
=B


0D08;018;8BG
(7CA
>C@
@4AC;BA
AC<<0@8H43
01>D4
G3@>64=
=4@6G




  

A7>C;3
=>B
14
8=B4@?@4B43
B>
<40=
B70B
B74
-.

(C@B>=

0@@4B>
!
,+'%'"$

4;42B@828BG
?@>3C2B8>=
>?B8>=A
0;>=4
E8;;
70D4
0
+!&'$' 0
!0)' &
&
$"%+
!& 


3428A8D4
8<?02B
>=
B74
2>AB45542B8D4
5C4;
0=3
$'&
+)%
%'$$"&
&$0*"*
=B


D4782;4
>?B8>=A
27>A4=
;B4@=0B8D4
%@>?C;A8>=






4=4@0;
@4AC;BA
>=
2>AB45542B8D4
?@8<0@G
-.

K;
(
G?@4>A
'
0@@4B>
!
0)' &

4=4@6G
27>824A
0@4
B70B
B74
CA4
>5
2>0;
8=2@40A4A
&
"',$*


%'$$"&
&$0*"*
'

AC1AB0=B80;;G
E74=
'
8A
0D08;01;4
0=3
B70B
B74
'%(+"&
&) 0
))")*
')
*+)&

CA4
>5
A>;0@
4=4@6G
<08=;G
A>;0@10A43
,)'(
%@>24438=6A
>5
B74
+>@;3
=4@6G

7G3@>64=
8=2@40A4A
E74=
=48B74@
'
=>@
'%
>=6@4AA
=4@6G
5CBC@4
8=
0=
8=B4@34?4=34=B

0@4
0D08;01;4
E>@;3

#>D4<14@



&><4
B0;G







$C@
58=38=6A
70D4
A4D4@0;
?>;82G
0=3
@4A40@27
-.

(0:4A78B0
(
0=3
,0<098

%(')+&+
)'$*
'

8<?;820B8>=A
@><
0
?>;82G
?4@A?42B8D4
B74
"*!))'(*!
*0&,$*
"&
+!
$'$
&) 0

58=38=6A
7867;867B
B74
=443
B>
@42>6=8H4
0=3
,+,)
=4@6G
%>;82G





N



022>C=B
5>@
B74
8=B4@02B8>=
14BE44=
A42B>@A
8=

-.

+86;4G
("!
'$
')
+!
****%&+
'

?>;82G
34D4;>?<4=B
@><
0
@4A40@27
)&!',* *
"&,
$"%+
!& 

?4@A?42B8D4
B74
58=38=6A
8;;CAB@0B4
B74
8<?>@B0=24
7BB? EEE263C20@43C 20A E86;4G <06822 8
>5
?C@AC8=6
B74
@4A40@27
0=3
34D4;>?<4=B
>5
=AB0;;0B8>=7B<;

<C;B8?;4
5C4;
0=3
D4782;4
B427=>;>6G
?0B7E0GA


-
.

' +
$'$
&) 0
()*(+"-*
+'


&
0'&
+>@;3
=4@6G
>C=28;

 



+4
B70=:
7@8AB80=
H0@
@43@8:
434=CA

@8AB80=
!8=36@4=
0=3
C;80
0=AA>=
%7GA820;

&4A>C@24
(74>@G
70;<4@A
'E434=
278@>

'C68>:0
*>;D>
">=8B>@8=6
0=3
>=24?B
4=B4@

!>=3>=

EEE880A0020B 26818= 42A

1>>:/3G= 1>>:2=B?G


-.
>>6E89:
"
&
+!
$'$
&
) "'&$

('+&+"$
'
)&.$
&) 0
*',)*
%7

B74A8A
)B@427B
)=8D4@A8BG
)B@427B
B74

0;85>@=80
&>;0=3
;85B
)=8D4@A8BG
>5
'C@@4G
#4B74@;0=3A




) 
0=3
%0B@8:
;8=B1><
*>;D>
(427=>;>6G
-.
$

"',$*
"*
+!
,)
.')*
+!&
+!

>@?>@0B8>=
'E434=
5>@
74;?5C;
38A2CAA8>=A
"**
&4?>@B
' ' &(

 
%0@8A




7BB? EEE>423>@6 3>2C<4=B 



  4=// /
 ////

4=)''/
7B<;


-.

H0@

!8=36@4=

=34@AA>=



0)' &
')
%+!&'$
"&
+!
+)&*(')++"'&
- .
>70=AA>=
(
4;;G

&433G
 #
0=3

*+')
&4?>@B


 
'#
 +8;;80<A
&
F42CB8D4
438B>@
!0C@84

 

D08;01;4
0B
EEE:51A4 ?354@
C@=70<
&.$
&) 0
2
*',)*
')

&

 ?35

,$*
&
$+)""+0
A;0=3
%@4AA
0;85>@=80

)'
 

-.

H0@

!8=36@4=

=34@AA>=



$'$
&) 0
*&)"'*
%+"&
*+)"& &+
-.

@8B8A7
%4B@>;4C<
*++"*+"$
,"
'
.')$


'&*+)"&+*
2
'*+
+"-
,$
!'"*
&) 0
D0;C4A
5>@



EEE1?2><

"&
+!
+)&*(')++"'&
*+')
=4@6G
%>;82G
-.
+>@;3
=4@6G
AA4AA<4=B
&) 0
&
+!






!$$& 
'
*,*+"&"$"+0
)=8B43
#0B8>=A

- .

H0@

!8=36@4=

!0@A>=

4D4;>?<4=B
%@>6@0<<4
)#%
)=8B43

">;;4@AB4=

)'&
(+,)
&
*+') 
#0B8>=A
4?0@B<4=B
>5
2>=><82
0=3
'>280;

)'%
'**"$
,$*
&
"'%**
2
'*+*
&
5508@A
)#I'
0=3
+>@;3
=4@6G

('+&+"$
)'$
"&
*+"$"1"&
+!
+%'*(!)
>C=28;
+
38B>@
>AJ
>;34<14@6

;8<0B82
70=64





'#


)'




-.

@07=
"
H0@

!8=36@4=

!
)'$
-.
&>6=4@


&
****%&+
'
.')$

'
"',$*
')
+)&*(')++"'&
"&

!0)')'&
)*',)*
==C0;
&4D84E
>5

%"**"'&
),+"'&
*&)"'*
."+!

$'$
=4@6G
0=3
B74
=D8@>=<4=B




-)*,*

) "'&$
)'&
(
8><0AA
0=3
-.
%



("$
)(')+
'&
)'&

8>4=4@6G



 
 

"'/"
(+,)
&
*+') 
38B43
1G

"


-.

=3>

)#+
(&+)+"'&
&$0*"*
'
$6C=;034
0D83A>=

34
>=8=2:
"
!>>A

,$
$$
-!"$*
"&
(&
0
,*"&
+!
0=3
!
"4G4@
D08;01;4
0B
EEE8?2227 ?35

A?4280;@4?>@BA A@22A A@22A/E7>;4@4?>@B?35

*'
=B4@=0B8>=0;
0BB4@G
G1@83
0=3
C4;
4;;
;42B@82
*4782;4
'G<?>A8C<



 Page 0529
World Electric Vehicle Journal Vol. 3 - ISSN 2032-6653 - 2009 AVERE

,
-


:A3?</A7C3
B3:@
(%


C3?@7=<


 
DDDA?/<@>=?A/A7=</<:

!

!
 
%3>=?A
=4
5=C
@=4AD/?3%'


A63
B?=>3/<
=;;7@@7=<
/:A3?</A7C3
4B3:@

,-

&/<A7<7

*/<5
!
 
$

1=<A/1A
5?=B>
31
 

$


DDDA?/<@>=?A/A7=<

,
-

'+
 
 
$



/<:5=C>24@) >24
/113@@32
31


"


$
 

, -

(&
/2C/<132
0/AA3?F
1=<@=?A7B;
/113@@32

%3>=?A
   
30
 

!/?16
 
6AA>DDDB@1/?=?5

, -

6=B26B?F
%


""
$

,-

(&
23>/?A;3<A
=4
3<3?5F




$


 




$

$


!
 !
$



DDD
33?33<3?5F5=C6F2?=53</<24B3:13::@
 
 $
 
DDD:0@A235;
@A=?/53>24@A/?53A@.=<0=/?2.6F2?=.@A=?/53
DAD


>24
/113@@32
!/?16
 


,
-

#"*
(%
%3>=?A

,-
/::/?2
<1
/113@@32
!/?16
 

"
$

  
 !
 

6AA>>6E1=?>=?/A37?<3A>6=3<7EG6A;:1


"


 
#

 >7?=:<3D@?A71:3

B?=>3/<
=;;7@@7=<
BE3;0=B?5
 

6756:756A

6AA>73@8?11313B7<ADAD6A;:

,-
&D327@6
$
/113@@32
!/?16
 

,-

*/<5
!
 

 

DDD</AB?C/?2@C3?93A@3B>:=/2 .9:7;/A.7


$




.4=?/<2?7<5>243;7@@7=<@2/A/.9=:27=E72>24

)&
<A3?</A7=</:
/AA3?F
F0?72
/<2
B3:
3::
:31A?71
)3671:3
&F;>=@7B;

 Page 0530
World Electric Vehicle Journal Vol. 3 - ISSN 2032-6653 - 2009 AVERE



"2*"
2").
)"3
"
)
*.
.&2(9
".%

.6*2/.-&.4
)93*$",
&3/52$&

)&/29
4"+&.
"4
)",-&23
.*6&23*49

/'
&$)./,/(9
7&%&.
"2,*&2

"$"%&-*$
15",*'*$"4*/.3
&(2&&
/'

*$&.4*"4&
*.
.&2(9
".%
.6*2/.-&.4



&(2&&
/'
/34
(2"%5"4&
%*0,/-"

*.
4"4*34*$3
".%
/0&2"4*/.
2&3&"2$)

/9",
&,#/52.&
.34*454&
/'

&$)./,/(9

5342",*"


&(2&&
/'
"34&2
/'
$*&.$&
*.


)93*$3


*-
.%&23/.
)"3
"


".%
)

*.
*6*,
".%
.6*2/.-&.4",

.(*.&&2*.(
'2/-
4".'/2%
.*6&23*49


&
)"3
7/2+&%
"4
/2%
/4/2

/-0".9
'/2

9&"23
/.
"
6"2*&49
/'

&.6*2/.-&.4",
3$*&.$&
".%
&.(*.&&2*.(


4/0*$3

*-/4)9
!",,*.(4/.
)"3
)*,
".%

$
%&(2&&3
'2/-
4)&
.*6&23*49
/'

8'/2%
".

'2/-
4)&
.*6&23*49

/'
*$)*(".
".%
".
/./2"29
$

'2/-
/0&.)"(&.
.*6&23*49


&
7"3

"
5-#/,%4
&3&"2$)
&,,/7
*.


".%
2&$&*6&%
4)&

.%5342*",

)&-*3429
7"2%
*.


&
)"3

$/.%5$4&%
3$*&.4*'*$
2&3&"2$)
"4
/2%


/4/2
/-0".9
'/2
4)&
0"34

9&"23

"43
!*,,*".%&2
)

".%

$
)"3
/6&2

9&"23
&80&2*&.$&

'2/-
*.%53429
7)&2&
4)&
,"34


9&"23

)"3
#&&.
*.
4)&
"54/-/4*6&
*.%53429
*.

6"2*/53
0/3*4*/.3
$/.$&2.*.(
#53*.&33


342"4&(9
".%
02/%5$4
0,"..*.(

 
.4&2."4*/.",
"44&29
9#2*%
".%
5&,
&,,
,&$42*$
&)*$,&
9-0/3*5-