Professional Documents
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Geology of Sri Lanka
Geology of Sri Lanka
University of Kelaniya
Diploma in Palaeobiology
The frist account of Ceylon precrambrian was done by Wadia (1929). He was instrumental in
completing the draft geological map covers entire Sri lanka, although some work had been
previously by Ananda coomaraswamy (1903,1904,). Coates (1935) made more systematic
clarification of rock. Most of the geological work in the early times was based on
morphological variation with less weight on mineralogical & petrological identification. The
geological knowledge of sri lanka was able to mark a substantial improvement after intensive
geological mapping and the structural analyses of rock unit late sixties. Improvement of the
understanding of Sri Lanka geology was facilitated further by the addition of scientific
explanation to the field knowledge gained earlier
The idea of the geology of Sri Lanaka was initially come from the morphology of Sri
Lankan terrain and peneplains concept. A peneplains is defined as a “Plain” produced by a
long period of weathering and erosion. The geo morphology of sri lanka can best be
described as three major peneplain as described by Frank Dawson Admas in 1929. The
lowest peneplains surrounds the cental hill country in all side, and is a flat, sometimes gently
undulating plain stretching to the cosat. It has as average height of less than 30m. But the rise
around 90 m to 120m above sea level at the inland boundary .The middle peneplain rises
from this inner edge of the lower peneplain in a steep step of about 300m, and reaches a
maximum elevation of 760m above sea level: it is best seen in the south and east of the
island.Within it and rising from it in another steep step of 910m to 1200m is the highest
peneplain at a general level of 1500 m to 1800m, but rising at some places up to 2100m to
2450m. The all three peneplains towards the south can best be viewed from Beragala junction
in Haputhalaee. Adams thouth that the highest peneplain was the oldest of the three and that
the island has been rising thought out its geological history in a slow vertical movement,
exposing more and more land to atomospheric erosion and denudation.
climatic zones
The highest peneplain is least like a peneplain composed of complex platues, mountain
chains, massifs and basins. The southern margin of the heist peneplain is demarcated bu
Horton plains, Elk plains, Moon plain (Nuwara- Eliya), Kandapola, Sita eliya plains and
comprised of southern mountain in Sri Lanka. ( Piduruthalagala, Kirigal poththa, Thotupola).
The southern margin of the highest peneplain is demarcated by the Adam’s Peak in the west,
Namunukula mountain in the east world’s end in the south Ramboda- Pussellawa in the north
east. The boundary between highest peneplain and the middle peneplain can best be observed
at the world’s end. Number of waterfalls like Diyaluma and Bambarakanda, drops over its
edges to the middle peneplain. Two cliffs, namely Haputhale Gap are also resulted from the
steep rice from middle to highest peneplain.
During the times of D.N.Wadiya, who acted as the Gov.Mineralogist of Ceylon, had written a
Memo in 1941 suggesting the highland were formed comparatively later by the vertical uplift
of the large block of crust along very large faults, in terms of “Block Uplift”. In contrast, he
proposed that the highest peneplain is the youngest,not the oldest as Adams suggested.
Lower Vijaya Series Upper Khondalite series Lower Vijaya Series
Wadiya recognized two-fold rock sequences; lower vijaya series (igneous rock) and upper
khondalite series (metamorphosed sedimentary rock).He believed the coates(1935) idea,much
younger khondalite series is associated with sri lankan highlands where as older vijayan
series located at the lowland. The idea of coates was nicely matched with wadia’s story of
block uplift, which can be used to interpret the formation of khondalite series as younger
group.Wadia recognized that charnockites granites and zircon granites as parts of the vijaya
gneiss.
In the late forties geologists were in a point that recognition of rock types are important
than recoginition of Sri lankan basement as a whole.Fernando (1948) came with a suggestion
to the wadia’s theory which suggested that the vijaya gneisses are basement rock of the
khondalight found in the central hills.He further suggested that the gneisses fround in Sri
Lankan basement were not uniform and preferred to classify them as heterogeneous basement
were not components of various origins.He did not gave more details on the origin of the “Sri
Lankan basement”.
The rock from VC,WC, and KC, which are predominantly of orthogneisses, yield
relatively younger deposition ages at 1.1 Ma ago.This implies that igneous activity had
occurred after the deposition of rock of HC .
Fig:06: Formation of Cauvery basin between Sri Lanka and India during the break up of
Gondwana.
Rocks with igneous origin are very rarely explosed in the Sri Lanka crust. The series of
serpentinites (ultramafic igneous rock) are reported in many places especially along the
HC/VC boundary in Ussangoda & Ginigalpelessa.Ussangoda has one of largest serpentine
outcrops of the five known occurrences in the HC/VC geological boundary(three of those
serpentinites area of Sri lanka are Ginigalpelessa & Indikolapelessa both close to Udawalawa
and Ussangoda near Nonagama junction). This tectonic boundary strectches from the SE
coast curving in NE direction to the coast in Trincomalee. It is suggested that the HC plate
had been overd – thrusted over VC during the Pan- Africa event(The event called the
collision of East and West Gondwana). This model explains that during or after the period of
overthrusting , the serpentinte rich ultramafic magma was intruded to the crust and belives to
be formed green coloured serpentinites rock including Ussangoda Serpentinties.It seems that
from the Cambrian to the early Permian , Sri Lankan Precrambian crust underwater magmatic
activites , after the peak event occurring in the late Jurassic to early cretaceous, forming the
series of ultramafic rock along the HC/VC boundary.The carbonate – rich rock from
carbonatite magma occurs as several low hills at Eppawala.This deposit is now popularly
know as “Eppawala Apatite Deposit” . Several Dolerite dikes of igneous origin are present on
the eastern side of the island, intrusive into the best know being Galllodai dike near
welikanda. The pure intrusive granites are reported to be found in many places including
Tonigala,Ambagaspitiya and Arangala, but later confirmed that they have been
metamorphosed too some extent in the recent times.
Sedimentary deposite in Sri Lanka
Jurassic Deposits: After the premian age, there is no evidence for any kind of deposition in
Sri Lankan crust, perhaps the agitated environment during that period may prevent any thick
deposition.Collision of plates or continuous subduction or obduction of lithospheric plates
may prevent such deposition.In Sri Lanka such deltaic deposites are found as three small
basin.This is the next immediate deposition reported after resting the Precambrian crust in the
calm environment.Sediments were deposited in the early Jurassic period forming the
siltstone, mudstone and arkosic sandstone now exposed on the Thabbowa,Andigama and
pallama, The beds are faulted into the wanni complex basement rocks as horst and graben
structure.
Miocence Diposits: After the Jurassic rocks formed. Little has happened geologically to the
Sri Lankan crust unit about 20 Ma. The northern and north –western part were submerged
under the sea during the detachment of the Indian Peninsula with Sri Lankan crust in the
Miocence epoch. A thick series of sediment, mostly the a fossiliferrous limestone was then
deposited, which we now know see underlying the whole of the Jaffna peninsula and
surrounding island and the north western coastal belt extending southwards to beyond
puttalm.This is popularly known as Wanathawilluwa limestone, and it is almost flat bedded
in highly fossiliferrous with gratropods, and foraminifera.A small deposit of miocenc rock is
present at Minihagalkanda on the coast.The miocene rocks rest unconformably on the eroded
bastment of the crystalline complex. These rocks exhibit a range of sedimentary structures,
produced by soft sediment deformation.They from minor features, such as the hills at
Arukakkalu and kudriramalai.Outcrops of limestone are also well exposed in the
Parappukkadantan and Adampan area on the mainland near Mannar island.Sediment similar
to Tabbowa,Adigama,Pallama beds were recently found to be present in the drill cores in the
mannar area,lying below 10 metres of Miocene beds.It is still possible that these types of
deposits of Jurassic age may exist in the faulted basins within the crystalline besement,
hidden by latter deposits of Miocene and Quaternary age.
There are five major complex in Sri Lanka (Cooray 1994). Highland complex, The Vijayan
Complex, The Wanni Complex, The Kadugannawa Complex, Limestone complex. The rock
units found in Sri Lanka crust are described here in the chronological order with their
probable origin during the break up of the Gondwana. More than 90 percent of rock found in
the Sri Lanka rocks are belongs to crystalline metamorphic rock with Precambrian age.Since
then some diposition were recorded according to the geological timescale with some
unconformities.
References
Adams,F.D. (1929). The Geology of Sri Ceylon,Canad. J. Research, vol1:pp.411-525
Coates, J.S., (1935). The Geology of Ceylon. Spolia Ceylanica. 19 (2): pp101-187.
Cooray, P.G., (1963). The Erunwala Gravel and the probable significance of its ferricrete
cap. The Ceylon Geographer, 17: pp39-48.
Cooray, P.G., (1967). An Introduction to the Geology of Sri Lanka. Ceylon National
Museum Publication, Colombo, pp 184-176.
Cooray, P.G., (1968). A note in the occurrence of beachrock along the west coast of
Ceylon. Jour. of Sedimentary Petrology, 38: pp650- 654.
Cooray, P.G., (1968): The geomorphology of the part of the northwestern coastal plain of
Ceylon. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, NF Supplement 7,pp95-113.
Cooray P.G., 1984. An Introduction to the Geology of Sri Lanka. 2nd Revised Edition.
Ceylon National Museum Publication, Colombo, pp 140- 142.
Cooray, P.G. and Katupotha, J., 1991. Geological evolution of the coastal zone of Sri Lanka.
Proc. Symposium on "Causes of Coastal Erosion in Sri Lanka", CCD/GT7., Colombo, Sri
Lanka, 9-11, Feb. 1991
Yashida, M., Funaki, M., Vithange, P.W. (1992). Proterozoic to Mesozoic East Gondwana :
the juxtaposition of India, Sri Lanka and Antarctica, Tectonics 11: 381- 391