Gemma Sts Gen Ed 7 Module

REFERENCES
1
Preface
This learning module in Science, Technology and Society is a learning resource

which focus in the interaction between science and technology and social, cultural, political,
and economic contexts that shape and are shaped by them. This module was developed to
instill reflective knowledge in the students that they are able to live the good life and display
ethical decision making in the face of scientific and technological advancement.
It focused on the following learning outcomes:
a. Elucidate the relationship among science, technology, and society.

b. Develop the ability to analyze solve problems critically and think innovatively and
creatively
c. Make informed decisions regarding societal issues;
d. Participate in activities towards attainment of environmental and societal
sustainability
e. Discover one’s roles in responding to the needs of society.
The authors of this text and workbook are not claiming sole ownership of the
information contained in this book. Many of these were adapted from the work of different
authors. This learning module was designed for a flexible modality of instruction enable to
adapt both teacher and learners in the new normal classes. This self-learning module also
provides you different activities to activate your prior knowledge and synthesize and assess
your learning. For additional information, links for video presentations were included for
you to understand further the discussion of the concepts.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Cover Page i
Preface ii
Chapter I: HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 1

Science 1
Thoughts Offered by Some of the Greatest 1
Scientists in History
Technology 4
The Roles of Science and Technology 4
Relationship of Science and Technology 5
The Connections Between Science, Technology and 5
Society
Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology 5
Filipino Scientists and Their Inventions 17
Chapter 2: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT 20

DEFINED SOCIETY
Copernican Revolution 22
Darwinian Revolution 22
Information Revolution 23
Development of Science in Mesoamerica 24
Development of Science in Asia 25
Development of Science in Middle East Countries 26
Development of Science in Africa 27
Chapter 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND NATION BUILDING 31

The Philippine Government Science and Technology 32
Agenda
Major Development Programs and Personalities in 34
Science & Technology in the Philippines
Science Education in the Philippines 38
Science Education in Basic and Tertiary Education 39
Selected Indigenous Science and Technologies 40
Chapter 4: THE HUMAN PERSON FLOURISHING IN TERMS OF SCIENCE

AND TECHNOLOGY - TECHNOLOGY AS A WAY OF REVEALING 48
Martin Heidegger: A Philosopher 48
The Essence of Technology 50
Technology as a Way of Revealing 50
Technology as Poiesis: Does Modern Technology Bring 50
Forth or Challenge Forth?
Enframing as Modern Technology’s Way of Revealing 51
The Dangers of Technology 51
Art as the Saving Power 52
Chapter 5: HUMAN FLOURISHING AND THE GOOD LIFE 57

Human Flourishing 58
The Good Life 58
Aristotle’s Nichomachean Ethics 59
Summary of Nicomachean Ethics 69
Eudaimonia: The Ultimate Good 62
Aristotle on the Good Life 62
Chapter 6: WHEN TECHNOLOGY AND HUMANITY CROSS 66
Ethics in Technology 68
Emerging Ethical Dilemmas in Science and Technology 68
5 Ethical Issues in Technology to Watch for in 2021 68
Chapter 7: THE INFORMATION AGE 71

The Information Age 72
Historical Development of Information Age 72
Timeline of the Information Age 72
The Impact of Information Age 76
Chapter 8 : THE NANO WORLD 78

Nanotechnology 79
Some of the Uses of Nanotechnologies in Consumer 81
Products:
Some of the Foreseen Applications of Nanotechnology in 81
the Medium Term:
Nanotechnology and the Situation of Developing 82
Countries
Risks of Nanotechnology 83
Implications of nanotechnology on human health and 83
the environment
Chapter 9: GENE THERAPY 86

Introduction 87
Gene Therapy 87
Approaches to Gene Therapy 87
Types of Gene Therapy 87
Gene Therapy Strategies 87
Methods of Gene Therapy 89
Target sites for Gene Therapy 91
Advantages and Disadvantages of Gene Therapy 91
Chapter 10: CLIMATE CHANGE 93

Climate and Weather 94
Global Climate Change 94
Evidence for Global Climate Change 94
Current and Past Drivers of Global Climate Change 96
Documented Results of Climate : Past and Present 98
CHAPTER I: HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
OVERVIEW
Have you ever asked yourself how Science and Technology started? This unit tackles
about the history of Science and Technology from the thoughts of greatest scientists about
Science to their inventions started from ancient to modern ages.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the unit, I am able to:

• Discuss the interactions between S&T and society throughout history;
• Discuss the thoughts of some greatest scientists in history;
• Explain the roles of Science and Technology; and
• Cite the inventions of different scientist from ancient to modern ages.
ACTIVATING PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
Write “A” if the invention is from ancient period, “B” from middle ages and “C” from
modern ages.
_______1. Paper Money
_______2. Wheel barrow
_______3. Spinning wheel
_______4. Printing press
_______5. Iron swords
_______6. Gun powder
_______7. Bronze Axes
_______8. Heavy Plow
_______9. Computer
_______10. Umbrella
_______11. Clay Pots
_______12. Light Bulbs
_______13. Aluminum
_______14. Cannon
_______15. Hammer stone
Expanding Your Knowledge
Science
- comes from the Latin word scientia, meaning “knowledge.”
- define as an organized way of studying things and finding answers to questions by
the use of scientific method.
Here are thoughts offered by some of the greatest scientists in history:

“The great tragedy of Science — the slaying of a beautiful hypothesis
by an ugly fact.”
THOMAS HUXLEY: BIOLOGIST
1870
“…science consists in grouping facts so that general laws or

conclusions may be drawn from them.”
CHARLES DARWIN: BIOLOGIST
1887
1
“It is the function of science to discover the existence of a general
reign of order in nature and to find the causes governing this order.
And this refers in equal measure to the relations of man (social and
political) and to the entire universe as a whole…”
DMITRI MENDELEEV: CHEMIST
1901
“The real value of science is in the getting, and those who have tasted
the pleasure of discovery alone know what science is. A problem
solved is dead. A world without problems to be solved would be
devoid of science.”
FREDERICK SODDY: CHEMIST
1912
“The aim of science is to seek the simplest explanations of complex
facts. We are apt to fall into the error of thinking that the facts are
simple because simplicity is the goal of our quest. The guiding motto
in the life of every natural philosopher should be, Seek simplicity
and distrust it.”
ALFRED NORTH WHITEHEAD: MATHEMATICIAN
1919
“Science begets knowledge; opinion begets ignorance.”
HIPPOCRATES: PHYSICIAN
c. 400 BC
“Our society, in which reigns an eager desire for riches and luxury,
does not understand the value of science. It does not realize that
science is a most precious part of its moral patrimony. Nor does it
take sufficient cognizance of the fact that science is at the base of all
the progress that lightens the burden of life and lessens its
suffering.”
MARIE CURIE: CHEMIST, PHYSICIST
1923
“Science is a wonderful thing if one does not have to earn one’s living
at it. One should earn one’s living by work of which one is sure one
is capable. Only when we do not have to be accountable to anybody
can we find joy in scientific endeavor.”
ALBERT EINSTEIN: PHYSICIST
1951
“In science the opinions of a thousand are not worth as much as one
tiny spark of reason in an individual man.”
GALILEO GALILEI: PHYSICIST, ASTRONOMER
1610
“Science makes people reach unselfishly for truth and objectivity; it

teaches people to accept reality, with wonder and admiration, not to
mention the deep awe and delight that the natural order of things
brings to the true scientist.”
LISE MEITNER: PHYSICIST
1953
“It is a profound and necessary truth that the deep things in science
are not found because they are useful; they are found because it was
possible to find them.”
J. ROBERT OPPENHEIMER: PHYSICIST
1953
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“Science is a game… In the presentation of a scientific problem, the
other player is the good Lord. He has not only set the problem but
also has devised the rules of the game – but they are not completely
known, half of them are left for you to discover or to deduce.”
ERWIN SCHRÖDINGER: PHYSICIST
1955
“The important thing in science is not so much to obtain new facts as
to discover new ways of thinking about them.”
WILLIAM LAWRENCE BRAGG: PHYSICIST
1957
“No doubt science cannot admit of compromises, and can only bring
out the complete truth. Hence there must be controversy, and the
strife may be, and sometimes must be, sharp. But must it even then
be personal? Does it help science to attack the man as well as the
statement?”
RUDOLF VIRCHOW: PATHOLOGIST
1861
“I strongly believe that fundamental science cannot be driven by
instructional, industrial and government or military pressures. This
was the reason why I decided, as far as possible, not to accept money
from the government.”
C. V. RAMAN: PHYSICIST
1970
“Science is not a heartless pursuit of objective information; it is a
creative human activity.”
STEPHEN JAY GOULD: PALEONTOLOGIST
1977
“Science is a self-correcting process. To be accepted, new ideas must

survive the most rigorous standards of evidence and scrutiny.”
CARL SAGAN: PLANETARY SCIENTIST
1980
“Science is founded on uncertainty. Each time we learn something

new and surprising, the astonishment comes with the realization
that we were wrong before… In truth, whenever we discover a new
fact it involves the elimination of old ones.”
LEWIS THOMAS: PHYSICIAN AND EDUCATOR
1980
“It is curious how often erroneous theories have had a beneficial
effect for particular branches of science.”
ERNST MAYR: EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGIST
1982
“Nor must we forget that in science there are no final truths.”

CLAUDE LÉVI-STRAUSS: ANTHROPOLOGIST
1990
“Science is an integral part of culture. It’s not this foreign thing, done
by an arcane priesthood. It’s one of the glories of the human
intellectual tradition.”
STEPHEN JAY GOULD: PALEONTOLOGIST
1990
3
“Of course, if one ignores contradictory observations, one can claim
to have an “elegant” or “robust” theory. But it isn’t science.”
HALTON ARP: ASTRONOMER
1991
“Some people think that science is just all this technology around,
but no it’s something much deeper than that. Science, scientific
thinking, scientific method is for me the only philosophical
construct that the human race has developed to determine what is
reliably true.”
HARRY KROTO: CHEMIST
2010
“We sometimes forget about the creative part of science. I think you
need time to daydream, to let your imagination take you where it
can… I’ve noticed among the creative, successful scientists who’ve
really advanced things, that was a part of their life.”
ELIZABETH H. BLACKBURN: MOLECULAR BIOLOGIST
2010
“Science, however, is never conducted as a popularity contest, but
instead advances through testable, reproducible, and falsifiable
theories.”
MICHIO KAKU: PHYSICIST
2014
Source: https://www.famousscientists.org/what-is-science-quotes/
Technology
- Application of scientific knowledge, laws, and principles to produce services,
materials, tools, and machines aimed at solving real-world problems.
- Comes from the Greek word techne, meaning “art, skill, or cunning of hand.”
- Things that fulfil our needs and desires, or perform certain functions
- Involves creating and inventing things
The roles of Science and Technology
Source: https://pdfcoffee.com/module-1-stspdf-pdf-free.html
4
Relationship of Science and Technology
According to Brooks (1994), Science contributes to technology in at least six ways:
a. New knowledge which serves as a direct source of ideas for new technological
possibilities;
b. source of tools and techniques for more efficient engineering design and a
knowledge base for evaluation of feasibility of designs;
c. research instrumentation, laboratory techniques and analytical methods used in
research that eventually find their way into design or industrial practices, often
through intermediate disciplines;
d. practice of research as a source for development and assimilation of new human
skills and capabilities eventually useful for technology;
e. creation of a knowledge base that becomes increasingly important in the
assessment of technology in terms of its wider social and environmental impacts;
and
f. knowledge base that enables more efficient strategies of applied research,
development, and refinement of new technologies.
Source: https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/relationship-between-science-
and-technology
The Connection Between Science, Technology, and Society

According to Goldman(2020), technology alters how we can behave. Society drives
technological innovations and scientific inquiry. Science gives us insight into what kind of
technologies we could potentially create and how to create them, while technology allows us
to conduct further scientific research.
Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology

A. Ancient Period : Technology in the ancient world
The Ancient Times were divided into three periods:
1. Stone Age (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic) began about 2.6 million years ago,
when researchers found the earliest evidence of humans using stone tools,
and lasted until about 3,300 B.C. when the Bronze Age began. It is typically
broken into three distinct periods: the Paleolithic Period, Mesolithic Period
and Neolithic Period.
❖ Some Technologies or Inventions from the Stone Age

1. Hammerstones
Prehistoric humans used hammerstones to chip other stones into
sharp-edged flakes. They also used hammerstones to break apart nuts, seeds
and bones and to grind clay into pigment.
2. Clay Pots
People during the Stone Age first started using clay pots to cook food
and store things.
3. Hand Axes, Spears and other tools used as weapons
While humans had the technology to create spears and other tool s to
use as weapons, there’s little evidence for Stone Age wars.
4. Stone Art
The earliest known depiction of a human in Stone Age art is a small
ivory sculpture of a female figure with exaggerated breasts and genitalia.
The figurine is named the Venus of Hohle Fels, after the cave in Germany in
which it was discovered. It’s about 40,000 years old.
Humans started carving symbols and signs onto the walls of caves during the
Stone Age using hammerstones and stone chisels.
These early murals, called petroglyphs, depict scenes of animals. Some may
have been used as early maps, showing trails, rivers, landmarks, astronomical
markers and symbols communicating time and distance traveled.
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Shamans, too, may have created cave art while under the influence of natural
hallucinogens.
Source: https://www.history.com/topics/pre-history/stone-age
2. Bronze Age
The Bronze Age is a prehistoric period, approximately 3300 BC to 1200 BC, that was
characterized by the use of bronze, in some areas proto-writing, and other early features of
urban civilization.
❖ Some Technologies or Inventions from the Bronze Age
1. Soap
An equation for soap was found on the Babylonian earth tablet that dated 2800
B.C. The three main ingredients of soap at that time were cassia oil, water and soluble
base also known as Alkali. During the reign of Nabonidus the soap was prepared via
ashes, sesame and cypress.
2. Rope
The credit for this invention goes to the Old Egyptians. The old Egyptians are
considered as the first ever civilization that actually developed a one of a kind
apparatus that contributed to the creation of rope. The main material of this rope was
water reed fiber.
3. Umbrella
The umbrella was also invented during the Bronze Age and the exact time was
2400 B.C. Though different civilizations developed different instruments to protect
themselves from rain however the first proper Umbrella was invented by the
Egyptians. The Egyptians basically used parasols for protection against rain.
4. Locks
Bronze Age people used to protect their valuables through different means
however the first ever lock was invented in the Bronze Age (2000 B.C.). The earliest
Locks were founded in ancient city of Nineveh.
5. Kites
Kites were also developed during the Bronze Civilization. Yes of course just
like today these kites were developed to meet the recreational needs of the general
population. The Chinese Bronze Civilization is the one who for the first time created
kites as they had the materials like silk fabric and high strength silk which are
required for the building of kites.
6. Carp’s Tongue Sword
The Carp’s Tongue Sword which was very common in 1000 B.C. was invented
during the Bronze Age. The sword was a military innovation of its time and most of
its artifacts have been discovered in Thames Valley. It is believed that the inventers
of this sword copied the style of swords that were utilized in the north-western region
of France.
7. Socketed Axe
Another major military innovation of the Bronze Age was Socketed Axe. The
Axe was predominantly used by the Mesopotamian armies of the Middle East. The
Axe was a serious weapon and gave a good competitive age to the army which was
equipped with it. Once it was invented, the later generations also used this Axe for
almost 2000 years.
8. Sickle Sword
The sickle sword was one serious innovation of its time and due credit has to
be given to the Sumerian civilization of southern Mesopotamia who actually invented
it. This was the time when the culture of professional armies had begun and nations
used to give due consideration to their military abilities.
9. Bronze Axes
The Bronze Axes was primarily used for farming and it was much harder as
compared to a normal stone ax. The Ax head contained a ring which actually assisted
the Axe from getting damaged. The Bronze Axe is also considered one of the most
impactful innovations of the Bronze Age.
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10. Plow
Another innovation which was introduced to this world by the Bronze Age was
Plow. The plows which were manufactured in the previous age were made of wood
or stone. The Bronze Plow had the ability to take tough impacts without getting
damaged.
11. Wheel
The first ever was developed during the Bronze Age. The wheel was used in a
variety of purposes. The oldest wheel that has been found by the archaeologist to the
date is the one found from the Mesopotamia.
12. Chariots
The invention of wheel further contributed to the development of chariots
which served both as a war machine and a transporting equipment for the elite of the
society.
3. Iron Age
The Iron Age began around 1200 B.C. in the Mediterranean region and
Near East with the collapse of several prominent Bronze Age civilizations,
including the Mycenaean civilization in Greece and the Hittite Empire in Turkey.
❖ Some Technologies or Inventions from the Iron Age
1. Iron Swords – stronger and cheaper opposed to a bronze sword they used before
2. Alphabet – helped with communication especially written language
3. Rudders – boats could steer itself
4. Plows with Iron Tips – allowed farmers to expand land
5. Water wheel – provided lifting for irrigation and milling
6. Spinning Wheel – easier way to produce yarn and thread for clothing
7. Wood Pole Lathe – allowed workers to make noble items of wood including buckets and
bowls
8. Iron Cannons -used in wars accurately
9.Stone Cannon Balls – used because more destructive in war when fired
10. Scale Armour – protects the infantry more than the armor in the past did
11. Pottery Wheel – made the process of pottery making faster and easier
12. Metal Helmet -
13. Querns – grained grain way more efficiently
14. Vessels -made ships more stable
15. Oars – connected to vessels and they made it easier for transportation
Source: https://prezi.com/i5qug8nvwum8/iron-age-inventions/
B. Middle Ages
Middle Ages is the period in European history from the collapse of Roman
civilization in the 5th century CE to the period of the Renaissance (variously interpreted as
beginning in the 13th, 14th, or 15th century, depending on the region of Europe and other
factors).
18 Inventions During The Middle Ages

1. Printing press
Source:https://interestingengineering.com/18-inventions-of-the-middle-ages-that-changed-the-world
7
2. Coffee House
3. The heavy plow led to the Agricultural Revolution
4. Verge escapement/mechanical clocks replaced hourglasses
5. Paper 'money'
Source:https://interestingengineering.com/18-inventions-of-the-middle-ages-that-
changed-the-world
8
6. The hourglass was a great way of keeping time
changed-the-world
7. Gunpowder changed the world
changed-the-world
8. The blast furnace first appeared in Switzerland and Germany
changed-the-world
9. Liquor was a Medieval thing
changed-the-world
9
10. The wheelbarrow was invented in the Middle Ages
changed-the-world
11. The flying buttress is an iconic Middle Age development
Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=flying+buttress+middle+ages&sxsrf=ALeKk01cqnB-
8oYhzH1e7TpLSX7VXivk1Q:1627689631003&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=DGDPqmev0St0TM%252CAi
V_q8Iz-yFFnM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-
kQ8QWTDyTbtO5ybGqDKYzvPtUZsLg&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjZm4qygIzyAhUSZ94KHWUEC8gQ9QF6BAgUEA
E&biw=1280&bih=609#imgrc=rw-b20ymnnTnBM
12. The spinning wheel was invented in India
changed-the-world
13. The tidal mill first appeared in Ireland
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14. Pintle-and-gudgeon stern-mounted rudders shrank the world
Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=Pintle-and-gudgeon+stern-
mounted+rudders&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjMsOuzgIzyAhUOxYsBHYFJCUAQ2-cCegQIABAA&oq=Pintle-
and-gudgeon+stern-
mounted+rudders&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIFCAAQgAQ6BwgjEOoCECdQr8pAWObcQGDN5EBoAXAAeAKAAW2
IAa8RkgEEMjUuMpgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nsAEKwAEB&sclient=img&ei=opIEYczXKY6Kr7wPgZOlg
AQ&bih=609&biw=1280#imgrc=LsASOqJNsSounM
15. Treadmill cranes made building easier
16. Eyeglasses made everything clear
17. Cannon changed warfare forever
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18. The astrolabe was an early computer
C. Modern Ages
The Modern Age is a period in human history which spans from the 20th century
beginning with the period after the end of First World War and ending with the advent of
the Digital revolution. This period saw the improvement of contemporary weapons and
technologies in the middle of the unstability and ravages of the Second World War, as the
world began to move into a more technical, but more destructive age.
Source: https://riseofnations.fandom.com/wiki/Modern_Age/History
Great Modern Inventions that Changed the World
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13
14
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Source: https://www.biographyonline.net/scientists/modern-inventions.html
C. History of Science and Technology in the Philippines
Brief History of Science and Technology in the Philippines
Science
• In pre-Spanish Philippines, is embedded in the way of life of the people. Scientific
knowledge is observed in the way they plant their crops that provide them food, in
taking care of animals to help them in their daily tasks, and foe food productions.
• Science is observed in the way they interpret the movements of heavenly bodies to
predict seasons and climates, and in organizing days into months and years. They use
science in preparing the soil for agricultural purposes and like any other ancient
cultures, they discovered the medicinal uses.
Technology
- is used by people in building houses, irrigations and in developing tools that they can use
in everyday life. They developed tools for planting, hunting, cooking, and fishing; for fighting
their enemies during war or tribal conflicts; and for transportation, both on land and on
waterways. They also developed technologies in creating musical instruments.
STONE AGE
• Archeological findings show that modern man from Asian mainland first came over
land on across narrow channels to live in Batangas and Palawan about 48,000 B.C.
• Subsequently they formed settlement in Sulu, Davao, Zamboanga, Samar, Negros,
Batangas, Laguna, Rizal, Bulacan and Cagayan.
Inventions
• They made simple tools and weapons of stone flakes and later developed method of
sawing and polishing stones around 40,000 B.C.
• By around 3,000 B.C. they were producing adzes ornaments of seashells and pottery.
Pottery flourished for the next 2,000 years until they imported Chinese porcelain.
Soon they learned to produce copper, bronze, iron, and gold metal tools and
ornaments.
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Iron Age
• The Iron Age lasted from there third century B.C. to 11th century A.D. During this
period Filipinos were engaged in extraction smelting and refining of iron from ores,
until the importation of cast iron from Sarawak and later from China.
Inventions/Discoveries
• They learn to weave cotton, make glass ornaments, and cultivate lowland rice and
dike fields of terraced fields utilizing spring water in mountain regions.
• They also learned to build boats for trading purposes.
• Spanish chronicles noted refined plank built warships called caracoa suited for
interisland trade raids.
10th century A.D
• Filipinos from the Butuan were trading with Champa (Vietnam) and those from Ma-I
(Mindoro) with China as noted in Chinese records containing several references to
the Philippines. These archaeological findings indicated that regular trade relations
between the Philippines, China and Vietnam had been well established from the 10th
century to the 15th century A.D.
Trading
• The People of Ma-I and San-Hsu (Palawan) traded bee wax, cotton, pearls, coconut
heart mats, tortoise shell and medicinal betel nuts, panie cloth for porcelain, leads
fishnets sinker, colored glass beads, iron pots, iron needles and tin.
Before the Spaniards
Filipinos were already engage in activities and practices related to science forming
primitive or first wave technology. They were curative values of some plant on how to extract
medicine from herbs. They had an alphabet, a system of writing, a method of counting and
weights and measure. They had no calendar but counted the years by the period of the moon
and from one harvest to another.
Source: https://prezi.com/p/-ycfrdomgpnv/brief-history-of-science-and-technology-in-
the-philippines/
Filipino Scientists and their Inventions

1. Agapito Flores - inventor of the first fluorescent lamp.
2. Angel Alcala – inventor of artifical coral reefs used for fisheries in Southeast Asia.
3. Benjamin Almeda designed a food-processing machine.
4. Eduardo San Juan worked on the team that invented the Lunar Rover or Moon Buggy.
5. Dr. Fe Del Mundo is credited with studies leading to the invention of an improved
incubator and a jaundice relieving device.
6. Felix Maramba built a coconut oil-fueled power generator.
7. Francisco Quisumbing invented Quink ink.
8. Jose Rodriguez is a noted Filipino scientist and researcher who has invented methods of
controlling leprosy.
9. Julian Banzon researched methods of producing alternative fuels.
10. Paulo Campos built the first radioisotope laboratory in the Philippines.
11. Pedro Escuro is best known for his isolation of nine rice varieties.
12. Pedro Flores was the first person to manufactured the yo-yo in the United States.
13. Roberto Del Rosario is the inventor of the Karaoke Sing Along System.
14. Filipino scientist Rolando De La Cruz invented an anti-cancer skin cream.
Source: http://theinventors.org/od/filipinoscientists/index_a.htm
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SYNTHESIZING YOUR KNOWLEDGE
Activity No. ______
Name: ___________________________________________ Date: _________________________________
Yr/Section: _____________________________________ Score: __________________/30
Activity No. 1
For this activity, address the question: If you were an inventor, what would you invent? Make
sure that your invention does not exist in this present time but very much useful in the future.
Draw your invention inside the box.
Answer the following questions:
1. What is your invention? What does it do?

2. Why did you come up with this kind of invention?
3. How is your invention similar to or different from existing tools or technologies
in terms of function?
References:
Author: Harvey Brooks | 1994, Author: Harvey Brooks, Author: Brooks, H., The Author
Harvey Brooks Former Benjamin Pierce Professor of Technology and Public Policy,
Harvey Brooks Former Benjamin Pierce Professor of Technology and Public Policy,
Krebs, C., Vincent K. Brooks Ho Young Leem, Martin, T. W. C., Wheeler, T., Martin, C.,
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Sean M. Lynn-Jones | March 1998, Lynn-Jones, S. M., Harvey Brooks | 1994, & Robby
Mook Matt Rhoades Eric Rosenbach . (n.d.). The relationship between science and
technology. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs.
https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/relationship-between-science-and-
technology.
Brief history of science and technology in the Philippines. prezi.com. (n.d.).

https://prezi.com/p/-ycfrdomgpnv/brief-history-of-science-and-technology-in-the-
philippines/?fallback=1.
Doc, T. (n.d.). Home. Famous Scientists. https://www.famousscientists.org/what-is-science-

quotes/.
Filipino inventors and Filipino scientists. Filipino Inventors and Filipino Scientists. (n.d.).
https://www.theinventors.org/od/filipinoscientists/index_a.htm.
Google. (n.d.). Google search.

https://www.google.com/search?q=flying%2Bbuttress%2Bmiddle%2Bages&sxsrf=A
LeKk01cqnB-
8oYhzH1e7TpLSX7VXivk1Q%3A1627689631003&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=
DGDPqmev0St0TM%252CAiV_q8Iz-yFFnM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-
kQ8QWTDyTbtO5ybGqDKYzvPtUZsLg&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjZm4qygIzyAhUSZ94KH
WUEC8gQ9QF6BAgUEAE&biw=1280&bih=609#imgrc=rw-b20ymnnTnBM.
Google. (n.d.). Google search. https://www.google.com/search?q=Pintle-and-

gudgeon%2Bstern-
mounted%2Brudders&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjMsOuzgIzyAhUOxYsBHYFJCUAQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=Pintle-and-gudgeon%2Bstern-
mounted%2Brudders&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIFCAAQgAQ6BwgjEOoCECdQr8pAWObc
QGDN5EBoAXAAeAKAAW2IAa8RkgEEMjUuMpgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nsAE
KwAEB&sclient=img&ei=opIEYczXKY6Kr7wPgZOlgAQ&bih=609&biw=1280#imgrc=
LsASOqJNsSounM.
Great modern inventions that changed the world: Biography Online. (2020, March 10).
https://www.biographyonline.net/scientists/modern-inventions.html.
Guest. (n.d.). Module 1- sts.pdf. pdfcoffee.com. https://pdfcoffee.com/module-1-stspdf-pdf-

free.html.
History.com Editors. (2018, January 12). Stone age. History.com.

https://www.history.com/topics/pre-history/stone-age.
Iron age inventions. prezi.com. (n.d.). https://prezi.com/i5qug8nvwum8/iron-age-

inventions/.
McFadden, C. (2021, January 17). 18 inventions that Shaped Europe in the Middle Ages.
Interesting Engineering. https://interestingengineering.com/18-inventions-of-the-
middle-ages-that-changed-the-world.
Modern age/history. Rise of Nations Wiki. (n.d.).

https://riseofnations.fandom.com/wiki/Modern_Age/History.
19
CHAPTER 2: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY
OVERVIEW
Every day, we ask ourselves where we came from, how our society developed and
how it progressed and continuously evolving, right? We cannot give answers to ourselves,
but some fascinating theories and breakthroughs in Science gave us answers. In this chapter
you will learn about the different scientific revolutions or drastic changes which contribute
on the development of our society from the past which greatly contributes to our present. It
includes the Copernican, Darwinian, Freudian and Information Revolutions and the four
cradles of early science, which are Meso-American, Asian, Middle East and African.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter, I am able to:
• articulate ways by which society is transformed by science and technology;
• write an article on the significance of different intellectual revolutions that defined
society;
• express appreciation on the contributions of different cradles of early science.
ACTIVATING YOUR PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
Let us see how well you know about the intellectual revolutions in Science, write
EUREKA if the statement is correct, if not write HOAX. To make this part effective, be honest
and do not search on the internet.
_________________1. Darwin’s Natural Selection means survival of the fittest.
_________________2. Freud proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection where
organisms change overtime as a result of changes in heritable physical or
behavioral traits.
_________________3. Copernicus is an Astronomer who contradicts the Heliocentric Theory and
proposed the geocentric model where planets revolve around the sun.
_________________4. Cuneiform is considered the most significant contribution of the Sumerians
because of how important writing is to civilization.
_________________5. The four great inventions in Africa are Compass, gunpowder, papermaking,
printing.
_________________6. Patients who undergo psychoanalysis are able to relieve themselves of
excruciating mental suffering and gain a better understanding of
themselves and others.
_________________7. The Maya civilization is one of the most well-known civilizations in history,
lasting roughly 2,000 years.
_________________8. In his Aryabhatiya, Indian astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata (476–
550) introduced a number of trigonometric functions, tables, and
procedures, as well as algebraic algorithms.
_________________9. Ibn al-Haytham, a Muslim scientist, is known as the "Father of Optics" for
his empirical evidence of the intromission theory of light.
_________________10. Asia was noted for being a center of alchemy, the medieval predecessor of
chemistry.
20
EXPANDING YOUR KNOWLEDGE
How well did you answer the activity earlier? Maybe you encountered already some
of that information and of course some are not, right? If not, let us discuss the different
intellectual revolutions that defined society.
The term "intellectual revolution" refers to a period in which people have extensively
embraced and accepted paradigm shifts or changes in scientific views (Hintay, 2018). The
events of the Intellectual Revolution demonstrated how science and technology
revolutionized society. As a future educator, you should know these magnanimous changes
because it will lead to a more interesting outlook on Science as a method of problem solving
and bringing changes in the community.
To better comprehend what happened during the scientific revolution, it's vital to
look at the various individuals whose ideas challenged and shook the prevalent beliefs and
concepts of the day - the reality of their time. Curiosity, critical thinking, and innovation
motivate scientists to study the physical and natural world throughout history. Their
enthusiasm for science stems from a profound desire to learn and discover new things.
Nicolaus Copernicus: COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
People used to wonder what caused the world to exist. There are days and nights.
They wanted to know what celestial meant. Stars, moons, and planets are examples of
celestial bodies. The development of the telescope allowed people to look out into space. It
piqued their interest in space, but more significantly, it piqued their interest in learning more
about it. what was out there in reality.
Many Greek philosophers and thinkers wrote about planets in an effort to explain
heavenly bodies' movements and impact on the world as they knew it. Many of these
philosophers agreed that planets rotated in a circular motion, which caused days and nights,
among other things. Claudius Ptolemy, a great philosopher and astronomer, claimed that
the planets, as well as the sun and moon, revolved around the Earth in a circular motion. The
revolution of the sun and moon explained the existence of days and nights. Geocentrism is
the belief that the Earth is the center of the universe. Ptolemy's geocentric model was
universally accepted and considered one of the most important discoveries of the period.
Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish mathematician and astronomer, disputed the
Ptolemaic model in the 16th century. He proposed a new theory known as heliocentrism,
which claimed that the sun, not the Earth, was the center of the Solar System. The people
initially opposed this concept. Many people were shocked since their religious beliefs taught
them that the Earth came first, before everything else. Copernicus was also punished as a
heretic since his theories contradicted religious doctrine. Astronomers noticed after some
time that the Copernican model simplified planet orbits. It also addressed issues that the
geocentric model couldn't explain. Other works that backed up this paradigm began to
appear as well. It was eventually accepted by the public during the so-called "Birth of
Modern Astronomy" period. This period saw the start of the scientific revolution, which
resulted in a shift in society's attitudes and ideas.
Copernicus is a brave man as well. Although the Copernican paradigm makes sense
today, it was considered heretical at the time and was therefore forbidden to be taught to
Catholics. The Copernican paradigm was outlawed by the Catholic Church, and Rome ignored
it for the rest of the 16th century.
21
Charles Darwin: DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution is well-known. He altered our perceptions of the
world's origins and evolution. Darwin was a genius who comes from a long line of intelligent
and rich ancestors (Johnson, 2012). During his time at Shrewsbury School, he developed an
interest in natural history. He attended the top schools, but he was considered an average
student. He struggled in his medical and ministry studies, which his father forced upon him.
When one of Darwin's instructors suggested that he undertake a five-year journey across the
HMS Beagle on the Islands of Galapagos, his life altered forever.
Darwin's book The Origin of Species was published in 1589. This book is regarded
as one of the most important works in the field of science. In order to demonstrate his theory
with compelling evidence, Darwin gathered a large amount of material. His book included
evidence of how species evolved over time, as well as features and adaptations that
distinguish species.
His work The Descent of Man was both amazing and divisive. He popularized the
concept of all organic life, including humans, falling under the evolutionary umbrella. This
has displaced the popular belief in a religious or biblical design that places humans in a
special position as God's creations. Darwin's theory of evolution threw doubt on this belief.
Darwin's accomplishments were so varied that it's helpful to separate two domains
in which he made significant contributions: evolutionary biology and science philosophy.
More than these publications, what made Darwin genuinely exceptional was his fearlessness
in confronting religious and nonscientific notions that were prevalent at the time.
Sigmund Freud: FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
In the subject of psychology Sigmund Freud is a well-known figure. He is a towering
literary figure and a gifted communicator who contributed to raising the civilized world's
awareness of psychological matters (Rosenfels, 1980).
Freud also made a significant contribution to science by developing an important
observational method for gathering reliable data in order to explore the inner life of humans.
This strategy is sometimes referred to as the psychoanalytic method. This method's main
core version was developed by the scientific hypothesis he formulated. For Freud, this
method of psychoanalysis is a scientific way to study human mind and neurotic illness.
Sigmund Freud was not a conventional thinker. His psychoanalytic method was
demonstrated to be useful in understanding neurological disorders that medicine could not
understand at the time. His approach was unconventional, emphasizing on human sexuality
and man's wicked nature. Psychoanalysis is a branch of psychology that aims to understand
human behavior. According to Freud's thesis, there are numerous conscious and
unconscious influences that might impact one's behavior and feelings. He also claimed that
personality is the result of three opposing forces: the id, the ego, and the superego.
Id is a biological component that causes a variety of desires and urges. It is based on
the pleasure principle and focuses on the fulfilment of basic necessities such as food and sex.
Ego serves as a bridge between the individual's wants and the real world, attempting to
reduce tension until a suitable setting is found. It is the determining factor in one's
personality. Superego is the moral arm of personality. It is the “conscience” of personality.
It represents the traditional rules, values, and ideas of the society.
The following scenario illustrates the interaction of the three components: Id can be
shown when you're hungry, and you eat food that isn't yours but when the superego prevails
if there is bread on the table, but you know that it isn't yours since a voice within you told
22
you it wasn't yours, you will not get it because stealing is unethical. Last, when the ego
prevails, it is entirely up to you whether you eat the bread or not. You could even ask the
proprietor to share his or her food with you.
Although Freud was born after the scientific revolution, his contributions to
knowledge can be observed in many sectors of the human scene, including art, literature,
philosophy, politics, and psychotherapy. It is up to the audience to decide if he is more of a
psychologist or a scientist. The fact is that Sigmund Freud's ideas and theories are still
regarded as a wonderful source of inspiration for studying the human mind and behavior in
a more scientifically acceptable manner.
Information Revolution
The earliest writing system, Sumerian pictographs, marked the beginning of the
Information Revolution. Then there's Gutenberg's printing press, which was invented in
1455. The typewriter and telegraph became popular. Today, technology is widely employed,
making it easier to communicate, disseminate, and preserve information thanks to the
internet.
The Information/Digital Revolution is a paradigm transition from the mechanical to
the digital age that affects many facets of life with the primary goal of increasing efficiency.
See the table below to see the changes brought by the information revolution.
As a consequence of this revolution, there are shifts or changes in economy,

employment, education and politics. In economic shift, there is the creative destruction and
the bloom of knowledge industries. Creative destruction is a term invented by Joseph
Schumpeter to describe a process in which something new destroys what came before, a shift
from the old to the new. Schumpeter characterizes it as "the process of industrial mutation
that ceaselessly revolutionizes the economic structure from inside, incessantly destroying
the old one, incessantly establishing a new one" in his book "Capitalism, Socialism, and
Democracy." Additionally, the emergence of knowledge industries, telecommunications,
software development, medical equipment and pharmaceutical research, and business
innovators, to mention a few, are examples of industries that heavily rely on technology.
Their competitive edge stems from the fact that they hire inventive and creative people that
help them establish their firm in sectors that are better suited to information work.
In Employment Shift, the manual labor force is dwindling as jobs increasingly
demand knowledge and creativity as a result of advances in digital technology. In Education
Shift, altering teaching methods, tactics, and content to focus more on critical reasoning
abilities so that graduates can better synthesis large amounts of data and become more
competitive in the information field. Lastly, in politics, there is a transformation in the
manner in which governments interact and provide services to the citizens, manage
government supply chains, conduct internal government processes and control the content
and flow of information in society. There was decentralization of function from exclusive
23
sovereignty state to supranational governments (governments made up of different
sovereign states) and intergovernmental organizations.
After knowing the different revolutions which brought huge changes in our world,
which at specific defined our society, now let us know how about the cradles of early science:
in Mesoamerica, Asia, Middle East and Africa.
Development of Science in Mesoamerica

Mesoamerica encompasses all of Central America, from southern Mexico to the South
American border. Prior to the entrance of European colonizers, the Mesoamerican region
was undeniably rich in culture and knowledge.
A. Mayan Civilization
The Mayan Civilization is a well-known civilization that existed for about 2,000 years.
Listed here are their contributions:
1. These individuals are well-known for their contributions to astronomy. Their
advanced knowledge of astronomy was utilized into their temples and other holy
monuments. This enables people to observe the stars from their temples. The Sun is
located at the position of the pyramid in Chichen Itza, Mexico, during the fall and
spring equinoxes, for example.
2. Mayan knowledge and understanding of celestial bodies were sophisticated for their
time, as proven by their ability to forecast eclipses and plant and harvest utilizing
astrological cycles.
3. The Mayans are also noted for having two complex calendar systems to keep track
of time. These calendars were extremely valuable in their daily lives, especially for
arranging activities and keeping track of religious and cultural celebrations.
4. The Mayans also perfected the art of raising various crops and constructing
magnificent cities with simple machines and equipment. They constructed a
hydraulics system with complex waterways to supply water to several towns.
5. They used a variety of tools and adapted to new developments, particularly in the
arts. Mayans created looms for weaving textiles and a rainbow of dazzling colors
using mica, a mineral.
6. They are also thought to be among the first to manufacture rubber products,
having done so 3,000 years before Goodyear got his patent in 1844.
7. One of Mesoamerica's most
scientifically advanced societies.
They are also noted for being one
of the world's first civilizations to
adopt the Mayan hieroglyphics
as a writing system.
Mayan inscriptions have
been discovered on stelae
(standing stone slabs), stone
lintels, art, and ceramics, as well
as the few remaining Mayan
books, or codices. More than 800 A page from the Madrid Codex (Codex Tro-Cortesianus), one of the Mayan sacred
letters make up the Mayan books, showing the corn god (left) and the rain god, Chac, and several Mayan glyphs; in
writing system, including Source:the Museo de América, Madrid. Courtesy of the Museo de America, Madrid
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mayan-hieroglyphic-writing#/media/1/370875/85031
hieroglyphics and phonetic
24
marks that represent syllables. The hieroglyphic signs are pictorial—that is, they are
recognized representations of real objects—and they represent animals, humans, and
everyday objects.
8. They were also mathematicians, and they devised a numbering system based on
the number 20. They also invented the concepts of zero and positional value
independently of the Romans.
B. INCA CIVILIZATION
In Mesoamerica, the Inca Civilization is equally well-known. Considering their limits as
an ancient society, the Incas developed excellent scientific ideas. They developed the
following scientific theories and technologies to assist them in their daily lives. These are the
contributions of Inca Civilization:
1. stone-paved roads;
2. stone structures that have withstood earthquakes and other disasters;
3. an irrigation system and technology for storing water for their crops to flourish on
all sorts of terrain;
4. a 12-month calendar to commemorate religious festivals and prepare for planting
season;
5. the first suspension bridge;
6. quipu, a system of knotted ropes used to store records that only professionals can
decipher; and
7. Inca textiles, as cloth was a cherished aesthetic achievement.
C. AZTEC CIVILIZATION
The Aztec Civilization produced significant contributions to science and technology,
as well as to society as a whole, their contributions are the following:
1. Education is required. The Aztecs place a high emphasis on education, which is why
all of their children, regardless of social class, gender, or age, are required to attend
school. It is a form of universal or inclusive education from the beginning.
2. Chocolates. During their time in Mexico, the Aztecs invented chocolate. It was
utilized as currency in Mayan society. Cacao beans were highly prized by the Aztecs,
who used them to pay homage to their gods.
3. Antispasmodic medication. They employed an antispasmodic drug that could
benefit during surgery by preventing muscular spasms and relaxing muscles.
4. Chinampa. It's an Aztec agricultural farming technique in which the land was divided
into rectangular portions and encircled by canals.
5. Aztec Calendar. They were able to organize their activities, ceremonies, and planting
season as a result of this.
6. The canoe was invented. A small, narrow boat used to sail over waterways.
Development of Science in Asia
Asia is the world's largest continent and the birthplace of numerous ancient
civilizations. It hosts a wide range of cultural, economic, scientific, and political events for
people of all ages. Great civilizations such as India, China, and the Middle East have excelled
in the fields of science, technology, and mathematics. In terms of their contributions to the
growth of knowledge during their period, these civilizations were unrivaled.
25
A. INDIA
India is a massive peninsula surrounded on three sides by immense bodies of water
and reinforced on the north by massive mountains. Indians came up with a variety of
innovative concepts and technology that they might employ in their daily lives. Following
are their contributions:
1. They are well-known for their iron production and metallurgical works. Their iron
steel is regarded as the best and most valuable in the entire Roman Empire.
2. In the field of medicine, India is well-known. Ayurveda, a system of traditional
medicine that dates back to before 2500 BC in ancient India, is still used as an
alternative medicine.
3. In the realm of astronomy, ancient India is equally noteworthy. They came up with
theories about the universe's structure, the Earth's spherical self-supporting shape,
and the 360-day year divided into 12 equal sections of 30 days each.
4. Mathematics were also well-known in ancient India. The Indus Valley Civilization left
the oldest signs of mathematical understanding in the Indian subcontinent. The
Mohenjodaro ruler was created by the people of this civilization who attempted to
standardize length measuring to a high degree of accuracy.
5. In his Aryabhatiya, Indian astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata (476-550)
introduced a number of trigonometric functions, tables, and procedures, as well as
algebraic algorithms.
B. CHINA
China is one of the world's oldest civilizations, with significant contributions to
medicine, astronomy, physics, mathematics, the arts, philosophy, and music, among other
fields. Many of China's neighbors, including Korea, Japan, the Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand,
Cambodia, Myanmar, and other countries along the old Silk Road, have benefited
tremendously from Chinese civilization. The following are the contributions of China:
1. Traditional Chinese remedies are well-known, as they are the result of centuries of
Chinese people's experiences and discoveries. They discovered a variety of medicinal
characteristics and applications for diverse plants and animals in the treatment of
human illnesses. Acupuncture is a good illustration of this.
2. In terms of technology, the Chinese are known for creating a wide range of tools.
Compass, papermaking, gunpowder, and printing equipment were among the
notable discoveries and technologies of Chinese civilizations, which were first known
in the West by the end of the Middle Ages. They also invented a variety of other
equipment, such as the iron plough, wheelbarrow, and propeller, to name a few.
They also designed various bridge models, invented the first seismological
detector, and constructed a dry dock facility.
3. Chinese astronomers also made important records on supernovas, lunar and solar
eclipses, and comets, which were meticulously recorded and maintained in order to
better comprehend the heavenly bodies and their consequences on our planet.
4. In seismology, the Chinese are well-known. This made them more prepared in the
event of a natural disaster.
Development of Science in Middle East Countries
Muslims occupy the majority of Middle Eastern countries. With the advent of Islam in
the 7th and 8th centuries, a period of Muslim scholarship lasted until the 13th century,
known as the Golden Age of Islam. The Muslims' intellectualization was aided by the
common language of Arabic, access to Greek books from the Byzantine Empire, and their
proximity to India. Unlike the Greeks, however, Muslim scientists placed a higher priority
26
on science experiments than simple thinking experiments. This resulted in the
development of the scientific method in the Muslim world, which made great
advancements by employing tests to discern between competing scientific ideas within a
broadly empirical framework.
Famous Muslim scientists, contribute the following:
1. Ibn al-Haytham is known as the "Father of Optics" for his empirical demonstration
of the light intromission theory.
2. The notion of algorithm is named after Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, while
the term algebra is derived from al-jabr, the first word in one of his books. Although
the Arabic Numeral System originated in India, Muslim mathematicians made
significant improvements to the system, including the introduction of decimal point
notation.
3. Jabir ibn Hayyan is known as the "Father of Chemistry."
4. Ibn Sina was the first physician to perform clinical trials and pioneered the field of
experimental medicine. The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine, two of his
most famous medical works, were utilized as standard medicinal texts in both the
Muslim world and Europe during the 17th century. The discovery of the contagious
nature of infectious diseases and the creation of clinical pharmacology are just two of
his numerous accomplishments.
Development of Science in Africa
Natural and mineral resources abound throughout Africa. Long before the Europeans
colonized this region of the world, science flourished. The history of science and
mathematics reveals that, like other ancient civilizations, Africa's early civilizations
produced knowledge. The following are the most notable contributions of Africa:
1. In the domains of astronomy, mathematics, and medicine, the Ancient Egyptian
civilization produced major contributions and advancements. The development
of geometry, for example, sprang from the need to preserve the layout and
ownership of Egyptian farmlands along the Nile River.
2. Egypt was noted for being a hub of alchemy, the medieval predecessor of
chemistry. They attempted to research human anatomy and pharmacology, as
well as apply crucial components for disease therapy such as inspection,
diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. These elements bore striking resemblances
to the basic empirical approach of scientific research.
3. In the African continent, astronomy was well-known. Documents demonstrate
that Africans utilized a variety of calendars, including lunar, solar, and stellar
calendars, or a combination of the three.
4. In ancient times, metallurgy was also known in African countries. They
developed metal implements for use in their houses, agriculture, and the
construction of their spectacular structures.
5. Mathematics was also known to play an important role in the lives of early
Africans. The Lebombo Bone, found in the mountains between Swaziland and
South Africa, is thought to be the oldest known mathematical artefact, dating back
to 35,000 BCE. It could have been a tool for multiplication, division, and
elementary arithmetic calculations, or a six-month lunar calendar.
27
Activity No. ______
Name: ___________________________________________ Date: _________________________________
Yr/Section: _____________________________________ Score: __________________/30
Create a Science article regarding the value of the discussed revolutions to society today,
based on the knowledge you obtained from this chapter. You can also conduct research to
ensure that your content is scholarly and worth reading. Note: You have the option of using
the suggested title or changing it. Please see the attached rubrics.
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS TO SOCIETY’S PROGRESSION

Scoring Rubrics:
Criteria Good Fair Poor Missing/Unacceptabl
e
Grammar, - Grammatical, - Grammar, - There are a - There are numerous
Punctuation usage, and usage, and few grammatical,
& Spelling punctuation punctuation grammatical, punctuation, and
rules are norms are punctuation, spelling problems in
observed, and generally and spelling the review.
spelling is adhered to, problems in - Jargon or a
correct. and spelling the review. conversational tone is
- The language is correct. - The used in the language.
is - The language is
straightforwar language unclear or
d and concise, used is contains
with sentences precise and jargon or a
that have a easy to conversation
strong, understand. al tone.
diversified
structure.
Article - The summary - The - While the - The summary was
Summary went above summary summary insufficient and too
and beyond the fulfilled all of recalled some short.
Introduce a criteria. All the material, it - The majority of the
topic and pertinent requirement omitted data was missing or
organize ideas, material was s. several key incomplete.
concepts, and compiled and - The most points. - Some points aren't
material to expanded important - The content clear.
make upon. aspects are is uneven in
significant - The writing's addressed terms of
connections content and and intent and
and aim are adequately conceptual
differences; obvious. supported. clarity.
utilize - The
formatting writing's
(e.g., content and
headings), aim are
graphics (e.g., obvious.
figures,
tables), and
multimedia to
28
enhance
comprehensio
n when
appropriate.
Critical - Facts totally - There is - Opinions are - There is no mention
Analysis & back one's some unsupported. of a point of view.
Opinion opinion. support for - The review - The review displays
- The review the topic's exhibits a a lack of critical
Finish with a indicates a viewpoint. reasonable thinking and appraisal
statement or high level of - The review amount of of the evidence offered
section that critical shows a high critical in the article.
follows and thinking and degree of thinking and - There is no evidence
supports the evaluation of critical examination that has been
information or the evidence thinking and of the identified or assessed.
explanation offered in the evaluation of evidence
offered. article. the evidence offered in the
- The evidence offered in the article.
has been article. - Either the
properly - Evidence is evidence isn't
recognized and gathered and identified or it
assessed. assessed. isn't analyzed.
Activity No. ______

Name: ___________________________________________ Date: _________________________________
Yr/Section: _____________________________________ Score: ____________________/20
Give realistic or research-based evidences, wherein the given contributions of the four
cradles of early science is evident/being used today in our society. Use the matrix below. (2
points each)
Contributions Realistic/Research-based Evidence/s in
Our Society
1. Compass
2. Development of Geometry
3. Mohenjodaro ruler
4. A 12-month calendar to
commemorate religious festivals
and prepare for planting season
5. canoe
6. algorithm
29
7. Education is required
8. Acupuncture
9. iron production and metallurgical

works
10. Mayan’s ability to forecast eclipses

and plant and harvest utilizing
astrological cycles
REFERENCES
Beystehner, K. M. 1998. Psychoanalysis: Freud's Revolutionary Approach to Human

Personality. Northwestern University. Retrieved from:
http://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/beystehner.html
Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2007, February 21). Mayan hieroglyphic writing.
Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mayan-hieroglyphic-
writing
Early Writing Systems. Students of History. Retrieved from:
https://www.studentsofhistory.com/early-writing-systems
GEC108 2. Intellectual Revolutions. 2021. StuDocu. Retrieved from:
https://www.studocu.com/en-us/document/mindanao-state-university/bs-
accountancy/gec108-2-intellectual-revolutions/16037717
Hintay, K. J. (2018, February 6). INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS. Retrieved November 13,
2019, from https://prezi.com/2ak2vqch_apz/intellectual-revolutions/
Information Revolution. 2020. StuDocu. Retrieved from: https://www.studocu.com/en-
us/document/saint-louis-university-philippines/bs-accountancy/information-
revolution-sts/7523427
Intellectual Revolutions. 2021. StuDocu. Retrieved from: https://www.studocu.com/en-
us/document/bulacan-state-university/science-technology-and-
society/intellectual-revolutions/9147105
Kahulugan, J. (2018). Week 2: Intellectual Revolutions that Defined Society. Retrieved
November 13, 2019, from https://quizlet.com/322543864/week-2-intellectual-
revolutionsthat-defined-society-flash-cards/.
Serafica, J. et.al. (2018). Science, Technology, and Society. Rex Printing Company, Inc., First
Edition, 2018.
30
CHAPTER 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND NATION BUILDING
OVERVIEW
In a modern and innovative society, where advancements are plentiful and
communication is instantaneous, science and technology are a part of everyday life.
-Julie Payette
The quote above put emphasis on the great contribution of Science and Technology
on the advancement and betterment of our society, and nation as a whole. In this chapter,
you will learn how the developments in Science bring progress and changes in our nation,
making it more advance and modernize in this present time. As a future teacher you need to
learn the government policies pertaining to science and technology in terms of their
contributions to nation building, so that you will motivate and inspire your future students
on how they will use Science and Technology as a tool for improvement.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter, I am able to:
• discuss the role of Science and Technology in Philippine nation building;
• evaluate government Science and Technology Agenda and policies in terms of their
contributions to nation building;
• appraise the actual Science and Technology policies of the government and its impact
on the development of the Filipino nation; and
• analyze the indigenous science and technologies.
Picture Analysis. Take a look in the pictures below and describe each by stating on how it
can be helpful to us or to the nation as a whole.
Inventions Significance
1.
Source: https://prezi.com/p/j3vdiho8fonl/the-philippine-
government-science-and-technology-agenda/
2.
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3.
4.
Source: https://newsfeed.ph/facts/9362/5-filipino-inventions/
5.
Source: https://www.gildshire.com/taste-of-the-philippines-the-banana-
ketchup-story/

The pictures which you analyzed a while ago, are some of the few inventions of our
intelligent scientists which truly helped us in our lives. Now let us learn more about the role
of Science and Technology in building a nation.
The Philippine Government Science and Technology Agenda
A. Innovation Culture
The recent success of the saltwater lamp, salamander tricycle, and Diwata 1
microsatellite is a nice start, but it just shows that we have a long way to go before we
develop an innovation culture. It is only possible to build an "innovation ecosystem" if
there are enough scientists and technicians.
• Sustainable Alternative Lighting
(SALt) lamp. Aisa Mijeno, a Filipina
scientist, created the Sustainable
Alternative Lighting (SALt) lamp
with the goal of “sustainably lighting
the remainder of the Philippines.”
The SALt Lamp is an
Source: https://news.abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/gadgets-and-
environmentally beneficial and tech/08/02/15/pinay-scientist-creates-lamp-runs-saltwater
long-lasting alternative light source
that runs on saltwater, making it ideal for coastal residents. It can also be used
in outlying areas. This environmentally friendly lamp can run for eight hours
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with just two table spoons of salt and one glass of tap water. The SALt lamp is
based on the chemical conversion of energy, according to Mijeno. The SALt lamp
uses the same scientific mechanism as a Galvanic cell, but instead of electrolytes,
it uses a saline solution, making it completely safe and non-toxic. The SALt light
is also a lot safer than a kerosene lamp, according to Mijeno, because it doesn't
have any components or compounds that could cause a fire. It also produces no
harmful emissions and has a small carbon footprint.
• Salamander Tricycle. A Filipino-

made amphibious tricycle was
launched on the market to meet the
demands of thousands of Filipinos
living in flood-prone areas and low-
lying villages near bodies of water.
H2O Technologies recently unveiled
the floating trike, dubbed the
"Salamander," at the Capitol
Commons Center in Pasig City. https://www.manilatimes.net/2015/02/02/weekly/fast-
times/philippine-made-amphibious-tricycle-unveiled/159905
The Salamander, which is the creation of Atoy Llave of A-Toy Body Kits,
a Filipino custom vehicle "Sifu" or master, came to life after he shared his ideas
with well-known boat builder Dominic Chung. Following the exchange of ideas,
Llave and Chung founded a collaboration called H2O Technologies. During the
unveiling, two prototypes were unveiled, one with a 250cc gasoline-fed engine
and the other with a five-kilowatt electric motor. The gas-powered model's
power is sent to the pavement via the two rear wheels on the road. The
Salamander is propelled by a three-bladed propeller that is directly connected
to the engine when it is on the water.
• Diwata 1 Microsatellite.
Diwata-1 spent four years in
space, producing photographs
that have paved the way for the
use of space technology in the
Philippines to assess
environmental change,
contributing to science-based
conservation, risk
management, and statewide
mapping. https://www.geospatialworld.net/news/philippines-microsatellite-diwata-1-captures-
seaboard-of-isabela-during-test-run/
The microsatellite
orbited the Earth 22,643 times, passing 4,800 times over the Philippines. It took
45,572 photographs of the Earth, with 17,271 images from the Philippines. The
images covered a total area of 114,087 square kilometers (44,049 square
miles), or around 38% of the Philippines' land area.
B. ASEAN Integration requires competitive technology
Science and technology assist us in comprehending nature and the world
around us, as well as enabling us to live full lives through new and innovative methods.
As a result, we must develop our scientific and technological basis as Filipinos in order
to compete in an integrated ASEAN.
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C. Two major approaches
1. Stronger Research and Development in the regions, not just Manila. Increase
funding assistance for research and development through the DOST's sectoral
planning councils, such as PCIERD, PCAARD, and ASTI, in collaboration with
universities in the regions. The science program must be distributed to all regions,
particularly those where food production must be increased, industry must expand,
and innovation must flourish. In view of climate change, expensive electricity, and the
need to distribute industry and economic activity, this is crucial.
2. Strategic projects in five areas:
a) Renewable energy. In order to satisfy our COP 21 obligations while lowering
electricity prices, we need breakthrough technologies that enable high electricity
yields in limited space with reduced reliance on natural resources.
b) S and T for industrial development. If we wish to resuscitate our basic industries,
such as the steel sector, we need more participation from our scientists and
engineers.
c) Faster and less expensive internet. We have the slowest internet in Asia, but our
archipelago requires it to bridge gaps and establish networks.
d) Increased food production. With limited land, technology is required to increase
yields while improving output quality and reducing reliance on foreign inputs such as
fertilizers.
e) Climate change adaptation. We need cutting-edge technology to help our farmers
adapt to changing climates, as well as the elimination of technologies that suffocate
the potential for healthy yields.
f) Mechanisms and characteristics that make it possible
• More research funds from the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) and
its sectoral planning bodies and institutions
• Strengthen the Balik Scientist Program and the current young scientist retention
program—our young scientists must be engaged in actual research projects. Many
of our scientists and engineers are OFWs who are enthusiastic about our
campaign. We need their assistance to advance our country's technology, and we
hope they return.
• Cooperation between industry and research by incorporating them in sectoral
planning committees;
• S and T cooperation within ASEAN, particularly on the space program and climate
change adaptation; DOST's SMEs programs (such as SET-UP) should be emulated
Major development programs and personalities in Science & Technology in the
Philippines
Different programs and personalities contribute a lot in the advancement of our nation
today. These programs made our nation to be more innovative and productive. The
personalities in Science and Technology bring
changes in our lives with the help of their inventions
and discoveries.
Let us first discuss the major development
programs in Science & Technology in the
Philippines.
1. Doppler Radars. In Baler, Aurora, PAGASA
constructed its first Doppler weather radar station,
followed by another in Baguio. It was constructed to http://provinceofaurora.blogspot.com/2009/11/baler-aurora-radar-
station.html
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boost weather forecasting capability and catastrophe risk reduction in the country, with four
Doppler radars that can detect rain volume and two flood forecasting and warning centers
finished in 2017.
2. RA 7687 Scholarship Program. It is also known as the Science and Technology
Scholarship Act of 1994. It was awarded to deserving students who must pursue priority
subjects of study in the basic sciences, engineering, and other applied sciences, as well as
science and mathematics education. Immediately after completing a Bachelor of Science
degree program, the scholar shall serve the country full-time only in his field of training for
a minimum period equal to the length of time he or she received the scholarship by
organizing technology-based livelihood activities or enterprises, teaching, or performing any
other service related to the course or training he or she has completed.
3. SETUP. SETUP is a national plan to encourage and support SMEs (small and medium
businesses) to use technological advances to improve their operations and, as a result,
increase their productivity and competitiveness. SETUP provides equipment and technical
assistance to micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) to help them increase sales and
production, streamline and improve overall company operations, upgrade product and
service quality, conform to national and international standards of excellence, and be
competitive in their fields.
4. Balik Scientist Act. President Rodrigo Duterte signed Republic Act No. 11035 on June 15,
2018. The Balik Scientist Act was another name for this act. The law aims to “strengthen the
scientific and technological human resources of the academe, public and private institutions,
including locally registered firms in order to foster knowledge sharing and accelerate the
flow of new technologies into the country,” according to the law itself.
5. Philippine Space Agency. The Philippine Space Body, or PhilSA, will be the principal
government agency responsible for all national concerns and operations relating to space
research and technology applications under Republic Act No. 11363. Among other things,
the PhilSA is entrusted with assisting the country in the design, development, and execution
of national and international space policies. It's also in charge of planning, directing,
managing, and implementing projects related to scientific space research and development,
as well as the country's use of space technology.
Now let us proceed to the major personalities in science and technology in the
Philippines:
1. Fe Del Mundo. Del Mundo was born on November
27, 1911, in Manila, Philippines. She was the sixth
child in a family of eight. Three of her eight siblings
died in infancy, while an elder sister died at the age
of 11 from appendicitis. The death of her older
sister, who had expressed an interest in becoming a
poor doctor, drove the young Del Mundo to pursue
a career in medicine. She conducted research that
resulted in the development of a better incubator
and a jaundice treatment gadget. She also devised
the BRAT diet and founded a big children's hospital https://twitter.com/medicalwomenuk/status/938331517205532673station.htm
in the Philippines. l
One of her notable inventions is Bamboo Incubator, wherein the Premature newborns
(those born before the mother's 37th week of pregnancy) are undeveloped and have a low
body fat content, making it difficult for them to maintain a healthy body temperature. This is
addressed by the modern medical incubator; nevertheless, not everyone who requires it has
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access to such technology. This is an especially critical issue in rural areas, where such
gadgets are frequently unavailable. Fortunately, the first Filipino invention on this list
provided a solution: the bamboo incubator, which is widely regarded as the brainchild of Dr.
Fe del Mundo. This improvised gadget is generally inexpensive and simple to manufacture,
making it perfect for usage in rural communities and locations where advanced facilities are
scarce.
Del Mundo intended to open her own pediatric hospital, Children’s Medical Center,
after becoming frustrated with the bureaucratic restraints of working for a government
hospital. She sold her house and obtained a loan to help her build her own hospital. The
Children's Medical Center, a 100-bed hospital in Quezon City, was founded in 1957 as the
Philippines' first pediatric hospital. In 1966, the hospital was enlarged by establishing an
Institute of Maternal and Child Health, which was Asia's first of its kind.
She is also the first woman to be named National Scientist of the Philippines in 1980.
She has received the Elizabeth Blackwell Award for Outstanding Service to Mankind
(1966), the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Outstanding Public Service (1977), and the
International Pediatric Association's Outstanding Pediatrician and Humanitarian
Award (1977).
2. Gregorio Zara
A Filipino engineer and physicist named Gregorio Zara
made significant contributions to the growth of engineering
and inventions in the Philippines. His contributions to popular
comprehension and application of science in the country stem
from his innovations in his field of expertise. He owns a total of
30 patents for devices and equipment. The TV-telephone
system is the most popular of them. Zara invented the first
videophone or two-way television-telephone in the middle of
the 1950s, long before the digital age began. When Zara
patented the technology as a "photo phone signal separation
network" in 1955, it moved beyond science fiction and comic
books. That first version didn't take off, owing to the fact that it wasn't intended to be a
commercial product. However, in the 1960s, AT&T began developing a public-facing
videophone known as a "picturephone." The videophone was unveiled at the 1964 New York
World's Fair, but it was deemed unworkable and did not sell well. It exploded in popularity
as the digital era began in the late 1990s. The videophone first gained popularity as a gadget
that made distance learning and video conferencing simple, as well as being useful for the
hearing handicapped.
The Zara effect (physical law of electrical kinetic resistance), the wooden microscope,
the semi-automatic propeller-making machine, and an aircraft propeller made entirely of
wood, the solarsorber airplane fueled by alcohol, the earth induction compass, which pilots
use for direction, and the vapor chamber, which is used to visualize radioactive elements are
among his other contributions.
His scientific creations made him famous around the world, and he received several
prizes and medals throughout his lengthy career as an engineer, inventor, government
official, and educator. The Order of National Scientist, bestowed by then-Philippine President
Ferdinand E. Marcos in 1978, was the most distinguished of these honors.
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3. Felix D. Maramba
Dr. Felix D. Maramba, Sr. is a Filipino
scientist who invented and commercialized one
of the world's most profitable biogas systems. He
also invented a power generator that runs on
coconut oil. It all began in 1984, when a successful
piggery inspired him and his son, Felix K.
Maramba Jr., to generate their own power using
methane gas created from mammalian carcasses.
Maya Farms (a commercial piggery), energy
needs, such as its processing plant and feed mill,
were completely independent of Meralco. The
technology in question was given away for free.
Farm technicians are dispersed around the
provinces, teaching people how to generate
energy from trash.
The Philippine Association of Flour Millers, Inc. is led by Felix Maramba. “Biogas and
Waste Recycling, The Philippine Experience” and “Farm Management in the Philippines” are
two of his books. The Maya Farms Model was created by him.
Another astonishing invention of Dr. Maramba is the Coconut oil fueled generator.
Coconut oil is the principal source of fat for individuals in many places throughout the world.
Maramba has made an astonishing breakthrough by delivering energy from a commonly
available resource with his idea of developing a power generator using coconut oil as the
source of energy. People can make the most of a readily available resource by using coconut
oil as an energy source, and the coconut oil can be reused or recycled after being used for
cooking. The ability to supply a cheap and efficient source of energy that is easily available
has made a huge difference in the lives of many people. It is not only a cheap and easily
available source of energy, but it is also environmentally benign, which has been a major
consideration throughout his career. Millions of people's lives have been enhanced as a
result of the generator's invention, allowing them to focus their time and energy on other
things.
4. Rolando de la Cruz
He developed a formula, in a form of cream,
which is used nowadays as a treatment for
skin cancer. He won numerous accolades as a result
of this invention, including the DOST's Tuklas Award
for Most Outstanding Invention in 1998. The cream
was created using only natural ingredients, namely
cashews. The cream, now called as DeBCC cream,
has been shown to effectively eliminate deeply
grown moles, warts, and (as the name says) basal
cell carcinoma. It is painless, unlike the previously
known method of wart removal, which causes pain because it involves heat during the
surgery.
Rolando de la Cruz is a barber in real life. Because the majority of his clients suffer from
fungal infections and other skin illnesses, he became aware of skin diseases while working
as a barber. Then there were two more events that prompted the creation of DeBCC cream.
First, when he was younger, he had a burning feeling after eating cashew nuts. When he told
his mother about it, she told him that the 'burning' was caused by the cashew seeds. After
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that, when he was in high school, he had a friend who told him about the wart’s removal
operation, and the latter said he couldn't tolerate the discomfort, despite the fact that
anaesthetic was used. His classmate also mentioned that the method involves the use of heat.
His early encounter with the cashew nut inspired him, and the idea was formed. After
earning awards for the product, including international ones, he became successful. He
referred to this as an "accidental" creation. He founded RCC Amazing Touch International
Inc. based on his discoveries, but the product is now widely utilized for treatment.
5. Diosdado Banatao
Diosdado Banatao, sometimes known as Dado, is a
Filipino inventor, entrepreneur, and venture capitalist. He
graduated with honors from Mapua Institute of Engineering
with a Bachelor of Science in Electric Engineering. He turned
down numerous employment offers from famous companies.
Dado worked for a number of tech companies after receiving
his Master's degree, and in 1984, he created his first single-
chip 16-bit microprocessor-based calculator. Dado started
his own tech company, Mostron, which makes
motherboards.
Diosdado Banatao created the first single-chip
graphical user interface accelerator, which significantly
improved computer performance. This development has made it possible for computer users
to use images instead of the traditional textual commands seen on older systems. It has made
data processing a little faster while taking up very little space (small chips instead of large
boards).
Every year, Banatao gives five educational scholarships to deserving Filipino students
with promising prospects in engineering and technology through his Dado Banatao
Educational Foundation. He also chairs the Philippine Development Foundation, which
sends talented young Filipino minds to school in order to maximize their potential for the
Philippines' future.
Science Education in the Philippines
The Philippines is making every effort to strengthen the country's science education.
One strategy is to construct science schools that will inspire kids to pursue careers in science
and technology and foster their gifted scientific potential.
Science education focuses on n teaching, learning, and understanding science.
Teaching science necessitates the development of efficient teaching methods. This entails
looking at pedagogical ideas and models to assist teachers in efficiently teaching scientific
concepts and procedures. Learning science entails both pedagogy and, perhaps more
importantly, assisting students in understanding and appreciating science. Understanding
science entails learning and implementing science-process skills, as well as employing
science literacy to comprehend the natural world and daily activities. Science education is
concerned with the teaching and learning of science as well as the development of science
literacy in the general population. This is critical for the country's advancement and
development of science and technology. Science education is concerned with the growth of
individuals in science, which is at the heart of science, technology, and society.
In a deeper dive into the scientific education debate, John Dewey (2001) emphasized
the necessity of using the natural environment to educate students. As a result, nature must
offer its physical impulses in order for social activities and thought to create a plethora of
meaning. As a result, it is unsurprising that science education is crucial. Furthermore,
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according to Marx (1994), science will be one of the most essential educational courses in
the future.
The tremendous amount of scientific knowledge created in this domain justifies science
education, which prepares citizens for a scientifically and technologically oriented future.
Science education provides the skills and information essential for a person to exist in the
age of science, as Knight (1986) characterizes it, and to build a citizenry capable of achieving
science's aims in society (Tilghman, 2005). Hence, schools have a huge duty in fostering a
Science Culture.
Science Education in Basic and Tertiary Education
Science education in Basic Education assists students in learning fundamental concepts
and facts linked to everyday life, as well as important skills such as process skills, critical
thinking abilities, and life skills that are required in coping with daily life activities (Chaille
& Britain, 2002). Science education also fosters good attitudes such as a thirst for knowledge,
a desire to try new things, a desire to learn about nature, and creativity (Lind, 1997). Science
education will lay a solid foundation for future study of science and consideration of science-
related jobs. This is a long-term investment in the country's development of a scientifically
educated and literate population.
On the other hand, Science education in tertiary education is concerned with improving
students' comprehension and appreciation of scientific ideas and achievements. This is
accomplished by including basic scientific classes in the General Education program. It also
focuses on the training of science teachers, scientists, engineers, and other professionals in
sectors including engineering, agriculture, medicine, and health sciences. Scholarships are
also available from the state to encourage more students to enroll in science classes.
Science Schools in The Philippines
The development of science schools in various sections of the country is one
exceptional program for science education backed by the government. There are also various
government programs run by the Department of Education, as well as a few private science
institutions: • Philippine Science High School System (PSHSS), Special Science Elementary
Schools (SSES) Project, Quezon City Regional Science High School, Manila Science High
School, and Central Visayan Institute Foundation.
On October 1, 1963, the Manila Science High School (MSHS) was established. It is
regarded as the Philippines' first science high school. Science and mathematics are given a
higher priority in the organization and curriculum. Its goal is to create scientists who have
souls. The program includes humanities classes as well as other electives.
The Philippine Science High School System (PSHSS) is a government-run program in
the Philippines for gifted pupils. It is run by DOST and provides free secondary school
scholarships with a focus on science disciplines. Its ultimate goal is to prepare its pupils for
a career in science (RA No. 3661). Its mission is to cultivate Filipino scientists with scientific
brains and a desire to excel.
The Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES) Project, which was established in
accordance with DepEd Order No. 73 s. 2008 and DepEd Order No. 51 s. 2010, is another
promising initiative. It began in 2007 with the designation of 57 primary schools across the
country as science elementary schools. The SSES Project intends to provide scientific and
technical information, skills, and values to Filipino children. Its mission is to provide a
learning environment for science-inclined youngsters through a customized curriculum that
respects the learners' various intelligences, promote the development of lifelong learning
abilities, and foster the learners' holistic development. In here, Science and Health are taught
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in Grade I for a longer period of time than other topics, 70 minutes for Grades I through III
and 80 minutes for Grades IV through VI. Different teaching approaches, such as the
utilization of investigative projects, are also used in the curriculum to accommodate the
learners' learning styles and needs.
On September 17, 1967, a new Science high school, Quezon City Regional Science High
School, was formed. It was once known as Quezon City Science High School. In 1999, it
became the National Capital Region's regional science high school. The curriculum is focused
on Science and Technology, wherein students need pursue additional science and technology
disciplines.
Then, last is the Central Visayan Institute Foundation, it is the birthplace and
innovator of the Dynamic Learning Program (DLP), a well-known school-based invention.
DLP is a blend of classical and modern pedagogical methods that has been tailored to
promote the highest levels of learning, creativity, and productivity.
Selected Indigenous Science and Technologies

Filipinos have attempted to invent instruments that will aid them in their daily lives,
particularly in the past. They also came up with new theories for describing numerous events
and the environment around them. The foundation of indigenous science is indigenous
knowledge, which is a system of knowledge. Indigenous knowledge is rooted in regional,
indigenous, or local communities' cultural heritage. This oral knowledge system can be
found in their stories, poems, and songs. It's worth noting that this kind of knowledge also
includes superstitious beliefs and practices that may or may not be based on human
imagination.
Indigenous science is a product of indigenous knowledge perfected by people through
life experiences. Moreover, according to Paliwen (200), it includes complex arrays of
knowledge, expertise, practices, and representations that guide human societies in their
enumerable interaction their natural milieu: agriculture, medicine, naming and explaining
natural phenomena, and strategies for coping with changing environments.
In the Philippines, indigenous science is critical to the advancement of science and
technology. Indigenous science, like past civilizations, paved the way for the creation of
science and technology as a field and discipline. Indigenous science aided individuals in
comprehending the natural world and living with day-to-day existence.
Indigenous technologies, on the other hand, are processes or products that have
emerged as a result of research into indigenous science. It is developed and manufactured in
accordance with a people's culture, tradition, and needs, and then adopted for usage in that
people's surroundings.
While some indigenous sciences and technologies are now defunct, their significance
stems from the fact that they assisted early communities in understanding the natural world
and coping with daily life. These are, moreover, a part of our rich and diverse cultural history.
Let's take a look at some of the early indigenous
science and technology, including some instances from our
own country.
1. Indigenous Science: Weather Observations. Animal
behavior was included into ancient people's understanding
of weather and seasons. People believed that, "if cows opt
to lay, rain is on the way" and "if squirrels nest higher, your
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winter will be awful." We are aware that there is no scientific basis for this. This could be
purely coincidental, to the point where they've linked it to meteorological conditions.
2. Indigenous Science: Herbal Medicine and Traditional Health Practices

Years before the arrival of the Spaniards in the Philippines, medicinal plants were
widely used to treat illnesses, and there were various books that listed these plants.
Medicinal plants have been used for therapy in most countries from ancient times and
continue to do so now. In reality, the Department of Health has licensed ten medicinal plants
(garlic, bittermelon, sambong, and guava, to mention a few) for use in the prevention and
treatment of various ailments. True, the creation of modern medicine is built on plant-based
traditional medicinal techniques, as well as a century of beliefs and observations.
We also have a long list of traditional health practices that some of us continue to use
even today. Hilot is used to treat sprains and fractures, and tawas is used to establish the
cause and nature of acute diseases using potassium alum. Tuli is a well-known traditional
ritual. This practice was discovered to be non-religious in nature. It was done to
commemorate a boy's coming of age before the Spanish colonial period.
3. Indigenous Science: Food Preservation
Drying, smoking, cooling, freezing, fermenting, salting, pickling, and canning are all age-
old food preservation procedures. One of the oldest ways of food preservation is drying and
smoking. It works because it removes a large portion of the water in the food, which prevents
microbial activity, as we all know.
4. Indigenous Science: Classifying Soils
Classifying soils for agriculture was one of the early Filipinos' indigenous techniques.
Early Filipino farmers' soil classification criteria were based on their experiences and their
ability to observe soil resource features. This is how they determine the best usage and
management strategies for the soil resource.
You’ve finished reading examples of indigenous science used by our forefathers; now it
is time to look at the various indigenous technologies established in the country.
5. Indigenous Technology: Yoyo
First, is the Pedro Flores' yoyo. You certainly did not
anticipate this. However, during the Spanish era, this toy played
an important function. It wasn't merely a toy made up of an axle,
two disks, and a string wrapped around the axle. It had
previously been employed by our courageous troops to combat
intruders and Spaniards.
6. Indigenous Technology: Medical Incubator

Dr. Fe Del Mundo utilized two laundry baskets, one inside the other, with hot water
running between them to provide warmth to the newborn babies.
7. Indigenous Technology: Erythromycin
It is an antibiotic that's used to treat a wide range of bacterial diseases, including skin
infections and infections of the upper respiratory tract. Abelardo Aguilar, a physician from
Iloilo, collected soil samples in his backyard to isolate microbes on a fateful day in 1949. He
had no idea that one of his isolates would lead to the development of Erythromycin, a
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powerful antibiotic. Unfortunately, the patent was issued to his then-employer, a US
pharmaceutical firm, and he received no royalty or cut of sales, despite the fact that he was
the one who obtained the samples that led to the drug's discovery.
8. Indigenous Technology: Fish Sauce
Ruperta David Javier (who was called Tentay for short), one day,
stored some salted fish in jars for a longer amount of time than was
necessary, and the salted fish crumbled into bits even before they
dried. The fish particles transformed into a liquid fluid that tasted like
our Patis today while in the jars.
9. Indigenous Technology: Banana catsup

Banana Catsup is a popular condiment in the Philippines,
and it's used in practically every cuisine. Maria Orosa y Ylagan
(1893–1945), a food technologist, came up with the idea. She is
credited with developing the first banana catsup recipe, according
to legend. She experimented with traditional Philippine
ingredients to produce food products such as calamansi nip,
which is a powdered form of calamansi to make calamansi juice,
as well as Soyalac, a powdered version of soya beans that was
utilized to save the lives of many Filipinos, Americans, and others who were imprisoned
during World War II.
10. Indigenous Technology: Anti-cancer Cream and Mole Remover

Rolando dela Cruz is a Filipino inventor who earned the gold award at the prestigious
International Inventor's Forum in November 2005 for developing an anticancer cream. It's
called "DeBCC" cream, and it's made from cashew nuts and various plants found in the area.
It is used to treat basal skin carcinoma (BSC), which is the most common type of skin cancer
in the world. He was also successful in developing a lotion that may be used to remove deep
growth moles and warts.
11. Indigenous Technology: 16-bit Microchip
A Filipino invented the first 16-bit microchip.
Diosdado Banatao created the first single-chip graphical
user interface accelerator, which significantly improved
computer performance. This development has made it
possible for computer users to use images instead of the
traditional textual commands seen on older systems.
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Activity No. ______
Name: ___________________________________________ Date: _________________________________
Yr/Section: _____________________________________ Score: __________________/30
Given are the Philippine Science and Technology Agenda, discuss its impact to our nation.
Note: To add credibility to your answers, you may have a simple research in the internet and
make sure to indicate your references.
1. Philippine Science and Technology Agenda: Stronger Research and Development in the
regions, not just Manila
Impact:
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________.
Reference/s:
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________.
2. Philippine Science and Technology Agenda: Strategic projects in five areas: Climate
change adaptation.
Impact:
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________.
Reference/s:
43
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________.
3. Philippine Science and Technology Agenda: Innovation Culture: Diwata-1 Microsatellite
Impact:
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________.
Reference/s:
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________.
44
Activity No. ______
Name: ___________________________________________ Date: _________________________________
Yr/Section: _____________________________________ Score: ____________________/20
Given are the Indigenous Science and Technology, show proofs/evidences through narration
or pictures which you can get from your community (if not present on your community, you
can have a research on another municipality if they are still using or practicing it). One
evidence is enough for each item.
1. Indigenous Science: Food Preservation
Utilization/Practice in the Community:
2. Indigenous Technology: Yoyo

3. Indigenous Science: Herbal Medicine and Traditional Health Practices

45
4. Indigenous Science: Weather Observations
REFERENCES
Aguirre, E. A. (n.d.). GineersNow. Retrieved from

https://gineersnow.com/engineering/electrical/meet-diosdado-dado-banatao-
philippinesbill-gates
Amazing Touch (2018). DeBCC. Retrieved from
https://www.rccamazingtouch.com/product-page/debcc-single-
use?fbclid=IwAR1KTufjig_YJsPtLd4YGln82xhNTtrvYx2IRo3o40wtRVREDaSOfrg5
NwM. Retrieved on September 12, 2019
Arayata, Ma. and Cristina “DOST Bares 5 Major Achievements in 2017.” Philippine
Bellis, Mary. “Biography of Fe Del Mundo, Noted Filipino Pediatrician.” ThoughtCo,
FilipinoAchievers (2010). Rolando de la Cruz: Discovered Cashew Nut Extracts. Retrieved
from https://filipinoachievers.wordpress.com/2010/06/27/rolando-de-la-
cruzdiscovered-cashew-nut-extracts/amp/?fbclid=IwAR1srSTXdtXr2-
MUmY816X_UgliDEzwk0xqz4lyZrTZ1jzLyfTJkFKXGKs. Retrieved on September 12,
2019.
GNED 06 Lecture 06 Selected Indigenous Science and Technologies Transcript. 2020.
StuDocu. Retrieved from: https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/far-eastern-
university/science-technology-and-society/gned-06-lecture-06-selected-
indigenous-science-and-technologies-transcript/12219382
News Agency RSS, Philippine News Agency, 1 Jan. 2018,
https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1019506.
“PAGASA.” Wikiwand, https://www.wikiwand.com/en/PAGASA.
Pinay scientist creates lamp that runs on saltwater.2015. ABS=CBN News. Retrieved from:
https://news.abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/gadgets-and-tech/08/02/15/pinay-scientist-
creates-lamp-runs-saltwater
Philippines bids farewell to satellite that launched enviro policy into the space age. 2020.
Mongabay. Retrieved from: https://news.mongabay.com/2020/05/philippines-
bids-farewell-to-satellite-that-launched-enviro-policy-into-the-space-age/
46
Philippine-made amphibious tricycle unveiled. 2015. The Manila Times. Retrieved from:
https://www.manilatimes.net/2015/02/02/weekly/fast-times/philippine-made-
amphibious-tricycle-unveiled/159905
Philippine Made (2010). Rolando de la Cruz Anti-Skin Cancer Invention. Retrieved from
https://philippine-made.blogspot.com/2010/11/rolando-de-la-cruz-
inventions.html? m=1&fbclid=IwAR3-
udhaBT1WTiqeWfFECpdxvEOGu9PsGBtIBgMkZ3ehqWRAjY1M7JooTHk.
Retrieved on September 12, 2019.Official Gazette (2018). Republic Act No. 11035.
Retrieved from
http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2018/06jun/20180615-RA-
11035-RRD.pdf?
fbclid=IwAR1grFeizkgBg4zzgsaDk8iJEnLfA7_zBpPmhAJoDvmVj7Jv0ozCJgiNqfs.
Retrieved on September 12, 2019
Retrieved from http://spheres.dost.gov.ph/sci-profile.php on September 11,2019
Retrieved from https://ncr.dost.gov.ph/index.php/what-we-
do/technologytransfer/community-empowerment-thru-science-and-technology
on September 11,2019.
Retrieved from https://science.blurtit.com/1058087/what-did-felix-maramba-discovered
on September 11,2019.
Retrieved from ABS-CBN News: https://news.abscbn.com/news/08/14/19/philippine-
space-agency-is-a-filipino-in-space-in-the-horizon(htt)
Science And Technology Quotes. Brainy Quote. Retrieved from:
https://www.brainyquote.com/topics/science-and-technology-quotes
Sison Jr. B., Felipe C. (2005). Caloocan Barber is now prize-winning inventor. Retrieved from
https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2005/12/04/310210/caloocan-barber-
now-prizewinning-inventor.Retrieved on September 12, 2019
“STII: SPHERES.” DOST, http://spheres.dost.gov.ph/sci-profile.php?i=000848.
The Philippine government Science and Technology Agenda. 2018. Prezi. Retrieved from:
https://prezi.com/p/j3vdiho8fonl/the-philippine-government-science-and-
technology-agenda/
ThoughtCo, 15 May 2019, https://www.thoughtco.com/filipino-doctor-fe-del-
mundo1991718.
Serafica, J. et.al. (2018). Science, Technology, and Society. Rex Printing Company, Inc., First
Edition, 2018.
Wikipedia. (n.d.). Retrieved fromhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Space_Agency
47
CHAPTER 4: THE HUMAN PERSON FLOURISHING IN TERMS OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY - TECHNOLOGY AS A WAY OF REVEALING
OVERVIEW
This unit is consist of topics that will give an essence of technology based from the
work of Martin Heidegger, The Question Concerning Technology. Key concepts related to
Heidegger’s work will be tackled and how these concepts may give you an understanding of
the essence of technology.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this unit, I am able to:
1. differentiate the essences of technology and modern technology;

2. discuss and illustrate the dangers of modern technology; and
3. explain why art is the saving power of modern technology.
Direction: Rate the extent of your agreement to the given statements by ticking ( ∕ )
the box
that corresponds to your response in each row.
Statements Extremely Somewhat To a Somewhat Extremely

Agree Agree Limited Disagree Disagree
Extent
Technology is a
means to an end.
Technology is a
human activity.
Poetry is
technology.
Nature is a
standing reserve.
Man is an
instrument of the
exploitation of
nature
Man is in danger of
being swallowed
by technology.
There is a saving
power or a “way
out” of the danger
of technology.
Art maybe the
saving power.
48
Martin Heidegger: A Philosopher
“The essence of technology is by no means anything

technological.”
Martin Heidegger
(1977)
Heidegger was one of the most influential

philosophers of the 20th century. Technology was an
important element in his work: for Heidegger, technology
was the key to understanding our current time. Especially
his text ‘The Question Concerning Technology’ (1954,
English Translation 1977), which has been very influential
in philosophy of technology.
Heidegger was born on September 26, 1889 in Messkirch in south-west Germany to

a Catholic family. His father worked as sexton in the local church. In his early youth,
Heidegger was being prepared for the priesthood. In 1903 he went to the high school in
Konstanz, where the church supported him with a scholarship, and then, in 1906, he moved
to Freiburg. His interest in philosophy first arose during his high school studies in Freiburg
when, at the age of seventeen, he read Franz Brentano’s book entitled On the Manifold
Meaning of Being according to Aristotle. By his own account, it was this work that inspired
his life-long quest for the meaning of being. In 1909, after completing the high school, he
became a Jesuit novice, but was discharged within a month for reasons of health. He then
entered Freiburg University, where he studied theology. However, because of health
problems and perhaps because of a lack of a strong spiritual vocation, Heidegger left the
seminary in 1911 and broke off his training for the priesthood. He took up studies in
philosophy, mathematics, and natural sciences. It was also at that time that he first became
influenced by Edmund Husserl. He studied Husserl’s Logical Investigations. In 1913 he
completed a doctorate in philosophy with a dissertation on The Doctrine of Judgement in
Psychologism under the direction of the neo-Kantian philosopher Heinrich Rickert. (Internet
Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Heidegger’s work on philosophy focused on ontology or the study of “being” or

dassein in German. His philosophical works are often described as complicated, partly due to
his use of complex compound . Some of the German words are: Seinsvergessenheit
(Forgiveness of Being), Bodenstandigkeit (Rootedness in the soil), and Wesensverfassung
(Essential Consitution). (Quinto & Nieva, 2019)
To know more about the life and philosophy of Heidegger, watch a youtube video “
The Philosophy of Martin Hidegger on the link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Br1sGrA7XTU This is a 5 minutes video which will
help you understand basic concepts about Hidegger’s philosophy.
49
The Essence of Technology
It cannot be denied that science and technology are responsible for the ways society
is continuously being modernized. Science and technology continuously seep into the ways
people go about their daily lives. However, the omnipresence of science and technology must
not eclipse the basic tenets of ethics and morality. Instead, it should allow the human person
to flourish alongside scientific progress and technological development. In order to spark
the discussion on the role of ethics and social morality in science and technology, it is
necessary to go back to the very essence of technology, i.e., its definition.
The essence of technology can be captured in its definition . In his treatise, The
Question Concerning Technology, Martin Heidegger (1977) explains the two widely
embraced definitions of technology (1) instrumental and (2) anthropological.
1. Instrumental definition: Technology is a means to an end.
Technology is not an end in itself, it is a means to an end. In this context,
technology is viewed as a tool available to individuals, groups, and communities
that desire to make an impact to society. How technology is used varies from
individual to individual, groups to groups, and communities to communities
according to their individual and collective functions, goals, and aspirations. While
technology is omnipresent, knowing its functions requires paying attention to how
humans use it as a means to an end. In this sense, technology is an instrument
aimed at getting things done.
2. Anthropological definition: Technology is a human activity.
Technology can also be defined as a human activity, because to achieve an end

and to produce and use a means to an end is, by itself a human activity. The
production or invention of technological equipment, tools and machines, the
products and inventions, and the purpose and functions they serve are what define
technology.
Both definitions, i.e., instrumental and anthropological, are considered correct.
Technology as a Way of Revealing

Heidegger stressed that the true can only be pursued through the correct. Simply,
what is correct leads to what is true. In this sense, Heidegger envisioned technology as a way
of revealing – a mode of bringing forth. Bringing forth can be understood through the Ancient
Greek Philosophical concept, poiesis, which refers to the act of bringing something out of
concealment. By bringing something out of concealment, the truth of that something is
revealed. The truth is understood through another Ancient Greek concept of aletheia, which
is translated as unclosedness, unconcealedness, disclosure, or truth.
Thus, for Heidegger, technology is a form of poeisis – a way of revealing that
unconceals aletheiaor the truth. This is seen in the way the term techne,the Greek root word
of technology, is understood in different contexts. In philosophy, techne resembles the term
episteme that refers to the human ability to make and perform. Techne also encompasses
knowledge and understanding. In art, it refers to tangible and intangible aspects of life. The
Greeks understood techne in the way that it encompasses not only craft, but other acts of the
mind, and poetry.
Technology as Poiesis: Does Modern Technology Bring Forth or Challenge Forth?

Heidegger, in The Question Concerning Technology, posited that both primitive crafts
and modern technology are revealing. However, he explained that modern technology is
revealing not in the sense of bringing forth or poeisis. Heidegger made a clear distinction
between technology and modern technology in that the latter challenges nature. Modern
50
technology challenges nature by extracting something from it and transforming, storing, and
distributing it.
On the surface, Heidegger’s criticism of modern technology might appear
counterintuitive to the purpose of nature to human existence. However, by digging deeper
into Heidegger’s question, it becomes clear that the essence of modern technology is not to
bring forth in the sense of poeisis. Instead, Heidegger considers modern technology’s way of
revealing as a way of challenging forth. Modern technology challenges forth, because it makes
people think how to do things faster, more effectively, and with less effort. It prompts people
into dominating and enframing the earth’s natural resources. Challenging forth reduces
objects as standing reserve or something to be disposed off by those who enframe them –
humans. This is evident in the way people exploit natural resources with very little concern
for the ecological consequences that come with it. Challenging forth as a result of modern
technology is also evident in the information age, such that greater control of information to
profit from its value gives rise to concerns about privacy and the protection of human rights.
The challenging forth of modern technology is seen everywhere: in the rise and
depletion of petroleum as a strategic resource; the introduction and use of synthetic dyes,
artificial flavoring, and toxic materials into the consumer stream that bring about adverse
effects on human health; and the use of ripening agents in agriculture that poses threats to
food safety and health security.
Enframing as Modern Technology’s Way of Revealing

If the essence of technology can be understood as a way of bringing forth the truth in
the sense of poiesis, Heidegger distinguished the way of revealing of modern technology by
considering it as a process of enframing. Humankind’s desire to control everything, including
nature, is captured in this process. By putting things in this case, nature in a frame, it
becomes much easier for humans to control it according to their desires.
Enframing, according to Heidegger is akin or similar to two ways of looking at the
world: calculative thinking and meditative thinking. In calculative thinking, humans desire
to put an order to nature to better understand and control it. In meditative thinking, humans
allow nature to reveal itself to them without the use of force or violence. One thinking is
necessarily better than the other. In fact, humans are capable of using both and will benefit
from being able to harmonize these ways of looking at the world. Yet, calculative thinking
tends to be more commonly utilized, primarily because humans’ desire to control due to
their fear of irregularity.
Enframing then, is a way of ordering (or framing) nature to better manipulate it.
Enframing happens because of how humans desire for security, even if it puts all of nature
as a standing reserve ready for exploitation. Modern technology challenges humans to
enframe nature. Thus, humans become part of the standing reserve and an instrument of
technology, to be exploited in the ordering of nature. The role humans take as instruments
of technology through enframing is called destining. In destining, humans are challenged
forth by enframing to reveal what is real. However, this destining of humans to reveal nature
carries with it the danger of misconstruction or misinterpretation.
The Dangers of Technology
The dangers of technology lie in how humans let themselves be consumed by it.
Although humans are looped into the cycle of bringing forth or challenging forth, it is their
responsibility to recognize how they become instruments of technology.
The Brazilian novelist, Paulo Coelho, once remarked that it is boastful to humans to
think that nature needs to be saved, whereas Mother Nature would remain even if humans
cease to exist. Hence, in facing the dangers of technology, the fear of disappearing from the
face of the Earth should concern people more potently than the fear of the Earth
disappearing. As mere tenants on Earth, people must not allow themselves to be consumed
by technology lest they lose the essence of who they are as human beings. In this sense,
51
humans are in danger of becoming merely part of the standing reserve or, alternatively, may
find themselves in nature.
Recognizing its dangers of technology requires critical and reflective thinking on its
use. For example, social media has indeed connected people in the most efficient and
convenient way imaginable, but it also inadvertently gave rise to issues such as invasion of
privacy, online disinhibition, and proliferation of fake news. The line has to be drawn
between what constitutes a beneficial use of social media and dangerous one. As
exemplified, social media comes with both benefits and drawbacks.
However, the real threat of technology comes from its essence, not its activities or
products. The correct response to the danger of technology is not simple dismissing
technology altogether. Heidegger explained that people are delivered over technology in the
worst possible way when they regard it as something neutral. This conception of technology,
according to Heidegger, to which today humans particularly like to pay homage, makes them
utterly blind to the essence of technology. Ultimately, the essence of technology is by no
means anything technologically(Heidegger, 1977)
Art as the Saving Power

Necessary reflection upon and confrontation with technology are required in order
to proactively address the dangers of technology. Friedrich Holderlin, a German poet quoted
by Heidegger, said “ But where danger is, grows the saving power also”. Following this, the
saving power can be traced exactly where the danger is – in the essence of technology. As
mentioned, this essence is not neutral and by no means anything technological. Along this
line, Heidegger proposed art as the saving power and the way out of enframing : “And art
was simply called techne. It was a single, manifold revealing” (Heidegger, 1977). Heidegger
saw art as an act of mind, i.e., a techne, that protected and had great power over the truth. By
focusing on art, people are able to see more clearly how art is embedded in nature. Art
encourages humans to think less from a calculative standpoint where nature is viewed as an
ordered system. Instead, it inspires meditative thinking where nature is seen as an art and
that, in all of art, nature is most poetic. Heidegger encapsulated this as follows:
Because the essence of technology is nothing technological, essential
reflection upon technology and decisive confrontation with it must
happen in a realm that is, on the one hand, akin to the essence of
technology and, on the other, fundamentally different from it. Such a
realm is art. But certainly only if reflection on art, for its part, does not
shut its eyes to the constellation of truth after which we are
questioning
Additional Readings
https://www.futurelearn.com/info/courses/philosophy-of-technology
https://iep.utm.edu/heidegge/ Internet Encyclopedia of Philisophy (IEP)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Br1sGrA7XTU The Philosophy of Michael
Heidegger
52
Activity 1
Name_______________________________________ Date:_________________
Course/ Section:__________________________ Score:______________
Bring Forth or Challenge Forth
Instructions: Do the photos (a) bring forth or (b) challenge forth? Encircle the letter of
your answer below each photo and explain your choice in the given space for each picture.
1. a. bring forth b. challenge forth

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
2. a. bring forth b. challenge forth

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
a. bring forth b. challenge forth

______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
53
a. bring forth b. challenge forth
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Activity 2
Instructions: Read the article below. After reading, answer the questions that follow. Write
Your answers on the given separate page after the article.
Facebook says 87 million may be affected by data privacy scandal
By Agence France-Presse
WASHINGTON DC, USA – Facebook said Wednesday, April 4, the personal data of up
to 87 million users was improperly shared with British political consultancy Cambridge
Analytica, as Mark Zuckerberg defended his leadership at the huge social network.
Facebook’s estimate was far higher than news reports suggesting 50 million users
may have been affected in the privacy scandal which has roiled the company and sparked
questions for the entire internet sector on data protection.
Zuckerberg told reporters on a conference that he accepted responsibility for the
failure to protect user data but maintained that he was still the best person to lead the
network of two billion users.
“I think life is about learning from the mistakes and figuring out how to move
forward,” he said in response to a question on his ability to lead the company.
“When you’re building something like Facebook which is unprecedented in the world,
there are things that you’re going to mess up… What I think people should hold us
accountable for it if we are learning from mistakes.”
Zuckerberg said 887 million was a high estimate of those affected by he breach, based
on the maximum number of connections to users who downloaded an academic researcher’s
quiz that scooped up personal profiles.
“I’m quite confident it will not be more than 87 million. It could well be less,” he said.
To remedy the problem, Zuckerberg said Facebook must “rethink our relationship
with people across everything we do” and that it will take a number of years to regain user
trust.
The new estimate came as Facebook unveiled clearer terms of service to enable users
to better understand data sharing, and as a congressional panel said Zuckerberg would
appear next week to address privacy issues.
Facebook have been scrambling for weeks in the face of the disclosure on hijacking of
private data by the consulting group working for Donald Trump’s 2016 campaign.
“Cambridge Analytica did not used GSR ( Global Science Research) Facebook data or
any derivatives of this data in the US presidential election,” the company said in a tweet.
“Cambridge Analytica licensed data from GSR for 30 million individuals, not 87 million.”
Zuckerberg on the Hill
54
Facebook’s chief technology officer Mike Schroepfer meanwhile said new privacy
tools for users of the huge social network would be in place by next month, April 9.
“People will also be able to remove apps that they no longer want. As part of this
process we will also tell people if their information may have been improperly shared with
Cambridge Analytica,” he said in a statement.
Schroepfer’s post was the first to cite the figure of 87 million while noting that most
of those affected were n the United States.
Facebook also said its new terms of service would provide clearer information on
how data is collected and shared without giving the social network additional rights
Earlier Wednesday, the House of Representatives’ Energy and Commerce Committee
announced what appeared to be the first congressional appearance of Zuckerberg since the
scandal broke.
The April 11 hearing will “be an important opportunity to shed light on critical
consumer data privacy issues and help all American better understand what happens to their
personal information online,” said the committee’s Republican chairman Greg Walden and
ranking Democrat Frank Pallone in a statement.
The Facebook co-founder is also invited to other hearings amid a broad probe on both
sides of the Atlantic.
Deleting Russian ‘trolls’
Zuckerberg told the conference call can he was committed to ensuring that Facebook
and its partners do good better job protecting user data, and that it must take a more serious
approach after years of being “idealistic” about how the platform is used.
“We didn’t take a broad enough view on what our responsibility is, and that was a
huge mistake. It was my mistake.”
He said that while “there are billions of people who love the service,” there are is also
a potential for abuse and manipulation.
“It’s not enough just to give people a voice, “he said. “We have to make sure people
don’t use that voice to hurt people or spread disinformation.”
Late Tuesday, April 3, Facebook said it deleted dozens of accounts linked to a Russian
– sponsored internet unit which has been accused of spreading propaganda and other
divisive content in the United States and elsewhere.
The social networking giant said it revoked the accounts of 70 Facebook and 65
Instagram accounts, and removed 138 Facebook pages controlled by the Russia-based
Internet Research Agency (IRA).
The agency has been called a “troll farm” due to its deceptive post aimed at sowing
discord and propagating misinformation.
The unit “has repeatedly used complex networks of inauthentic accounts to deceive
and manipulate people who use Facebook, including before, during and after the 2016 US
presidential elections,” said a statement Facebook chief security officer Alex Stamos. – Rapler
.com
Source: Quinto& Nieva, (2019)

Agence France-Presse. (2018, April 5). Facebook says 87 million may be affected by
data pvacy scandal. Rappler.
Retrieved on April 24, 2018 from
https://www.rappler.com/technology/news/199588facebook-data-affected-
cambridge-analtica-scandal.
55
Answer Sheet for Activity 2
Name__________________________________________ Date:_________________
Course/Section:_____________________________
Question to Ponder.
1. What is this data policy scandal all about?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
2. How does this Facebook privacy scandal relate to Heidegger’s notion of
revealing of modern technology as challenging forth?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
3. How are Facebook users ‘enframed’ in this particular data privacy scandal?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
4. How do you think Facebook can be used in a way that is more consistent with
Heidegger’s idea of poiesis or a bringing forth of technology?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
5. How can the Heideggerian notion of ‘ questioning’ guide Facebook users toward
a beneficial use of social media?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
REFERENCES
Heidegger, M. (1977). ThE Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays.

Garland Publishing
Quinto & Nieva (2019). Science, Technology and Society, C & E Publishing, Inc.
Quezon City
56
CHAPTER 5: HUMAN FLOURISHING AND THE GOOD LIFE
OVERVIEW
This unit will focus on two concepts: 1) what human flourishing is according to
Aristotle 2) Aristotle’s Nichomachean Ethics and tackles the important Aristotelian
concepts of eudaimonia and how it can be uses to assess one’s relationship and dealings with
science and technology. Furthermore, this unit aims to answer the question “ Are we living
the good life?”
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. define human flourishing and the idea of good life;

2. reflect on the Aristotle’s Nichomachean Ethics as to how one would become a
better person; and
3. examine contemporary issues and come up with innovative and creative
solutions to contemporary issues guided by ethical standards leading to a good
life.
Instruction: On the space provided, write whether you AGREE or DISAGREE with each
statement.
______________ 1. The purpose of life is happiness.

______________ 2. Happiness comes from pleasure, wealth, and recognition
______________ 3. Happiness means merely feeling of good or joyful.
______________ 4. Reason is an important element of human happiness.
______________ 5. To achieve happiness, humans must pursue only extremely
positive things.
______________ 6. A life of happiness is a result of a balance between two
extremes.
______________ 7. A happy life is a virtuous life.
______________ 8. Intellectual and moral virtues are the ingredients of
happiness.
______________ 9. It is not the role of science and technology to guide humans
toward a virtuous life.
______________ 10. Ethical standards must be imposed upon science and
technology to avoid excesses and deficiencies
57
Human Flourishing
Aristotle based the understandability of the good in the idea of what is good for the
specific entity under consideration. For whatever has a natural function, the good is
therefore thought to reside in the function. The natural function of a thing is determined by
its natural end. With respect to living things, there are particular ways of being that
constitute the perfection of the living thing's nature.
According to Aristotle, there is an end of all of the actions that we perform which we
desire for itself. This is what is known as eudaimonia, flourishing, or happiness, which is
desired for its own sake with all other things being desired on its account. Eudaimonia is a
property of one's life when considered as a whole. Flourishing is the highest good of human
endeavors and that toward which all actions aim. It is success as a human being. The best life
is one of excellent human activity.
For Aristotle, the good is what is good for purposeful, goal-directed entities. He defines
the good proper to human beings as the activities in which the life functions specific to
human beings are most fully realized. For Aristotle, the good of each species is teleologically
immanent to that species. A person's nature as a human being provides him with guidance
with respect to how he should live his life. A fundamental fact of human nature is the
existence of individual human beings each with his own rational mind and free will. The use
of one's volitional consciousness is a person's distinctive capacity and means of survival.
One's own life is the only life that a person has to live. It follows that, for Aristotle, the
"good" is what is objectively good for a particular man. Aristotle's eudaimonia is formally
egoistic in that a person's normative reason for choosing particular actions stems from the
idea that he must pursue his own good or flourishing. Because self-interest is flourishing, the
good in human conduct is connected to the self-interest of the acting person. Good means
"good for" the individual moral agent. Egoism is an integral part of Aristotle's ethics.
Despite efforts to close out the gap between the rich and poor countries, a BBC report
in 2015 stated that the gap in growth and development just keeps on widening. Although
there is no standard measure of inequality, the report claimed that most indicators suggest
that the widening of the growth gap slowed during the financial crisis of 2007 but is now
growing again. The increasing inequality appears paradoxical having in mind the efforts that
had been poured onto the development programs designed to assist poor countries to rise
from absent to slow progress.
Source: Edward W. Younkins Aristotle, Human Flourishing, and the Limited State
http://www.quebecoislibre.org/031122-11.htm
The Good Life
Are we living the good life? This question is inarguably one universal human concern.
Everyone aims to lead a good life. Yet, what constitutes a happy and contented life varies
from person to person. Unique background, experiences, social contexts, and even
preferences make it difficult to subscribe to a unified standard on which to tease out the
meaning of ‘the good life’.
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Aristotle’s Nichomachean Ethics
Who Should Read “Nicomachean Ethics”? And Why? If you need to read just one
philosopher in your life, then it has to be either Plato or Aristotle. And if you need to read
just one book by the latter, then it has to be the Nicomachean Ethics. So, who should read
this book? Everyone who has even the slightest interest in philosophy. Or, for that matter,
everyone who wants to become a better person.
Aristotle was an Ancient Greek philosopher, together with his teacher Plato, the most
influential thinker in the history of Western civilization. He studied under Plato in his
Academy for two decades between the ages of 17 and 37, after which he left Athens to tutor
Alexander the Great. Even though he was Plato’s best student, after Plato’s death, Aristotle
shifted from Plato’s idealistic teachings to empiricism.
The Nicomachean Ethics is Aristotle’s best-known work on ethics and, quite possibly,
the most influential book on the subject ever written. It consists of ten books – all of them
originally written as separate scrolls. The “Nicomachean” part of the title refers to Aristotle’s
son Nicomachus, to whom (quite probably) the work was dedicated; it is also possible that
he was the one who edited it. Some scholars, however, claim that the Nicomachus this work
is dedicated to is actually Aristotle’s father, who was also called Nicomachus.
Be that as it may, Nicomachean ethics deals with a problem both Plato and Socrates
were interested in – namely, how should men live their lives in the best possible manner.
That’s why Nicomachean ethics not only explains what is good and why it is good, but also
gives advice as to how one should live to consider his living here on earth good, respectable,
and virtuous.
Summary of Nicomachean Ethics
Book I
“If there is some end of the things we do, which we desire for its own sake,
clearly this must be the good,” Aristotle writes at the beginning of the Nicomachean
Ethics.
And then he asks: “Will not knowledge of it, then, have a great influence on
life? Shall we not, like archers who have a mark to aim at, be more likely to hit upon
what we should? If so, we must try, in outline at least, to determine what it is. “
So, that is the topic of the Nicomachean Ethics: to discover what’s the thing
humans desire for its own sake and how should they act so as to most easily attain it.
After a lengthy analysis, Aristotle concludes that whatever we like to have – be
it money, cars, women, football or sex (OK, he doesn’t use these examples per se) –
we like it because it makes us happy.
However, as one can easily deduce, some of the things that make us happy,
tend to make us unhappy afterward. Why? Simply put, because they are not good. And
what is good?
To quote Aristotle:
Human good turns out to be activity of soul in accordance with virtue,
and if there are more than one virtue, in accordance with the best and most
complete. But we must add “in a complete life.” For one swallow does not make
a summer, nor does one day; and so too one day, or a short time, does not make
a man blessed and happy.
Book II
So, to sum up, Aristotle says that many things can lead to temporary happiness,
but only virtuous actions lead to a happy life. And since this is something everybody
wants, then it’s necessary to discover what virtue means and how should one reach
it.
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In the second book, Aristotle points out that, just like a lyre-player, no matter
how talented, must learn and practice to become a virtuoso, a man, no matter how
naturally inclined towards virtuous actions, needs education to attain the proper,
virtuous habits.
And then Aristotle lays out the simplest definition for virtue: treading the
middle way between two extremes. What does that mean? It means that anything in
excess or deficiency is bad; and that everything in just the proper amount is virtue.
Or to use a famous example: Anyone can get angry — that is easy — or give or
spend money; but to do this to the right person, to the right extent, at the right time,
with the right motive, and in the right way, that is not for everyone, nor is it easy.
Book III
At the end of Book II, Aristotle lists many character virtues and starting with
Book III, he analyzes many of them in-depth. But first he explains, foreshadowing
Sartre, that you’re responsible for almost everything you do, because you always have
a choice not do it (Sartre would add: even if the latter leads to death).
If that is the case, then even ignorance – not knowing what is good – is not
actually an excuse, because you always have a choice to learn. So, more or less,
Aristotle says that if you’re not, it’s your fault for not having read his book. And
then he proceeds to explanations of what he means when he says that we should tread
the middle way.
The two examples he uses in this book are courage and temperance. Courage,
according to Aristotle, is the mean between fear and confidence; in excess, it leads to
fearlessness and overconfidence, both of which are bad; if deficient, it leads to
cowardness, which is also bad. Temperance is the mean between pleasure and pain;
in excess, it leads to wastefulness; in deficiency, it makes a man insensible.
Book IV
Book four deals with a second set of virtues, in four groups of two.
The first group deals with two very similar
virtues: generosity and magnificence. Generosity may, once again, lead to
wastefulness if in excess, and to stinginess if lacking; magnificence leads to vulgarity
and tastelessness when excessive, and to paltriness if not enough.
The second group of virtues are magnanimity and ambition. Magnanimity is

located between vanity (excess) and smallness of soul (deficiency), and ambition is
located between, well, overambitiousness and lack of ambition. Sorry, guys, nobody
has thought of better words for now.
The third group of virtues are gentleness and friendliness. Too much of a
gentleness leads to irritability, and not enough of it to spiritlessness (they really need
to find better words); too much of friendliness leads to either flattery (if for own
advantage) or obsequiousness (if for no purpose).
The final group of two virtues analyzed here are truthfulness and wittiness. If
you are more than truthful, you’re exaggerating and boastful; if you’re deficient in
truthfulness, you suffer from a form of self-deprecation and self-irony. If you are more
than witty, you’re a buffoon; if you’re less of it, you’re boorish.
Book V
Aristotle says that justice, the highest of virtues, deserves a whole book; which
is why Book V deals with every single aspect of what it means to be a just person living
in a just society.
Why should Aristotle deal with just societies in a book about ethics? Because,
as he explains, justice is not exactly a virtue for isolated individuals; it’s not anything
in that case; justice can only be made sense of in a community. Now, If you know
anything about Plato and Aristotle – or about how much you liked your teachers in
high-school – you already know that in describing his ideal community, Aristotle is,
60
almost explicitly, criticizing Plato’s Republic. Because, unlike Plato, Aristotle doesn’t
think that a just society is a strict hierarchy ruled by a benevolent dictator, but
something which is built around the values of equality, commensurability, and
proportion.
Book VI
In Book VI, Aristotle enumerates the five types of stable states of the soul
(hexis) which can be considered intellectual virtues:
#1. Art – making things in a way which can be explained;
#2. Knowledge – axiomatically graspable concept: “all knowledge seems to
be teachable, and what is known is learnable.”
#3. Practical Judgment – judgment used in making good decisions upon
over actions (when specific, it is art)
#4. Wisdom – a combination of common sense (nous) and knowledge; it only
belongs to the wise; however, we don’t need it, since we have:
#5. Common sense – or intellect, it deals with unarticulated truths and is
what helps us perfect our virtues.
Book VII
Here Aristotle discusses self-restraint.
If one is virtuous only when treading the middle road, then self-restraint is a
very important value one must learn to acquire. It is also something that must be
furthered by the laws of a country, which means that the lawgivers should really
understand the essence of not only pleasure and pain, but self-restraint as well. The
good news: self-restraint is not a vice, and can be taught.
Book VIII
“Without friends,” writes Aristotle, “no one would want to live, even if he had
all other goods.” This is the reason why Books VIII and IX are dedicated to the topic
of friendship.
There are three types of friendship, according to Aristotle: useful, pleasant,
and complete.
The complete friendship is the one everybody should strive for – it is
one in which friends are capable of seeing what is likable in each other.
Unequal friendships, on the other hand – whether between rulers and
subjects, or dominant and submissive people – are no friendships, and unjust
societies hinder the possibility for real friendships.
Book IX
Still on friendship.If you’re in a bad one, then you’re probably expecting from
the other person things that he or she cannot offer, and/or vice versa. If that is the
case, you’ll never be satisfied, and it’s better that you break off the bond as soon as
possible.
Of course, you should, first of all, understand your self because your friend is
actually your second self. This is why it is all but impossible for a person to be happy
without having friends; and why sad people can be cheered up by, you’ve guessed it,
friends. When you have a good friend, it’s like you’re talking to yourself. Only kindly.
Book X
According to Aristotle’s final book of the Nicomachean Ethics, happiness is
tightly linked with pleasure. All beings – whether rational or irrational – instinctively
tend toward pleasure and away from pain. The only life worth living is the one in
which you enjoy the right things in the right amounts – because, basically, that is what
happiness is.
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Key Lessons from “Nicomachean Ethics”
1. Aristotle Says That Self-Help Books Are a Good Thing
2. One Can Learn to Be Good
3. The Golden Mean
Aristotle Says That Self-Help Books Are a Good Thing
You can think that you’re good, but unless you demonstrate your goodness
through your deeds, nobody would believe you. In other words, if you talk the talk but
refuse to walk the walk, you’re the opposite of good: you’re a liar, and a hypocrite, and
an altogether lousy person. Analogously, according to Aristotle, there’s no point in
merely theoretically analyzing what is good and what is virtuous; the point is teaching
people how to be good.
One Can Learn to Be Good.
The good news: you can learn to be a good person. The bad news: it requires a
lot of effort. And don’t pat yourself on your shoulder thinking that not knowing that
something is bad gives you an excuse for doing it; you can always learn, so this is
always merely a temporary alibi. No matter who you are.
The Golden Mean
If you need to take away one thing of the Nicomachean Ethics, then, by all
means, let it be this one: treat the golden middle way. Excesses and deficiencies
destroy virtues, says Aristotle, which can only be found in moderation. Too much
courage leads to recklessness; too little of it to cowardice. And this is true with all
other virtues.
Source: https://blog.12min.com/nicomachean-ethics-pdf-summary/ posted 2018/Dec/10.

Retrieved 2021/July/24
Eudaimonia: The Ultimate Good
Eudaimonia is what defines the good life. To live a good life is to live a happy life. For
Aristotle, eudaimonia is only possible by living a life of virtue (Quinto & Nieva, 2019).
Aristotle on the Good Life
Aristotle’s views on living well begin with a consideration of ends and means.
Suppose I want a car—the car is my end or goal. I can earn, borrow, or steal the money to get
the car—these are my means. The means I choose depends on which is easier, quicker,
likelier to succeed, etc. Thinking about the goal we are aiming at, and the means we will
employ to reach that goal is practical thinking. But such thinking bears no fruit until it results
in purposeful action, which is acting with some end, goal, or purpose in mind. Purposeful
action contrasts with aimless or thoughtless action, which is action with no end in view.
Now suppose I get my car? That is itself a means to another end, say of getting to
school or work. And of course, getting to school or work is the means to another end, getting
to class or a job. And these are the means of making money, which is itself a means of buying
food, clothing, and shelter, which are the means of staying alive. Such considerations led
Aristotle to wonder whether there is any final or ultimate end, an end for which everything
else is a means, an end that is not a means to anything else. In short, he wanted to know if
there is an ultimate end, goal, or purpose for human life.
Aristotle argued that as we mature, we act less aimlessly and more purposefully. We
try to develop a plan for living that unites all our various purposes. Without a plan for living,
we don’t know what we are trying to do or why we’re trying to do it. Moreover, not just any
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plan will do—we need the right plan, which is one that aims at the final or ultimate end. But
what is the final end of human life, the end that all of us ought to aim at?
For Aristotle, the final end of human life is to flourish, to live well, to have a good life.
All actions should aim at this end. Of course, in order to live at all we need food, clothing, and
shelter, but living is itself the means to the end of living well. And what is living well a means
to? Aristotle says that living well is the final end for humans; it is not a means to anything
else. Aristotle thinks this is obvious because few people want to live poorly.
But now another question arises: don’t different people have different ideas about
what a good life is? For some it may consist of accumulating wealth; for others, it is having
power or being famous or experiencing pleasure. And if people construe the good life
differently, if they have different desires, how can there be one right plan for living well? How
can there be one final end that we all ought to seek?
To answer these questions Aristotle argued that not all desires are the same. There
are acquired desires, which differ between individuals, and natural desires, which are the
same for everyone. Acquired desires—say for caviar—correspond to our wants, whereas
natural desires—say for food—correspond to our needs. Acquired desires or wants
correspond to apparent goods; things that appear good because we want them. Natural
desires or needs correspond to real goods; things that are good for us whether we want them
or not.
With these considerations in mind, Aristotle states that the good life consists in the
possession, over the course of a lifetime, of all those things that are really good for us.
Moreover, what is really good for any one of us corresponds to the natural needs that are the
same for all of us. Thus what is good for one person is good for another; in other words, there
is a right plan for living well. What are these real goods that we should all seek to obtain in
order to live well? According to Aristotle, they are:
1) bodily goods – health, vitality, vigor, and pleasure;
2) external goods – food, drink, shelter, clothing, and sleep; and
3) goods of the soul – knowledge, skill, love, friendship, aesthetic enjoyment, self-
esteem, and honor.
The first two types of goods are limited goods—we can have more of them than we
need. Goods of the soul are unlimited goods—we cannot have more of them than we need.
But surely the knowledge of the good life isn’t sufficient to actually living a good life? I may
know, for example, that drinking alcohol is bad for me but do it anyway. So how do we learn
to desire these real goods?
Aristotle argued that the way to bridge the gap between knowledge of the good life and
actually living it was through the development of a good moral character. And this entails
developing good habits. A good habit allows us to perform certain actions without effort. We
can have a good habit of playing the piano, studying hard, hitting golf balls, or thinking well.
We can also habitually make good choices to avoid overeating or drinking too much.
Aristotle calls good habits virtues or excellences. Virtues of the mind are intellectual
virtues; while virtues exemplified by a regular disposition to choose correctly are moral
virtues. For Aristotle, wisdom is the most important intellectual virtue but moral virtue plays
a special role in living well. The reason moral virtue—the habit of making the right choices—
is so important is that our choices determine whether we live well. And if we make too many
bad choices we will live poorly.
So we need to develop the good habits or virtues which help us obtain what is really good
for us, as opposed to bad habits or vices which lead us toward things that merely appear
good. Good habits or moral virtues are the principal means to having good lives because they
allow us to habitually make the choices that both constitute and lead to good lives.
63
The most important moral virtues or habits are moderation, courage, and justice.
Moderation keeps us from overindulging in pleasure or seeking too much of the limited
goods. Courage is having the disposition to do what it takes to live a good life, and justice is
the virtue that allows us to have friends and enjoy the benefits of cooperation.
However, both knowledge of the good life and good habits may not be enough because
living well is not completely within our control. Why? First, some real goods, like wealth or
health, are not completely within our power to possess. And second, we didn’t create the
initial conditions of our birth or the environment into which we were born. Thus moral
virtue, while necessary, doesn’t guarantee a good life. We also need to be fortunate or lucky.
If we are wise, virtuous, and fortunate we will have good, meaningful lives.
Source: https://reasonandmeaning.com/2013/12/19/aristotle-on-the-good-and-
meaningful-life/
Activity 1
Name__________________________________________
Date:__________________________
Course/Section:_____________________________
Reading Comprehension Task
Instructions: Compare and contrast each pair of terms related to Aristotle’s

Nichomachean ethics as discussed in this section
1. Instrumental Good – Ultimate Good

_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
2. Pleasure – Happiness
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________
3. Virtue – Vice
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
4. Intellectual Virtue – Moral Virtue
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________
5. Science and Technology – The Good Life
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
REFERENCES
https://blog.12min.com/nicomachean-ethics-pdf-summary/ posted 2018/Dec/10.

https://reasonandmeaning.com/2013/12/19/aristotle-on-the-good-and meaningful-life/ .
Retrieved 2021/July/ 24
https://blog.12min.com/nicomachean-ethics-pdf-summary/ posted 2018/Dec/10.

Edward W. Younkins Aristotle, Human Flourishing, and the Limited State

http://www.quebecoislibre.org/031122-11.htm
65
CHAPTER 6: WHEN TECHNOLOGY AND HUMANITY CROSS
OVERVIEW
This unit tackles the danger posed by Science and Technology unchecked by moral
and ethical standards. It primarily draws insights given by William Nelson Joy (200) article
“Why the future does not need us on evaluating contemporary human experience in the
midst of rapid development in Science and Technology. Such experience will be discussed to
see whether it strengthen and enlightens human person functioning in society or not .
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1.Examine human rights in order to uphold such rights in technological ethical dilemmas
2. Evaluate contemporary human experience in order to strengthen and enlighten the human
person functioning in society
Look at the picture below. Do you think that there will come at a time in the future that will
no longer need human? Write your brief opinion on the space provided
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Source:https://www.123rf.com/photo_93167996_3d-rendering-humanoid-robots-working-with-
headset-and-notebook.html
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William Nelson Joy (born November 8, 1954),

commonly known as Bill Joy, is an American computer
scientist. Joy co-founded Sun Microsystems in 1982. He is
widely known for having written the essay "Why the future
doesn't need us", where he expresses deep concerns over the
development of modern technologies.
For some, imagining a future without humans is
nearly synonymous too the end of the world. Many
choose not to speculate about a future where humans cease
to exist while the world remains. However, a dystopian
society void of human presence is the subject of many
works in literature and film. The possibility of such society
is also a constant topic of debates. In April 2000, William
Nelson Joy, an American computer scientist and chief
scientist of Sun Microsystems, wrote an article for Wired magazine entitled Why the future
doesn’t need us? In his article, Joy warned against the rapid rise of new
technologies. He explained that 21st-century technologies—genetics,
nanotechnology, and robotics (GNR)— are becoming very powerful that they can
potentially bring about new classes of accidents, threats, and abuses. He further warned
that these dangers are even more pressing because they do not require large
facilities or even rare raw materials—knowledge alone will make them potentially
harmful to humans
Joy argued that robotics, genetic engineering, and nanotechnology pose

much greater threats than technological developments that have come before. He
particularly cited the ability of nanobots to self-replicate, which could quickly get out of
control. In the article, he cautioned humans against overdependence on machines. He
also stated that if machines are given the capacity to decide on their own, it will be
impossible to predict how they might behave in the future. In this case, the fate of human
race would be at the mercy of machines. Joy also voice out his apprehension about the rapid
increase of computer power. He was also concerned that computers will eventually
become more intelligent than humans, thus ushering societies into dystopian visions,
such as robot rebellions. To illuminate his concern, Joy drew from Theodore Kaczynski’s
book, Unabomber Manifesto, where Kaczynski described that the unintended
consequences of the design and use of technology are clearly related to Murphy’sLaw:
“Anything that can go wrong, will go wrong.” Kaczynski argued further that overreliance
on antibiotics led to the great paradox of emerging antibiotic resistance strains of
dangerous bacteria. Th introduction of DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane) to
Combat malarial mosquitos for instance only gave rise to malaria parasites with multi
drug resistant genes
Joy argues that developing technologies provide a much greater danger to humanity
than any technology before it has ever presented. In particular, he focuses on genetics,
nanotechnology and robotics. He argues that 20th century technologies of destruction such
as the nuclear bomb were limited to large governments, due to the complexity and cost of
such devices, as well as the difficulty in acquiring the required materials. He uses the novel
The White Plague as a potential nightmare scenario, in which a mad scientist creates a
virus capable of wiping out humanity.
Joy also voices concern about increasing computer power. His worry is that
computers will eventually become more intelligent than we are, leading to such dystopian
scenarios as robot rebellion. He notably quotes the Ted Kaczynski (the Unabomber) on this
topic
67
Ethics in Technology
Unlike business ethics, ethical technology is about ensuring there is a moral
relationship that exists between technology and users.
Emerging ethical dilemmas in science and technology

New ethical problems regarding the use of science and technology are always arising.
When is it right to use science and technology to apply to real-life scenarios and when does
it impede human rights?
• Health tracking and the digital twin dilemma: Should organizations be able to create
your twin in code and experiment on it to advance healthcare initiatives? And when
does that become a practice of exploitation?
• Neurotechnology and privacy: Neurotechnology is nothing new, but new advances
allowing the use of technology to gradually change behavior or t hought patterns poses
severe questions about privacy.
• Genetic engineering: While possessing great potential for human health and the
recovery from damaging genetic mutations, there are considerable ethical
considerations that surround the editing of the human genome.
• Weaponization of technology: While there is a lessened chance for loss of life, there are
sincere ethical problems with weaponizing technology. At what point do we trust our
technology to fight a war for us?
Ethical decisions in technology should not be taken lightly. If we believe that
technology can help to solve the world’s problems, addressing the ethics involved is the only
way to us get there.
5 Ethical Issues in Technology to Watch for in 2021

(retrieved from Ashley Watters, July 01,2021 , https://connect.comptia.org/blog/ethical-
issues-in-technology)
1. Misuse of Personal Information
One of the primary ethical dilemmas in our technologically empowered age revolves around
how businesses use personal information. As we browse internet sites, make online
purchases, enter our information on websites, engage with different businesses online and
participate in social media, we are constantly providing personal details. Companies often
gather information to hyper-personalize our online experiences, but to what extent is that
information actually impeding our right to privacy?
Personal information is the new gold, as the saying goes. We have commoditized data
because of the value it provides to businesses attempting to reach their consumer base. But
when does it go too far? For businesses, it’s extremely valuable to know what kind of
products are being searched for and what type of content people are consuming the most.
For political figures, it’s important to know what kind of social or legal issues are getting the
most attention. These valuable data points are often exploited so that businesses or entities
can make money or advance their goals. Facebook in particular has come under fire several
times over the years for selling personal data it gathers on its platform.
2. Misinformation and Deep Fakes
One thing that became evident during the 2016 and 2020 U.S. presidential elections was the
potential of misinformation to gain a wider support base. The effect created polarization that
has had wide-reaching effects on global economic and political environments.
In contrast to how information was accessed prior to the internet, we are constantly flooded
with real-time events and news as it breaks. Celebrities and political figures can disseminate
opinions on social media without fact checking, which is then aggregated and further spread
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despite its accuracy—or inaccuracy. Information no longer undergoes the strenuous
validation process that we formerly used to publish newspapers and books.
Similarly, we used to believe that video told a story that was undeniably rooted in truth. But
deepfake technology now allows such a sophisticated manipulation of digital imagery that
people appear to be saying and doing things that never happened. The potential for privacy
invasion and misuse of identity is very high with the use of this technology.
3. Lack of Oversight and Acceptance of Responsibility
Most companies operate with a hybrid stack, comprised of a blend of third-party and owned
technology. As a result, there is often some confusion about where responsibility lies when
it comes to governance, use of big data, cybersecurity concerns and managing personally
identifiable information or PII. Whose responsibility is it really to ensure data is protected?
If you engage a third party for software that processes payments, do you bear any
responsibility if credit card details are breached? The fact is that it’s everyone’s job.
Businesses need to adopt a perspective where all collective parties share responsibility.
Similarly, many experts lobby for a global approach to governance, arguing that local policing
is resulting in fractured policy making and a widespread mismanagement of data. Similar to
climate change, we need to band together if we truly want to see improvement.
4.Use of AI
Artificial intelligence certainly offers great business potential. But, at what point do AI
systems cross an ethical line into dangerous territory?
• Facial recognition: Use of software to find individuals can quickly become a less-than-
ethical problem. According to the NY Times, there are various concerns about facial
recognition, such as misuse, racial bias and restriction of personal freedoms. The
ability to track movements and activity quickly morphs into a lack of privacy. Facial
recognition also isn’t foolproof and can create bias in certain situations.
• Replacement of jobs: While this is anticipated to a certain degree, AI is meant to
increase automation of low-level tasks in many situations so that human resources can
be used on more strategic initiatives and complicated job duties. The large-scale
elimination of jobs has many workers concerned about job security, but AI is more
likely to lead to job creation.
• Health tracking: The pandemic brought contact tracing into the mainstream. Is it
ethical to track the health status of people and how will that impact the limitations we
place on them?
• Bias in AI technology: Technology is built by programmers and inherits the bias of its
creators because humans inherently have bias. “Technology is inherently flawed. Does
it even matter who developed the algorithms? AI systems learn to make decisions
based on training and coding data, which can be tainted by human bias or reflect
historical or social inequities,” according to Forbes. Leading AI developer Google has
even experienced an issue where AI software believes male nurses and female
historians do not exist.
5. Autonomous Technology
Self-driving cars, robotic weapons and drones for service are no longer a thing of the future—
they’re a thing of the present and they come with ethical dilemmas. Robotic machines in
place of human soldiers is a very real possibility, along with self-driving cars and package
delivery via unmanned drone.
Autonomous technology packs a punch when it comes to business potential, but there is
significant concern that comes with allowing programmed technology to operate seemingly
without needed oversight. It’s a frequently mentioned ethical concern that we trust our
technology too much without fully understanding it.
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Activity No. ______
Name: ___________________________________________ Date: _________________________________
Yr/Section: _____________________________________ Score: __________________
1.Write your opinion on the following quotes below
A. “The development of full artificial intelligence could spell the end of the human race….It
would take off on its own, and re-design itself at an ever-increasing rate. Humans, who are
limited by slow biological evolution, couldn’t compete, and would be superseded.”
Stephen Hawking, BBC
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________.
B. “Robots are not going to replace humans, they are going to make their jobs much more
humane. Difficult, demeaning, demanding, dangerous, dull – these are the jobs robots will
be taking.”
Sabine Hauert, Co-founder of Robohub.org
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________.
REFERENCES
https://www.coursehero.com/file/p6c61m8/Module-2-Section-5-Why-the-Future-Does-
Not-Need-Us-This-section-tackles-the/
https://connect.comptia.org/blog/ethical-issues-in-technology\
https://www.123rf.com/photo_93167996_3d-rendering-humanoid-robots-working-with-
headset-and-notebook.html
https://www.wired.com/2000/04/joy-2/
https://analyticsindiamag.com/ten-famous-quotes-about-artificial-intelligence/
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CHAPTER 7: THE INFORMATION AGE
OVERVIEW
We live in the information age, which according to Wikipedia is a period in human

history characterized by the shift from industrial production to one based on information
and computerization. At this moment, we can observe the fast growth in COMMUNICATION
and INFORMATION Technology. However, there are challenges facing the new information
age which you will explore in this chapter. Thus, this unit covers the so called the
Computer Age, the Digital Age. This unit also deals with the development of the information
age and its impact on society.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this unit you will be able to:
1. Link learned concepts to the development of the information age and its impact
on society
2. Illustrate how the social media and the information age have impacted our lives
Picture Analysis
Source:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JPrVMKWGsZY
1.Write your own opinion out Digital Age.
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______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Expanding your Knowledge
______________________________________________________________________________________
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The Information Age
A period starting in the last quarter of the 20th century information became
effortlessly accessible through publications and through the management of information by
computers and computer networks.
A period in human history characterized by the shift from traditional industry that
the industrial revolution brought through industrialization, to an economy based on
the information computerization.
The period of human history, also referred to as Computer Age or Digital Age, which
comprises the innovations that have emerged in the computing and cybernetics after the
Industrial Revolution
The current era, in which relatively much larger amounts of information are widely
available generally through network platforms.
The Information Age is a true new age based upon the interconnection of computers
via telecommunications, with these information systems operating on both a real-time and
as- needed basis. Furthermore, the primary factors driving this new age forward are
convenience and user-friendliness which, in turn, will create user dependence. (James R.
Messenger, Theory of Information Age, 1982)
Historical development of Information Age
Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Age#/media/File:LongWavesThreeParadigms.jpg
TIMELINE OF THE INFORMATION AGE
Time Important Development
1.3000 BC Sumerian writing system used pictographs to represent words

a.SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
first civilization in Mesopotamia
b.CUNEIFORM
-cuneiform means “wedge-shaped”
-wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets
- made my means of blunt reed for a stylus
-more linear
2. 2900 BC beginnings of Egyptian hieroglyphic script
a.HIEROGLYPHIC
- hiero – “holy”, glypho – “writing”
-combined logographic, syllabic and alphabetic elements
-total of some 1,000 distinct characters
-characters are more detailed
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3.1300 BC Tortoise shell and oracle bone writings were used
And earliest written records of Chinese civilization
a.ORACLE BONES
shoulder blades of oxen or plastrons of turtles
b.CARAPCE
outer shell of turtles
used during the Shang dynasty for divination
4. 500 BC Papyrus roll was used
PAPYRUS
-made from a plant
- chief writing material in ancient Egypt
- flexible smooth surface – which accepts and retains ink without blur or
smudge
5.220 BC Chinese small seal writing was developed
a.SMALL SEAL SCRIPT
- small and vertically rectangular form of shouten(小篆, small seal
script) -- -- leading further to creating the first Chinese dictionary, the
Erya
- remained popular through the Han dynasty
- preserved on numerous stone stelae or inscribed stone slabs, used for
official documents and ceremonial purposes
-archaic form of Chinese calligraphy
6.100 AD BOOK (parchment codex)
- - replacement for papyrus roll
PARCHMENT
made from the skin of an animal
OLDEST BOOKS
made from compiled parchment
7.105 AD Woodblock printing and paper was invented by the Chinese
- Image is carved in reverse on a piece of wood
- the block is then inked and printed on a substance like paper or fabric
- INK was made from plant pigments, animal liquids or animal bile
8.1455 Johannes Gutenberg invented the movable printing press
MOVABLE PRINTING PRESS
- more efficient than the wood block printing style
-uses movable components to reproduce information on a medium
(paper
9. 1755 Samuel Johnson published his book, A Dictionary of the English
Language
-standardized English spelling
-one of the most influential dictionaries in the history of English
language
-consists of more than 40,000 words
-written for 8 years o used in clarification of English words
10.1802 a.LIBRARY OF CONGRESS was established in US
- main research arm of the US
- largest library in the world
-200 million resources per year
1-mainly for lawmaking
b.CARBON ARC LAMP was invented
-contains 2 carbon rods and when are touched together, produces an
electric arc
- the rods are drawn apart, maintaining the arc, and electric current
heats
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- tips of the carbon rods are heated and carbon vaporizes (highly
luminous) thus, produces the bright light
- used in the libraries
- used for projection and assimilation of information in libraries
11. 1824 Research on Persistence of Vision (POV) was published.
POV 
-concept of how our brain sees individual images as a sequence of
motion  -when still images are fast tracked, it appears like it is moving
- leads to motion picture
12. 1830s First design of digital computer was made
-called computer because it is mainly for computing basic arithmetic
operations
- CHARLES BABBAGE 
-inventor  called his invention as Analytical Engine
AUGUSTA LADY BYRON
- commissioned to translate notes into English and then augmented it
- made the first ever computer program
- assisted by Babbage 1837 o Telegraph was invented. o TELEGRAPH 
invented by Samuel Morse
- revolutionized long distance communication
- transmits electric signals over the wire laid between stations
MORSE CODE
set of dots and dashes to each letter of the English alphabet
-simple transmission of complex messages across telegraph lines
- used in WW I
- First publicly-shown “talking pictures”
- synchronized sound effects and orchestral music
- no dialogue
13. 1939 Began regular US television broadcasting on April 30
BROADCAST
- President Franklin D. Roosevelt opening the New York World’s Fair
-seen by an estimated 1,000 viewers
-roughly 200 televisions o programs were transmitted from the NBC
mobile camera trucks to the main transmitter which was connected to
an aerial atop the Empire State Building
14. 1940s Beginning of Information Science as discipline
INFORMATION SCIENCE
- computer sciences, cognitive science, psychology, mathematics, logic,
information theory, electronics, communications, linguistics,
economics, classification science, systems science, library science and
management science o AS A DISCIPLINE
- discipline that deals with the processes of storing and transferring
information
15. 1945 -Vannevar Bush foresaw the invention of hypertext
MEMEX
-name of the hypothetical proto-hypertext that Bush described in his
1945 The Atlantic Monthly article “As We May Think”
- a device in which individuals would compress and store all their books,
records, and communications
- influenced the development of early hypertext systems (eventually
leading to the creation of the World Wide Web) and personal
knowledge-based software
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14. 1946 ENIAC computer was developed
ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL INTEGRATOR AND COMPUTER
- first electric general-purpose computer
- built during WW II by the US
15. 1948 FIELD-OF-INFORMATION THEORY
- born out of Claude Shannon’s landmark paper, A Mathematical Theory
of Communication
- invention of the compact disc, the feasibility of mobile phones, the
development of the Internet, the study of linguistics and of human
perception, the understanding of black holes, and numerous other fields
INSERT 5TH GROUP
16. 1984 Apple Macintosh computer was introduced. The Macintosh was
the first computer to come with a graphical user interface and a mouse
pointing device as standard equipment. With the coming of the Mac, the
personal microcomputer began to undergo a major revolution in its
purpose in serving humankind. No longer merely a mathematical tool of
scientists, banks, and engineers, the micro was becoming the tool of
choice for many graphics artists, teachers, instructional designers,
librarians, and information managers. The Macintosh GUI also paved the
way for the development of multimedia.
17. Mid 1980s Artificial intelligence develops as a separate discipline from
information science. With the development of computer programming
involving ever increasing levels of complexity, inheritance, and code re-
use culminating in object oriented programming, the software
foundations for AI were laid. Artificial Intelligence today is best defined
as a collection of electronic information processing tool that can be
applied in a myriad of innovative ways to existing information
technologies. The main purpose of the development of artificial
intelligence is for it to used to do more of the tedious labor in finding and
presenting the appropriate needed information in humanity's vast
collection of data.
16. 1987 Hypercard was developed by Bill Atkinson. Apple Computer
introduced Hypercard to the public by bundling it with all new
Macintosh computers. Hypercard made hypertext document linking
possible for the average person who wished to build an information
network linking all his or her electronic documents that could be
entered or pasted into a Hypercard stack. HyperCard is useful
development tool for a wide range of applications, including multimedia
presentations, and computer-based training materials. It has a built-in
script language - HyperTalk.
17. 1991 World Library Incorporated produced a fully searchable CD-
ROM containing 450 (later expanded to 953) classical works of
literature and historic documents. This demonstrated the power of the
CD-ROM (has a greater storage capacity than optical laserdisc) to take
the text content of several bookshelves and concentrate it on one small
piece of plastic.
1987 o RSA Internet Security – encryption and network security
software; to provide protection for the data and information in the
Internet
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The Impact of Information Age
The Information Age is now upon us. In the world today, technology is used all
around us. Through the use of computers, cell phones, pagers, calculators, video game
consoles and many other technologically advanced products, communication has changed
dramatically. The information age is changing peoples every day activities and making
tedious tasks run more efficiently. Personal use and business-related use of computers and
technology are constantly increasing. Although there are many positive aspects of the
Information Age, there are also many negatives, such as how the Internet is unregulated.
Also, there's a very large legal issue over privacy, as well as many ethical issues computer-
users face daily. Many believe that this era, as developed as it currently is, will continue to
progress and evolve over the years to come.
Our lives have changed greatly because of technology. The Internet has opened
up a whole new world of information that everyone can access and utilize. When a student
has a project to complete and research is required, years ago the student would have gone
to the library and spent hours searching through stacks of books just to find some relevant
information. Now, a student can create a query on the Internet through a search engine and
is presented with thousands of resources available at their fingertips.
The Internet not only provides information but also may new forms of
communication. We can correspond with people across the globe through web-cams, instant
messaging and e-mail. This is the reason why globalization is becoming a reality. As a result
of globalization, people can communicate with relatives over the Internet and businesses can
connect with unlikely partners.
Not only has communication grown through the Internet but also through
newer cell phone technologies and PDAs. In an increasing number of cases, cell phones are
replacing land lines and are gaining more uses.
Activity No. ______

Name: ___________________________________________ Date: _________________________________
Yr/Section: _____________________________________ Score: __________________
1.Answer the following questions:
A.“Can truth be encoded in computable form?”
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
_________
B.What do you think are the biggest problems in digital age?
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________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
_________
2.Fill up the table below
Positive effects of Automation Negative effects of Automation
REFERENCES
https://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/Information-Age
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Age#/media/File:LongWavesThreeParadigms.jpg
https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/new-information-age
https://www.slideshare.net/mariehelenecousyn/information-age-49310998
https://www.slideshare.net/timwojciknis/technology-in-the-information-ag
77
CHAPTER 8 : THE NANO WORLD
OVERVIEW:
Many things have changed in our society nowadays. Modern technologies

continuously arise globally particularly the use of nanotechnology. People are not aware that
this technology is already being used in their everyday lives.
Nanoscale materials have been used for decades in applications ranging from window
glass and sunglasses to car bumpers and paints. Now, however, the convergence of scientific
disciplines (chemistry, biology, electronics, physics, engineering etc.) is leading to a
multiplication of applications in materials manufacturing, computer chips, medical diagnosis
and health care, energy, biotechnology, space exploration, security and so on. Hence,
nanotechnology is expected to have a significant impact on our economy and society within
the next 10 to 15 years.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. Explain the concept of Nanotechnology;

2. Discuss the applications of Nanotechnolgy:
3. Discuss the major impacts (both potential and realized) of nanotechnology on
society;
Cross Word Puzzle
Across Down
2 Building block of every living thing 1 The smallest thing the naked eye can see
5 The number of nanometers a man’s 3 The science of studying materials at the
beard grows per second atomic level
7 The development of materials and 4 Color of very small gold atoms
devices at the Nanoscale 9 Self________: when particles arrange
8 Chemical used in sunscreen themselves into an ordered system
10 Increasing this will change the reactivity 11 This method is used for top down
of a material building of nanomaterials
12 Used to keep arteries open
13 Type of carbon used in race cars and
sports equipment
78
EXPANDING YOUR KNOWLEDGE:
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Nanoscience is the study of phenomena and manipulation of materials at atomic,

molecular and macromolecular scales, in order to understand and exploit properties that
differ significantly from those on a larger scale. Nanotechnologies are the design,
characterization, production and application of structures, devices and systems by
controlling shape and size on ananometer scale.
In other words, nanotechnology is a technology that manipulate and control a

substance at the nanometer (nm) level (The nanometer level is the level of atoms and
molecules), and create new materials and devices with fascinating functions making the best
use of the special properties of nanosized substances. For example, today people need
devices able to store information at high densities and high speeds, using little energy. One
wat to realize this is to make each component very small. However, as there are limits to
miniaturizing components with existing technology, there is also a need for a technology that
uses a different (nanotechnology) approach to process components and systems with
nanometer-level precision. Also, when the size of hte matter is at the level of several
molecules or atoms, certain properties (the quantum effect or the surface effect) are
classsified, which are not noticeable when a substance is a large mass. Therefore, the
downsizing to the nanometer level can provide the consumers not only the miniatures but
also comnpletely new devices operated by such special properties.
A nanometer (nm) is one thousand millionth of a meter. A single human hair is about
80,000 nm wide, a red blood cell is approximately 7,000 nm wide, a DNA molecule 2 to 2.5
nm, and a water molecule almost 0.3 nm. The term ”nanotechnology” was created by Norio
Taniguchi of Tokyo University in 1974 to describe the precision manufacture of materials
with nanometer tolerances1 , but its origins date back to Richard Feynman’s 1959
talk ”There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom”2 in which he proposed the direct manipulation
of individual atoms as a more powerful form of synthetic chemistry.
Modern industrial nanotechnology had its origins in the 1930s, in processes used to
create silver coatings for photographic film; and chemists have been making polymers,
which are large molecules made up of nanoscale subunits, for many decades. However, the
earliest known use of nanoparticles is in the ninth century during the Abbasid dynasty. Arab
potters used nanoparticles in their glazes so that objects would change colour depending on
the viewing angle (the so-called polychrome lustre) .
The properties of materials can be different on a nanoscale for two main reasons.
First, nanomaterials have, relatively, a larger surface area than the same mass of material
produced in a larger form. This can make materials more chemically reactive (in some cases
materials that are inert in their larger form are reactive when produced in their nanoscale
form), and affect their strength or electrical properties. Second, below 50 nm, the laws of
classical physics give way to quantum effects, provoking optical, electrical and magnetic
behaviours different from those of the same material at a larger scale. These effects can give
materials very useful physical properties such as exceptional electrical conduction or
resistance, or a high capacity for storing or transferring heat, and can even modify biological
properties, with silver for example becoming a bactericide on a nanoscale.
The three of the most talked-about nanotechnologies are carbon nanotubes, nanoparticles,
and quantum dots.
1. Carbon Nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes, long thin cylinders of atomic layers of graphite, may be the most
significant new material since plastics and are the most significant of today’s nanomaterials.
They come in a range of different structures, allowing a wide variety of properties. They are
79
generally classified as single-walled (SWNT), consisting of a single cylindrical wall, or
multiwalled nanotubes (MWNT), which have cylinders within the cylinders.
Some proposed uses for nanotubes:

a. Chemical and Genetic Probes. A nanotube-tipped atomic force microscope can trace a
strand of DNA and identify chemical markers that reveal which of several possible variants
of a gene is present in the strand.
b. Field Emission Based Devices. Carbon Nanotubes have been demonstrated to be efficient
field emitters and are currently being incorporated in several applications
including flat-panel display for television sets or computers or any devices requiring an
electron producing cathode such as X-ray sources (e.g. for medical applications).
c. Supersensitive Sensors. Semiconducting nanotubes change their electrical resistance
dramatically when exposed to alkalis, halogens and other gases at room temperature, raising
hopes for better chemical sensors. The sensitivity of these devices is 1,000 times that of
standard solid state devices.
d. Sharper Scanning Microscope. Attached to the tip of a scanning probe microscope,
nanotubes can boost the instruments’ lateral resolution by a factor of 10 or more, allowing
clearer views of proteins and other large molecules.
e. Superstrong Materials. Embedded into a composite, nanotubes have enormous resilience
and tensile strength and could be used to make materials with better safety
features, such as cars with panels that absorb significantly more of the force of a collision
than traditional materials, or girders that bend rather than rupture in an earthquake.
Nanotubes still cost 10 to 1,000 times more than the carbon fibers currently used in
composites.
2. Nanoparticles
Nanoparticles have been used since antiquity by ceramists in China and the West,
while 1.5 million tons of carbon black, the most abundant nanoparticulate material, are
produced every year. Metal oxide ceramic, metal, and silicate nanoparticles constitute the
most common of the new generation of nanoparticles. A substance called chitosan for
example, used in hair conditioners and skin creams, has been made in nanoparticle form to
improve absorption.
Moving to nanoscale changes the physical properties of particles, notably by
increasing the ratio of surface area to volume, and the emergence of quantum effects.
High surface area is a critical factor in the performance of catalysis and structures such as
electrodes, allowing improvement in performance of such technologies as fuel cells and
batteries. The large surface area also results in useful interactions between the materials in
nanocomposites, leading to special properties such as increased strength and/or increased
chemical/heat resistance. The fact that nanoparticles have dimensions below the critical
wavelength of light renders them transparent, an effect exploited in packaging, cosmetics
and coatings.
3. Quantum dots
Just as carbon nanotubes are often described as the new plastics, so quantum dots are
defined as the ball bearings of the nano-age11. Quantum dots are like “artificial atoms”. They
are 1 nm structures made of materials such as silicon, capable of confining a single electron,
or a few thousand, whose energy states can be controlled by applying a given voltage. In
theory, this could be used to fulfil the alchemist’s dream of changing the chemical nature of
a material.
Quantum dots can be made to emit light at different wavelengths, with the smaller
the dot the bluer the light. The dots emit over a narrow spectrum making them well suited
to imaging, particularly for biological samples. The wide range of colors that can be produced
by quantum dots also means they have great potential in security. They could, for example,
be hidden in bank notes or credit cards, producing a unique visible image when exposed to
ultraviolet light. It is possible to make light-emitting diodes (LEDs) from quantum dots which
80
could produce white light e.g. for buildings or cars. By controlling the amount of blue in the
emission-control the "flavor" or "tone" of the white light can be tuned. Quantum dots are also
possible materials for making ultrafast, all-optical switches and logic gates that work faster
than 15 terabits a second. Biologists are experimenting with composites of living cells and
quantum dots. These could possibly be used to repair damaged neural pathways or to deliver
drugs by activating the dots with light.
Nanoscale materials, as mentioned above, have been used for many decades in
several applications, are already present in a wide range of products, including mass-market
consumer products.
Some of the uses of nanotechnologies in consumer products:

1. A glass for windows which is coated with titanium oxide nanoparticles that react to
sunlight to break down dirt. When water hits the glass, it spreads evenly over the surface,
instead of forming droplets, and runs off rapidly, taking the dirt with it.
2. Nanotechnologies are used by the car industry to reinforce certain properties of car
bumpers and to improve the adhesive properties of paints.
3. Sunglasses using protective and antireflective ultrathin polymer coatings.
Nanotechnology also offers scratch-resistant coatings based on nanocomposites
that are transparent, ultra-thin, simple to care for, wellsuited for daily use and reasonably
priced.
4. Textiles can incorporate nanotechnology to make practical improvements to such
properties as windproofing and waterproofing, preventing wrinkling or staining, and
guarding against electrostatic discharges. The windproof and waterproof properties of one
ski jacket, for example, are obtained not by a surface coating of the jacket but by the use of
nanofibers.
5. Sports equipment manufacturers are also turning to nanotech. A high-performance ski
wax, which produces a hard and fast-gliding surface, is already in
use. The ultra-thin coating lasts longer than conventional waxing systems. Tennis rackets
with carbon nanotubes have increased torsion and flex resistance. The rackets are more rigid
than current carbon rackets and pack more power. Long-lasting tennis-balls are made by
coating the inner core with clay polymer nanocomposites and have twice the lifetime of
conventional balls.
6. Sunscreens and cosmetics based on nanotech are already widely used. Customers like
products that are translucent because they suggest purity and cleanliness, and L’Oréal
discovered that when lotions are ground down to 50 or 60 nms, they let light through. For
sunscreens, mineral nanoparticles such as titanium dioxide offer several
advantages.Titanium dioxide nanoparticles have a comparable UV protection property as
the bulk material, but lose the cosmetically undesirable whitening as the particle size is
decreased. For anti-wrinkle creams, a polymer capsule is used to transport active agents like
vitamins.
7. Televisions using carbon nanotubes could be in use by late 2006 according to Samsung16.
Manufacturers expect these "field effect displays," (FED) to consume
less energy than plasma or liquid crystal display (LCD) sets and combine the thinness of LCD
and the image quality of traditional cathode ray tubes (CRT).
Some of the foreseen applications of Nanotechnology in the medium term:
The following list gives a quick overview of the many domains where nanotechnology
is expected to fundamentally change products and how they are
produced over the next two decades.
Electronics and communications: recording using nanolayers and dots, flat-panel displays,
wireless technology, new devices and processes across the entire range of communication
and information technologies, factors of thousands to millions improvements in both data
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storage capacity and processing speeds and at lower cost and improved power efficiency
compared to present electronic circuits
Chemicals and materials: catalysts that increase the energy efficiency of chemical plants
and improve the combustion efficiency (thus lowering pollution emission) of motor vehicles,
super-hard and tough (i.e., not brittle) drill bits and cutting tools, "smart" magnetic fluids for
vacuum seals and lubricants
Pharmaceuticals, healthcare, and life sciences: nanostructured drugs, gene and drug
delivery systems targeted to specific sites in the body, bio-compatible replacements for body
parts and fluids, self-diagnostics for use in the home, sensors for labs-on-a-chip, material for
bone and tissue regeneration
Manufacturing: precision engineering based on new generations of microscopes and
measuring techniques, new processes and tools to manipulate matter at an atomic level,
nanopowders that are sintered into bulk materials with special properties that may include
sensors to detect incipient failures and actuators to repair problems, chemical-mechanical
polishing with nanoparticles, self-assembling of structures from molecules, bio-inspired
materials and biostructures
Energy technologies: new types of batteries, artificial photosynthesis for clean energy,
quantum well solar cells, safe storage of hydrogen for use as a clean fuel, energy savings from
using lighter materials and smaller circuits
Space exploration: lightweight space vehicles, economic energy generation and
management, ultra small and capable robotic systems
Environment: selective membranes that can filter contaminants or even salt from water,
nanostructured traps for removing pollutants from industrial effluents, characterization of
the effects of nanostructures in the environment, maintenance of industrial sustainability by
significant reductions in materials and energy use, reduced sources of pollution, increased
opportunities for recycling
National security: detectors and detoxifiers of chemical and biological agents, dramatically
more capable electronic circuits, hard nanostructured coatings
and materials, camouflage materials, light and self repairing textiles, blood replacement,
miniaturized surveillance systems.
Nanotechnology and the situation of developing countries

While research and development in nanotechnology is quite limited in most
developing countries, there will be increasing opportunities to import nano products and
processes. It can be argued of course that nanotechnology could make the situation of
developing countries worse by reducing demand for their exports, notably raw materials.
Moreover, even in developing countries, few nanotech projects specifically target the needs
of the poor, leading to fears of a ”nano divide” similar to the digital divide.
For developing countries, the top 10 nanotechnology applications are:

1. Energy. Nanomaterials are being used to build a new generation of solar cells, hydrogen
fuel cells and novel hydrogen storage systems that could deliver clean energy to countries
still reliant on traditional, non-renewable contaminating fuels. Advances in the creation of
synthetic nanomembranes embedded with proteins are capable of turning light into
chemical energy. If successfully developed on an industrial scale, such technologies could
help developing countries avoid recurrent shortages and price
fluctuations that come with dependence on fossil fuels, as well as the environmental
consequences of mining and burning oil and coal.
2. Agriculture. Researchers are developing a range of inexpensive nanotech applications to
increase soil fertility and crop production, and help eliminate malnutrition – a contributor
to more than half the deaths of children under five in developing countries.
Nanotech materials are in development for the slow release and efficient dosage of
fertilisers for plants and of nutrients and medicines for livestock. Other agricultural
developments include nanosensors to monitor the health of crops and farm animals and
magnetic nanoparticles to remove soil contaminants.
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3. Water treatment. Nano-membranes and nano-clays are inexpensive, portable and easily
cleaned systems that purify, detoxify and desalinate water more efficiently than
conventional bacterial and viral filters. Researchers also have developed a method of
largescale production of carbon nano-tube filters for water quality improvement. Other
water applications include systems (based on titanium dioxide and on magnetic
nanoparticles) that decompose organic pollutants and remove salts and heavy metals from
liquids, enabling the use of heavily contaminated and salt water for irrigation and drinking.
Several of the contaminating substances retrieved could then be easily recycled.
4. Disease diagnosis and screening. Technologies include the "lab-on-a-chip", which offers
all the diagnostic functions of a medical laboratory, and other biosensors based on
nanotubes, wires, magnetic particles and semiconductor crystals (quantum dots). These
inexpensive, hand-held diagnostic kits detect the presence of several pathogens at once and
could be used for wide-range screening in small peripheral clinics. Other nanotechnology
applications are in development that would greatly enhance medical imaging.
5. Drug delivery systems. Nano-capsules, dendrimers (tiny bush-like spheres made of
branched polymers), and "buckyballs" (soccerball-shaped structures made of 60 carbon
atoms) for slow, sustained drug release systems, characteristics valuable for countries
without adequate drug storage capabilities and distribution networks. Nanotechnology
could also potentially reduce transportation costs and even required dosages by improving
shelf-life, thermo-stability and resistance to changes in humidity of existing medications;
6. Food processing and storage. Improved plastic film coatings for food packaging and
storage may enable a wider and more efficient distribution of food products to remote areas
in less industrialised countries; antimicrobial emulsions made with nano-materials for the
decontamination of food equipment, packaging, or food; and nanotech-based sensors to
detect and identify contamination;
7. Air pollution remediation. Nanotech-based innovations that destroy air pollutants with
light; make catalytic converters more efficient, cheaper and better controlled; detect toxic
materials and leaks; reduce fossil fuel emissions; and separate gases.
8. Construction. Nano-molecular structures to make asphalt and concrete more resistant to
water; materials to block ultraviolet and infrared radiation; materials for cheaper and
durable housing, surfaces, coatings, glues, concrete, and heat and light exclusion; and
selfcleaning for windows, mirrors and toilets.
9. Health monitoring. Nano-devices are being developed to keep track of daily changes in
physiological variables such as the levels of glucose, of carbon dioxide, and of cholesterol,
without the need for drawing blood in a hospital setting. For example, patients suffering from
diabetes would know at any given time the concentration of sugar in their blood; similarly,
patients with heart diseases would be able to monitor their cholesterol levels constantly.
10. Disease vector and pest detection control. Nanoscale sensors for pest detection, and
improved pesticides, insecticides, and insect repellents.
Risks of Nanotechnology
The emphasis on what kind of risks involved in nanotechnologies that need to be considered
depends on the perspective of the particular organization.
These are:
• business risks involved with marketing of nanotechnology enabled products,
• risks related to the protection of intellectual property,
• political risks regarding the impact on the economical development of countries and
regions,
• environmental risks from the release of nanoparticles into the environment,
• safety risks from nanoparticles for workers and consumers.
Implications of nanotechnology on human health and the environment

A fair assessment of the risks of any new technology must also consider positive
contributions to increased safety. The basic innovations that come from nanotechnologies
have the potential to contribute to human health and environmental safety in many ways.
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They have the potential to contribute to solve urgent issues like the provision of clean
drinking water or more efficient energy conversion and energy storage. The potential of
nanotechnologies regarding economic benefits, the potential to create jobs, wealth and well
being is very high.
The economic growth in the field of nanotechnologies will lead to an increased variety
and increased volumes of engineered nanoparticles that are produced. Keeping in mind that
these ”free nanoparticles” can enter the human body over various pathways (inhalation,
ingestion or via the skin) or disperse into the environment, it is important to understand the
implications for human health and the ecosystems.
It is necessary to understand both, the hazards associated with nanomaterials and the
levels of exposure, that are likely to occur. In both areas, the existing knowledge is quite
limited and it will be necessary to generate and establish new data in the future.
HUMAN HEALTH
In the field of medicine, there are quite a few technological developments that
promise enhanced diagnostic possibilities, new ways to monitor patients, new ways to treat
diseases like cancer and to reduce side effects.
To give a few examples:

• Nanoparticles can be used as carriers for targeted drug delivery. Their ability to penetrate
certain protective membranes in the body, such as the bloodbrain barrier, can be beneficial
for many drugs. This could open the way for new drugs from active substances that have not
been able to pass clinical trials due to less precise delivery mechanisms.
• Nanosensors and lab-on-a-chip-technologies will foster early recognition and identification
of diseases and can be used for continuous monitoring of patients with chronic diseases.
Some undesirable implications of nanotechnology to human:

a. When bulk materials are made into nanoparticles, they tend to become chemically
more reactive. They are very interesting as catalysts. Even chemically inert materials like
gold or platinum are able to catalyse chemical reactions in nano-powder form.
b. Nanoparticles generally are more toxic when incorporated into the human body than
larger particles of the same materials. Free nanoparticles or nanotubes could be inhaled,
absorbed through the skin or ingested.
Inhaled particles can have two major effects on the human body. First, Their primary
toxic effect is to induce inflammation in the respiratory tract, causing tissue damage and
subsequent systemic effects. And secondly, the transport of nanoparticles through the blood
stream to other vital organs or tissues of the body may result in cardiovascular and other
extrapulmonary effects. If nanoparticles penetrate the skin they might facilitate the
production of reactive molecules that could lead to cell damage.
ENVIRONMENT
Nanomaterials can be used to assist with cleaning the environment and even provide
efficient energy solutions, such as nanomaterial based solar cells. However, there are both
positive and negative impacts on the environment due to nanotechnology.
With the help of nanotechnology, water quality can be improved. Some of the
nanomaterials that can be used for remediation of water are carbon nanotubes (CNTs),
zeolites, nanoparticles of zero valent iron (ZVI), silver nanoparticles, etc. Other
nanomaterials like zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), tungsten oxide, serve as a
photocatalyst. These photocatalysts can oxidize organic pollutants into harmless materials.
TiO2 is the most preferred material as it has high photostability, high photoconductivity,
easily available, inexpensive and non-toxic. Silver nanoparticles have antimicrobial effect.
Also, many polymeric nanoparticles are being used for wastewater treatment.
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Another new technology is known as nanofiltration which can be used in water
treatment in homes, offices, and industries. Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) nonporous
membrane is used for energy efficient desalination of water which filters five times more
than the conventional ones. To clean oil spills in the water bodies, a nanofabric paper towel
has been developed which are woven from tiny wires of potassium manganese oxide that
can absorb oil 20 times its weight. Thus, nanotechnology provides a solution to clean the
contaminated water and prevent new pollution.
With the help of nanotechnology, toxic gases in the air can be cleaned. But first, we
have to detect the pollutants at the molecular level using precise sensors. A sensor called
nanocontact sensor has been developed which can detect the heavy metal ions and
radioactive elements. These sensors have a small size, are inexpensive and are easy to use
on-site. Currently, single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) are being used for the detection of
NO2 and NH3 gases. Also, SWNTs sensor can accomplish high sensing activity at room
temperature when compared to the conventional sensors which work at 200 to 600◦ C.
Cantilever sensors have been developed to sense VOCs, heavy metals and pesticides. A
mixture of CNTs with gold particles helps adsorb toxic gases like NOx, SO2 and CO2. Another
porous nanomaterial manganese oxide has better adsorption of toxic gases due to its large
surface area.
Therefore, by detecting pollutants by specific sensors, we can help protect the
sustainability of human health and the environment. Thus, nanotechnology provides us with
a new approach to cut down the waste production, reduce the emission of greenhouse gases
and discharge of hazardous chemicals in water bodies.
Nanomaterials can also have a negative impact. Currently there is very little
information describing the relative environmental risk of the manufactured nanomaterials.
Only a few studies have been conducted with the aim of discovering the direct and indirect
exposure to nanomaterials and there are no clear guidelines to quantify the effects.
Kindly watch:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQhhcgn8YZo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IGjCOJqINPA
Activity No. ______

Name: ___________________________________________ Date: _________________________________
Yr/Section: _____________________________________ Score: __________________
# 1:
Choose one (1) nanotechnology that captures your interest. Then, make a short vlog
(maximum of 3 minutes) about it showing its features and applications.
# 2:
Make a brochure about nanotechnology. It should feature the nanotechnologies in
various fields such as medicine, agriculture, engineering materials, etc.
REFERENCES:
Ian Sofian Yunus ,Harwin , AdiKurniawan , Dendy Adityawarman& Antonius

Indarto (2012) Nanotechnologies in water and air pollution treatment,
Environmental Technology Reviews, 1:1, 136-148, DOI:
10.1080/21622515.2012.733966
https://www.azonano.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=5114
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CHAPTER 9: GENE THERAPY
OVERVIEW:
Many people nowadays have been fighting for different diseases and ilnesses that are
detrimental and seems to be uncurable. Advances in medical field may provide solutions to
these health problems. And one of these is gene therapy. Gene therapy has the potential to
treat diseases that cannot be treated with conventional medicine.
Gene therapy is an experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent
disease. Gene therapy replaces a faulty gene or adds a new gene in an attempt to cure
disease or improve your body's ability to fight disease. Gene therapy holds promise for
treating a wide range of diseases, such as cancer, cystic fibrosis, heart disease, diabetes,
hemophilia and AIDS.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this unit, I am able to

1. Discuss the concept of Gene Therapy and its various forms
2. Discuss and assess the benefits and detriments of gene therapy to human health
3. Assess the issue’s potential benefits and detriments to global health
The illustration below shows how Gene therapy works. Examine it, then give your own
understanding about Gene therapy.
https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Gene-Therapy
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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EXPANDING YOUR KNOWLEDGE:
Introduction
The human body is composed of trillions of cells. Cells are the basic building blocks of
all living things. The command center of each cell is called the nucleus, and it contains
chromosomes. Chromosomes are made up of DNA which is the body’s hereditary material.
Typically, every person has 2 copies of each gene, one from each parent. Genes are
regions of DNA that code for proteins or contain instructions for making proteins, which are
molecules that build, regulate, and maintain the body
A person has about 20,000 genes, and most are the same in all people. However, each
person has a small number of genes that are slightly different. These slight differences in
genes are why people have different features.
Sometimes, there is a change in a gene’s DNA sequence, such as a substitution,
deletion, or duplication. This is called a mutation and can cause a necessary protein to not
work properly or to be missing. A mutation can be passed from parent to child or can be
acquired during a person’s life. Some changes in genes are harmless, but others can affect
our health. Gene mutations can result in genetic diseases.
GENE THERAPY
Gene therapy is a technique that modifies a person’s genes to treat or cure disease. It
is a technique that uses genetic material (a piece of DNA) for the long-term treatment of
genetic disorders.
Gene therapy has provided treatments for incurable diseases that previously had only
temporary remedies. Some of these diseases are partly or fully caused by genetic mutations,
such as Cardiovascular disease, Neurodegenerative disorders (such as Parkinson’s disease),
Vision disorders, Blood clotting disorders (such as hemophilia), and Diabetes mellitus.
Approaches to Gene Therapy

Gene therapies can work by several mechanisms:
• Replacing a disease-causing gene with a healthy copy of the gene
• Inactivating a disease-causing gene that is not functioning properly
• Introducing a new or modified gene into the body to help treat a disease
Types of Gene Therapy

Gene therapy is classified into the following two types:
1. Somatic Gene Therapy
In somatic gene therapy, the somatic cells of a patient are targeted for foreign gene
transfer. In this case the effects caused by the foreign gene is restricted to the individual
patient only, and not inherited by the patient's offspring or later generations.
2. Germ Line Gene Therapy
In germ line gene therapy, the functional genes, which are to be integrated into the
genomes, are inserted in the germ cells, example, sperm or eggs. Targeting of germ cells
makes the therapy heritable.
Gene Therapy Strategies
A. Gene Augmentation Therapy (GAT)
In GAT, simple addition of functional alleles is used to treat inherited disorders
caused by genetic deficiency of a gene product, example GAT has been applied to autosomal
recessive disorders. Dominantly inherited disorders are much less amenable to GAT
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Figure 1. A gene therapy vector has been designed to treat the diseased cells with a gene X. This vector
was introduced inside the diseased cells by various gene transfer methods. After a successful
homologous recombination the treated cells will show the presence of gene X product as well as normal
phenotype.
B. Targeted Killing of Specific Cells

It involves utilizing genes encoding toxic compounds (suicide genes), or prodrugs
(reagents which confer sensitivity to subsequent treatment with a drug) to kill the
transfected or transformed cells. This general approach is popular in cancer gene therapies.
Figure 2. a) Direct killing of diseased cells by two methods. The first method is the introduction of toxin
gene into the diseased cell which when expresses toxin protein the cells die. The second method involves
incorporation of a certain gene (example: TK) in the gene therapy vector which shows a suicidal property
on introducing certain drug (example: ganciclovir).
Figure 3. b) Assisted killing is another strategy of killing diseased cells. Here one method is to insert a
well known foreign antigen coding gene which induces immune cells for the killing of the diseased cells.
Few more methods are based on immune cells activation in which a certain cytokine encoding gene
incorporated into gene therapy vector and inserted into either diseased cells or non-diseased cells. This
will lead to enhanced immune response followed by killing of diseased cells.
C. Targeted Inhibition of Gene Expression

This is to block the expression of any diseased gene or a new gene expressing a
protein which is harmful for a cell. This is particularly suitable for treating infectious diseases
and some cancers.
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Figure 4. To inhibit the target gene expression in diseased cell the antisense mRNA coding gene inserted
vector or triplex-forming oligonucleotides (TFO) or antisense oligonucleotide (ODN) can be introduced
which will inhibit the gene expression either by forming DNA:RNA triplex inside the nucleus or forming
RNA:RNA duplex by forming complementary mRNA strand of disease protein coding mRNA. This may
D. Targeted Gene Mutation Correction

It is used to correct a defective gene to restore its function which can be done at
genetic level by homologous recombination or at mRNA level by using therapeutic
ribozymes or therapeutic RNA editing.
Figure 5. This is used for disease caused by mutation. The corrected gene will be swapped by the mutant
gene X (m). Then diseased cells will become normal after the correction of mutation by gene therapy.
Methods of Gene Therapy
The goal of gene therapy research is to determine whether a new gene can be used to replace
or inactivate a mutated gene to treat a disease or help the body fight a disease.
For a gene to be delivered into a cell, a transporter is typically used. A transporter is known
as a vector.
A vector is made from an altered virus. Before the virus is used as a vector, its viral
genes are removed. Once the virus is modified, it is intended to transport the desired gene to
a cell without causing disease. Once inside, the desired gene should restore the function of
the protein.
Vectors can be given intravenously, which means they are administered into a vein,
or injected into a specific tissue in the body. Other procedures, such as surgery, can also be
used to deliver vectors into specific areas of the body.
There are mainly two approaches for the transfer of genes in gene therapy:
A: Transfer of genes directly to cells inside the body (in vivo)
B: Transfer of genes into patient cells outside the body (ex vivo gene therapy)
Figure 6. A healthy gene is inserted into a carrier, called a vector, and transferred to
the affected cells, either inside or outside the body. The transfer of therapuetic genes 89
to the targeted cells is described on the reverse side.
Ex vivo gene therapy
✓ In this mode of gene therapy genes are transferred to the cells grown in culture,
transformed cells are selected, multiplied and then introduced into the patient.
✓ The use of autologous cells avoids immune system rejection of the introduced cells.
✓ The cells are sourced initially from the patient to be treated and grown in culture before
being reintroduced into the same individual.
✓ This approach can be applied to the tissues like hematopoietic cells and skin cells which
can be removed from the body, genetically corrected outside the body and reintroduced
into the patient body where they become engrafted and survive for a long period of time.
Figure 7. A self explanatory schematic diagram for ex vivo gene transfer. Ex vivo therapy involves
tightly regulated cellular manipulation in harvested cells.
In Vivo Gene Therapy

✓ In vivo method of gene transfer involves the transfer of cloned genes directly into the
tissues of the patient.
✓ This is done in case of tissues whose individual cells cannot be cultured in vitro in
sufficient numbers (like brain cells) and/or where re-implantation of the cultured cells
in the patient is not efficient.
✓ Liposomes and certain viral vectors are employed for this purpose because of lack of any
other mode of selection.
✓ In case of viral vectors such type of cultured cells were often used which have been
infected with the recombinant retrovirus in vitro to produce modified viral vectors
regularly. These cultured cells will be called as vector-producing cells (VPCs)). The VPCs
transfer the gene to surrounding disease cells.
✓ The efficiency of gene transfer and expression determines the success of this approach,
because of the lack of any way for selection and amplification of cells which take up and
express the foreign gene.
Figure 8. Various steps of in vivo gene transfer.

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Target sites for Gene Therapy
Therapeutic genes have to be delivered to specific target sites for a specific type of
disease. This table describes the list of such disease and their target sites for gene therapy.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Gene Therapy

Advantages of Using Gene Therapy
• Gene Silencing: In the case of an HIV-infected person, gene therapy and gene silencing can
protect the patient from pain and suffering before the disease progresses.
• Gene therapy is potentially used to eliminate and prevent hereditary diseases such as cystic
fibrosis; it is also a potential way to treat heart disease, AIDS, and cancer.
Disadvantages of Gene Therapy

• The novelty of gene therapy methods is one disadvantage.
• Stimulation of immune response: The gene injected by a virus may cause immune
responses due to the presence of the virus inside the body and the pathogenic potential of
viral vectors (in one case, the viral vector could improve
its ability to cause illness).
• Generation of genetic disorders due to the presence of multigene: The genetic material
transferred may not necessarily enter the target cell; even if it does, it may not be placed at
an appropriate place in the genome.
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Activity No. ______

Name: ___________________________________________ Date: _________________________________
Yr/Section: _____________________________________ Score: __________________
Activity:
#1
Make an informative poster about Gene Therapy. The poster should contain multitude
of factual information about gene therapy that aim to educate the viewers as much as possible.
REFERENCES:
International Journal of Medical Reviews. 2018;5(3):106–117

NPTEL – Bio Technology – Genetic Engineering & Applications
https://nptel.ac.in/content/storage2/courses/102103013/pdf/mod8.pdf
http://www.ijmedrev.com/article_80326_cbe93d3dff5685a05443a3c68bcdcc61.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7569/figure/A2871/?report=objectonly
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CHAPTER 10: CLIMATE CHANGE
OVERVIEW:
All biomes are universally affected by global conditions, such as climate, that
ultimately shape each biome’s environment. Scientists who study climate have noted a series
of marked changes that have gradually become increasingly evident during the last sixty
years. Global climate change is the term used to describe altered global weather patterns,
especially a worldwide increase in temperature and resulting changes in the climate, due
largely to rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the chapter, I am able to:

1. define global climate change;
2. summarize the effects of the Industrial Revolution on global atmospheric carbon
dioxide concentration;
3. describe three natural factors affecting long-term global climate; and
4. list two or more greenhouse gases and describe their role in the greenhouse effect.
ACTIVATING YOUR PRIOR KNOWLEDGE:
LINK TO LEARNING
Watch this NASA video (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:G2010-
106_NPP_ReportersPackage_ipod_lg.ogv) to discover the mixed effects of global
warming on plant growth. While scientists found that warmer temperatures in the 1980s
and 1990s caused an increase in plant productivity, this advantage has since been
counteracted by more frequent droughts.
Explain the specific impacts that global climate change has on plants and the larger
effects of those impacts.
a. Warmer temperatures extend the growing season of plants, which increases their
water requirement throughout the season. Once the growing season ends,
shorter, milder winters fail to kill pests, which increases the risk of large,
damaging infestations in subsequent seasons.
b. Warmer temperatures extend the growing season of plants, which increases their
nutrient requirements throughout the season. The nutrient requirements are not
met once the growing season ends, increasing the risk of low productivity in plant
populations.
c. Warmer temperatures reduce the growing season of plants, which increases the
risk of low productivity. Once the growing season ends, shorter, milder winters
fail to kill pests, which increases the risk of damaging infestations in subsequent
seasons, which also leads to low productivity.
d. Warmer temperatures reduce the growing season of plants, which increases the
risk of low productivity. Once the growing season ends, milder, shorter winters
fail to provide sufficient nutrients to plants, causing higher rates of plant
mortality.
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CLIMATE AND WEATHER

A common misconception about global climate change is that a specific weather event
occurring in a particular region (for example, a very cool week in June in central Indiana) is
evidence of global climate change. However, a cold week in June is a weather-related event
and not a climate-related one. These misconceptions often arise because of confusion over
the terms climate and weather.
Climate refers to the long-term, predictable atmospheric conditions of a specific area.
The climate of a biome is characterized by having consistent temperature and annual rainfall
ranges. Climate does not address the amount of rain that fell on one particular day in a biome
or the colder-than-average temperatures that occurred on one day. In
contrast, weather refers to the conditions of the atmosphere during a short period of time.
Weather forecasts are usually made for 48-hour cycles. Long-range weather forecasts are
available but can be unreliable.
To better understand the difference between climate and weather, imagine that you
are planning an outdoor event in northern Wisconsin. You would be thinking
about climate when you plan the event in the summer rather than the winter because you
have long-term knowledge that any given Saturday in the months of May to August would be
a better choice for an outdoor event in Wisconsin than any given Saturday in January.
However, you cannot determine the specific day that the event should be held on because it
is difficult to accurately predict the weather on a specific day. Climate can be considered
“average” weather.
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change can be understood by approaching three areas of study:
• evidence of current and past global climate change

• drivers of global climate change
• documented results of climate change
It is helpful to keep these three different aspects of climate change clearly separated when
consuming media reports about global climate change. It is common for reports and
discussions about global climate change to confuse the data showing that Earth’s climate is
changing with the factors that drive this climate change.
EVIDENCE FOR GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
Since scientists cannot go back in time to directly measure climatic variables, such as average
temperature and precipitation, they must instead indirectly measure temperature. To do
this, scientists rely on historical evidence of Earth’s past climate.
Antarctic ice cores are a key example of such evidence. These ice cores are samples of polar
ice obtained by means of drills that reach thousands of meters into ice sheets or high
mountain glaciers. Viewing the ice cores is like traveling backwards through time; the deeper
the sample, the earlier the time period. Trapped within the ice are bubbles of air and other
biological evidence that can reveal temperature and carbon dioxide data. Antarctic ice cores
have been collected and analyzed to indirectly estimate the temperature of the Earth over
the past 400,000 years (Figure 10.1 a). The 0 °C on this graph refers to the long-term
average. Temperatures that are greater than 0 °C exceed Earth’s long-term average
temperature. Conversely, temperatures that are less than 0 °C are less than Earth’s average
temperature. This figure shows that there have been periodic cycles of increasing and
decreasing temperature.
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Before the late 1800s, the Earth has been as much as 9 °C cooler and about 3 °C warmer. Note
that the graph in Figure 10.1 b shows that the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide
has also risen and fallen in periodic cycles; note the relationship between carbon dioxide
concentration and temperature. Figure 10.1 b shows that carbon dioxide levels in the
atmosphere have historically cycled between 180 and 300 parts per million (ppm) by
volume.
Figure 10.1 Ice at the Russian Vostok station in East Antarctica

was laid down over the course 420,000 years and reached a depth
of over 3,000 m. By measuring the amount of CO2 trapped in the ice,
scientists have determined past atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
Temperatures relative to modern day were determined from the
amount of deuterium (an isotope of hydrogen) present.
Figure 10.1 a does not show the last 2,000 years with enough detail to compare the changes
of Earth’s temperature during the last 400,000 years with the temperature change that has
occurred in the more recent past. Two significant temperature anomalies, or irregularities,
have occurred in the last 2000 years. These are the Medieval Climate Anomaly (or the
Medieval Warm Period) and the Little Ice Age. A third temperature anomaly aligns with the
Industrial Era. The Medieval Climate Anomaly occurred between 900 and 1300 AD. During
this time period, many climate scientists think that slightly warmer weather conditions
prevailed in many parts of the world; the higher-than-average temperature changes varied
between 0.10 °C and 0.20 °C above the norm. Although 0.10 °C does not seem large enough
to produce any noticeable change, it did free seas of ice. Because of this warming, the Vikings
were able to colonize Greenland.
The Little Ice Age was a cold period that occurred between 1550 AD and 1850 AD. During
this time, a slight cooling of a little less than 1 °C was observed in North America, Europe,
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and possibly other areas of the Earth. This 1 °C change in global temperature is a seemingly
small deviation in temperature (as was observed during the Medieval Climate Anomaly);
however, it also resulted in noticeable changes. Historical accounts reveal a time of
exceptionally harsh winters with much snow and frost.
The Industrial Revolution, which began around 1750, was characterized by changes in much
of human society. Advances in agriculture increased the food supply, which improved the
standard of living for people in Europe and the United States. New technologies were
invented and provided jobs and cheaper goods. These new technologies were powered using
fossil fuels, especially coal. The Industrial Revolution starting in the early nineteenth century
ushered in the beginning of the Industrial Era. When a fossil fuel is burned, carbon dioxide is
released. With the beginning of the Industrial Era, atmospheric carbon dioxide began to rise
(Figure 10.2).
Figure 10.2 The atmospheric concentration of CO2 has risen steadily

since the beginning of industrialization.
CURRENT AND PAST DRIVERS OF GLOBAL CILMATE CHANGE

Since it is not possible to go back in time to directly observe and measure climate, scientists
use indirect evidence to determine the drivers, or factors, that may be responsible for climate
change. The indirect evidence includes data collected using ice cores, boreholes (a narrow
shaft bored into the ground), tree rings, glacier lengths, pollen remains, and ocean sediments.
The data shows a correlation between the timing of temperature changes and drivers of
climate change: before the Industrial Era (pre-1780), there were three drivers of climate
change that were not related to human activity or atmospheric gases. The first of these is the
Milankovitch cycles. The Milankovitch cycles describe the effects of slight changes in the
Earth’s orbit on Earth’s climate. The length of the Milankovitch cycles ranges between 19,000
and 100,000 years. In other words, one could expect to see some predictable changes in the
Earth’s climate associated with changes in the Earth’s orbit at a minimum of every 19,000
years.
The variation in the sun’s intensity is the second natural factor responsible for climate
change. Solar intensity is the amount of solar power or energy the sun emits in a given
amount of time. There is a direct relationship between solar intensity and temperature. As
solar intensity increases (or decreases), the Earth’s temperature correspondingly increases
(or decreases). Changes in solar intensity have been proposed as one of several possible
explanations for the Little Ice Age.
Finally, volcanic eruptions are a third natural driver of climate change. Volcanic eruptions
can last a few days, but the solids and gases released during an eruption can influence the
climate over a period of a few years, causing short-term climate changes. The gases and
solids released by volcanic eruptions can include carbon dioxide, water vapor, sulfur dioxide,
96
hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide. Generally, volcanic eruptions cool the
climate. This occurred in 1783 when volcanos in Iceland erupted and caused the release of
large volumes of sulfuric oxide. This led to haze-effect cooling, a global phenomenon that
occurs when dust, ash, or other suspended particles block out sunlight and trigger lower
global temperatures as a result; haze-effect cooling usually extends for one or more years. In
Europe and North America, haze-effect cooling produced some of the lowest average winter
temperatures on record in 1783 and 1784.
Greenhouse gases are probably the most significant drivers of the climate. When heat energy
from the sun strikes the Earth, gases known as greenhouse gases trap the heat in the
atmosphere, as do the glass panes of a greenhouse keep heat from escaping. The greenhouse
gases that affect Earth include carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, nitrous oxide, and
ozone. Approximately half of the radiation from the sun passes through these gases in the
atmosphere and strikes the Earth. This radiation is converted into thermal radiation on the
Earth’s surface, and then a portion of that energy is re-radiated back into the atmosphere.
Greenhouse gases, however, reflect much of the thermal energy back to the Earth’s surface.
The more greenhouse gases there are in the atmosphere, the more thermal energy is
reflected back to the Earth’s surface. Greenhouse gases absorb and emit radiation and are an
important factor in the greenhouse effect: the warming of Earth due to carbon dioxide and
other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Evidence supports the relationship between atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide
and temperature: as carbon dioxide rises, global temperature rises. Since 1950, the
concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide has increased from about 280 ppm to 382 ppm
in 2006. In 2011, the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration was 392 ppm. However, the
planet would not be inhabitable by current life forms if water vapor did not produce its
drastic greenhouse warming effect.
Scientists look at patterns in data and try to explain differences or deviations from these
patterns. The atmospheric carbon dioxide data reveal a historical pattern of carbon dioxide
increasing and decreasing, cycling between a low of 180 ppm and a high of 300 ppm.
Scientists have concluded that it took around 50,000 years for the atmospheric carbon
dioxide level to increase from its low minimum concentration to its higher maximum
concentration. However, starting recently, atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations have
increased beyond the historical maximum of 300 ppm. The current increases in atmospheric
carbon dioxide have happened very quickly—in a matter of hundreds of years rather than
thousands of years. What is the reason for this difference in the rate of change and the
amount of increase in carbon dioxide? A key factor that must be recognized when comparing
the historical data and the current data is the presence of modern human society; no other
driver of climate change has yielded changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels at this
rate or to this magnitude.
Human activity releases carbon dioxide and methane, two of the most important greenhouse
gases, into the atmosphere in several ways. The primary mechanism that releases carbon
dioxide is the burning of fossil fuels, such as gasoline, coal, and natural gas (Figure 10.3).
Deforestation, cement manufacture, animal agriculture, the clearing of land, and the burning
of forests are other human activities that release carbon dioxide. Methane (CH4) is produced
when bacteria break down organic matter under anaerobic conditions. Anaerobic conditions
can happen when organic matter is trapped underwater (such as in rice paddies) or in the
intestines of herbivores. Methane can also be released from natural gas fields and the
decomposition that occurs in landfills. Another source of methane is the melting of
clathrates. Clathrates are frozen chunks of ice and methane found at the bottom of the
ocean. When water warms, these chunks of ice melt and methane is released. As the ocean’s
water temperature increases, the rate at which clathrates melt is increasing, releasing even
more methane. This leads to increased levels of methane in the atmosphere, which further
accelerates the rate of global warming. This is an example of the positive feedback loop that
is leading to the rapid rate of increase of global temperatures.
97
Figure 10.3 The burning of fossil fuels in industry and by
vehicles releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases
into the atmosphere. (credit: “Pöllö”/Wikimedia Commons)
DOCUMENTED RESULTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE: PAST AND PRESENT

Scientists have geological evidence of the consequences of long-ago climate change.
Modern-day phenomena such as retreating glaciers and melting polar ice cause a continual
rise in sea level. Meanwhile, changes in climate can negatively affect organisms.
Geological Climate Change

Global warming has been associated with at least one planet-wide extinction event during
the geological past. The Permian extinction event occurred about 251 million years ago
toward the end of the roughly 50-million-year-long geological time span known as the
Permian period. This geologic time period was one of the three warmest periods in Earth’s
geologic history. Scientists estimate that approximately 70 percent of the terrestrial plant
and animal species and 84 percent of marine species became extinct, vanishing forever near
the end of the Permian period.
Organisms that had adapted to wet and warm climatic conditions, such as annual rainfall of
300–400 cm (118–157 in) and 20 °C–30 °C (68 °F–86 °F) in the tropical wet forest, may not
have been able to survive the Permian climate change.
Present Climate Change

A number of global events have occurred that may be attributed to climate change during
our lifetimes. Glacier National Park in Montana is undergoing the retreat of many of its
glaciers, a phenomenon known as glacier recession. In 1850, the area contained
approximately 150 glaciers. By 2010, however, the park contained only about 24 glaciers
greater than 25 acres in size. One of these glaciers is the Grinnell Glacier at Mount Gould.
Between 1966 and 2005, the size of Grinnell Glacier shrank by 40 percent. Similarly, the
mass of the ice sheets in Greenland and the Antarctic is decreasing: Greenland lost 150–250
km3 of ice per year between 2002 and 2006. In addition, the size and thickness of the Arctic
sea ice is decreasing.
Figure 10.4 The effect of global warming can be seen in the continuing retreat of Grinnel Glacier. The
mean annual temperature in the park has increased 1.33 °C since 1900. The loss of a glacier results in
the loss of summer meltwaters, sharply reducing seasonal water supplies and severely affecting local
ecosystems. (credit: modification of work by USGS)
98
This loss of ice is leading to increases in the global sea level. On average, the sea is rising at a
rate of 1.8 mm per year. However, between 1993 and 2010 the rate of sea level increase
ranged between 2.9 and 3.4 mm per year. A variety of factors affect the volume of water in
the ocean, including the temperature of the water (the density of water is related to its
temperature) and the amount of water found in rivers, lakes, glaciers, polar ice caps, and sea
ice. As glaciers and polar ice caps melt, there is a significant contribution of liquid water that
was previously frozen.
In addition to some abiotic conditions changing in response to climate change, many
organisms are also being affected by the changes in temperature. Temperature and
precipitation play key roles in determining the geographic distribution and phenology of
plants and animals. (Phenology is the study of the effects of climatic conditions on the timing
of periodic lifecycle events, such as flowering in plants or migration in birds.) Researchers
have shown that 385 plant species in Great Britain are flowering 4.5 days sooner than was
recorded earlier during the previous 40 years. In addition, insect-pollinated species were
more likely to flower earlier than wind-pollinated species. The impact of changes in
flowering date would be mitigated if the insect pollinators emerged earlier. This mismatched
timing of plants and pollinators could result in injurious ecosystem effects because, for
continued survival, insect-pollinated plants must flower when their pollinators are present.
Activity No. ______

Name: ___________________________________________ Date: _________________________________
Yr/Section: _____________________________________ Score: __________________
Activity: # 1
THINK ABOUT IT!!!
What are possible short-term and long-term effects of natural and human-
induced processes on global climate change and, consequently, ecosystems?
REFERENCES:
https://openstax.org/books/biology-ap-courses/pages/35-5-climate-and-the-effects-of-
global-climate-change
https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/44-5-climate-and-the-effects-of-global-
climate-change
99

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This learning module in Science, Technology and Society is a learning resource

It focused on the following learning outcomes:

a. Elucidate the relationship among science, technology, and society.

Chapter I: HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 1

Chapter 2: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT 20

Chapter 3: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND NATION BUILDING 31

Chapter 4: THE HUMAN PERSON FLOURISHING IN TERMS OF SCIENCE

Chapter 5: HUMAN FLOURISHING AND THE GOOD LIFE 57

Chapter 7: THE INFORMATION AGE 71

Chapter 8 : THE NANO WORLD 78

Chapter 9: GENE THERAPY 86

Chapter 10: CLIMATE CHANGE 93

At the end of the unit, I am able to:

ACTIVATING PRIOR KNOWLEDGE

Expanding Your Knowledge

Here are thoughts offered by some of the greatest scientists in history:

“…science consists in grouping facts so that general laws or

“Science makes people reach unselfishly for truth and objectivity; it

“Science is a self-correcting process. To be accepted, new ideas must

“Science is founded on uncertainty. Each time we learn something

“Nor must we forget that in science there are no final truths.”

The roles of Science and Technology

The Connection Between Science, Technology, and Society

Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology

❖ Some Technologies or Inventions from the Stone Age

18 Inventions During The Middle Ages

3. The heavy plow led to the Agricultural Revolution

4. Verge escapement/mechanical clocks replaced hourglasses

7. Gunpowder changed the world

8. The blast furnace first appeared in Switzerland and Germany

9. Liquor was a Medieval thing

11. The flying buttress is an iconic Middle Age development

12. The spinning wheel was invented in India

13. The tidal mill first appeared in Ireland

15. Treadmill cranes made building easier

16. Eyeglasses made everything clear

17. Cannon changed warfare forever

Great Modern Inventions that Changed the World

Filipino Scientists and their Inventions

1. What is your invention? What does it do?

Brief history of science and technology in the Philippines. prezi.com. (n.d.).

Doc, T. (n.d.). Home. Famous Scientists. https://www.famousscientists.org/what-is-science-

Google. (n.d.). Google search.

Google. (n.d.). Google search. https://www.google.com/search?q=Pintle-and-

Guest. (n.d.). Module 1- sts.pdf. pdfcoffee.com. https://pdfcoffee.com/module-1-stspdf-pdf-

History.com Editors. (2018, January 12). Stone age. History.com.

Iron age inventions. prezi.com. (n.d.). https://prezi.com/i5qug8nvwum8/iron-age-

Modern age/history. Rise of Nations Wiki. (n.d.).

As a consequence of this revolution, there are shifts or changes in economy,

Development of Science in Mesoamerica

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS TO SOCIETY’S PROGRESSION

Activity No. ______

9. iron production and metallurgical

10. Mayan’s ability to forecast eclipses

Beystehner, K. M. 1998. Psychoanalysis: Freud's Revolutionary Approach to Human

EXPANDING YOUR KNOWLEDGE

• Salamander Tricycle. A Filipino-

Selected Indigenous Science and Technologies

2. Indigenous Science: Herbal Medicine and Traditional Health Practices

6. Indigenous Technology: Medical Incubator

9. Indigenous Technology: Banana catsup

10. Indigenous Technology: Anti-cancer Cream and Mole Remover