Forensic 5

LIE
DETECTION
TECHNIQUES
First Semester 2021-2022
Target Time Frame:2 Weeks
Duration (September 6-
September 20)
Approach: Distance Learning
Platform Sites:Gmail, Google
Classroom, Google Meet
Alternative Access
Strategy:Offline Learners –
worksheets, power point
presentation, videos saved in
USB.
 Allotted Time Lesson
Schedule for each Module

Session Topic Time

1 Orientation 1 & a half Hour
- Philosophy, Vision, Mission, Goals and
Objectives of PIMSAT Colleges Inc.
- Course Description
- House Rules
- Overview

2 Introduction to Lie 30 minutes

Detection Techniques
3 Lesson 1 1 Hour
- Forms of Trial
- Trial by Ordeal
- Cardiosphymograph

PHILOSOPHY
“Sciencia Et Technologia, Y Virtus” through board general education and
capstones by specialized programs.
 VISION

“ A STAR OF THE FUTURE”

Accelerator of Scientific and Technological Advancement for the Realities of

the Future

MISSION

“Strengthen PIMSAT”

The Institution shall strengthen its Presence in the International Market of

Science Application and Technology

GOALS/OBJECTIVES

PIMSAT Colleges Aims to:

 Offer programs to unleash the peoples potential and community
resources for productivity.
 Train Students in the Application of Technology for the benefits of the
people and communities.
 Apply Innovative and technologically oriented instructional delivery
system for economical and effective learning by its client.
 Develop competencies in the process of research and development and
the effective of its results; and
 Learning Outcome / Objective
At the end of this module, students should be able
to:
(Session 1) a. find out what the requirements of
this subject really are and what to expect from
what can be learned.
(Session 2) a. recognize the Introduction of lie
detection
(Session 3)
a. The students will be able to know the
different forms of trial
b.The students will be able to identify different
types of trial by ordeal
MODULE 1

LIE DETECTIONTECHNIQUES
 The issue of lie detection is as old as man himself. Back in the ancient times,
rulers and their justice courts used various techniques to catch a liar and establish the truth.
Historical chronicles and ancient written records carry evidence about complex rituals and
sophisticated ordeals otherwise known as ‘divine justice’ developed to this end.
EARLY FORMS OF TRIAL
Trial by Combat (resolving issue by use of human strength)
Trial by Ordeal (by means of pain)
Trial by Jury (fact finders)
Trial by Torture (witch hunt)
Trial by ordeal is a judicial practice by which the guilt or innocence of the accused is
determined by subjecting them to a painful task. If either the task is completed without injury,
or the injuries sustained are healed quickly, the accused is considered innocent. In medieval
Europe, like trial by combat, it was considered a-Judicium Dei: a procedure based on the
premise that God would help the innocent by performing a miracle on their behalf.
I. RED HOT IRON ORDEAL- Practiced in the hill tribe of Rajhmal in North Bengal. The
accused had to carry a bar of red-hot iron in his hands while he walked 9 marked
paces. In the unlikely event of no burns appearing on his hands, he was adjudged
innocent.
II. ORDEAL OF BALANCE- Practiced in the institute of Vishnu, India. A scale of balance is
used, in one end of the scale, the accused is placed and in the other end a counter
balance.
 The person will step out of the scale and listen to a judge to deliver an
exhortation on the balance and get back in . If he was found lighter than before
then he should be acquitted.
III. ORDEAL OF WATER- In this type of ordeal, the water was symbolic of the blood of
the Old Testament, washing sin from the face of the earth, allowing only the
righteous minority to survive.
There are two kinds of ordeal by water the boiling water and of cold water.
Ordeal of water was the usual mode of trial allowed to members of the lower
classes.
A. Boiling Water Ordeal- According to the laws of Athelstan, the first King of
England, the ordeal consisted of lifting a stone out of the boiling water with the
hand plunged as deep as the wrist. More serious offences demanded that arm
was submerged up to the elbows. The burn was bandaged for 3 days before
fateful examination..
B. Cold Water Ordeal- The usual mode of trial for witchcraft. In this ordeal, the
accused was tied at the feet and hands and was lowered to cold water by rope.
This rope is tied around the defendant’s waist and had a knot at a particular
 distance from the torso. If both knot and the accused is dipped beneath the
surface of the water, the accused was proven innocent. If the knot is dry or if the
water refused to receive him, the defendant was guilty.
IV. ORDEAL BY RICE CHEWING-Indians practiced this ordeal. It was formed with a kind
of rice called sathee, prepared with various incantations. The person on trial eats the
sathee, with the face to the east and then spits upon a pea leaf. If saliva is mixed
with blood or the corner of his mouth swells or he trembles, he is declared to be a
liar.
V. ORDEAL OF THE RED WATER- In a wide region of Eastern Africa, the ordeal of the
sassy bark or red water is used. The accused is made to fast for twelve hours, and
then swallows a small amount of rice. Then he will be imbedded in dark colored
water. The water is actually emetic and if the suspect ejects all rice, he is considered
innocent of the charge. Otherwise, the accused is guilty.
VI. ORDEAL BY COMBAT- The aggrieved party claimed the right to fight the alleged
offender or to pay a champion to fight for him. The victor is said to win not by his
own strength but because of supernatural powers that had intervened on the side of
the right, as in the duel in the European Ages in which the “judgment of God was
thought to determine the winner”. If still alive after the combat, the loser might be
hanged or burned for a criminal offense or have a hand cut off and property
confiscated in civil actions.
VII. ORDEAL OF THE CORSNEAD/ORDEAL OF THE BLESSED BREAD- A priest puts the
corsnaed or hallowed bread in the mouth of the accused, with various imprecations.
If the accused swallowed it he was freed from punishment.
VIII. TEST OF THE EUCHARIST- This was applied chiefly among the clergy and monks.
When they took the host it was believed that God would smite the guilty with
sickness or death. Others believed that if the accused is innocent, when given a
poisonous drink for him to take in, Angel Gabriel will descend from heaven to
prevent the accused from taking in the poisonous drink
IX. ORDEAL OF THE BIER- It was an ancient belief that the slain dead could point out the
killer. In England, it was usual for the accused to approached the bier on the which
the corpse lays. In view of the witness, the wounds of the victim were observed to
see if they began to bleed again.
a. They believed that the touch of the corpse or the murderer is near causes the blood
to flow out from the wound of the victim. This ordeal was recorded well by
Shakespeare in “Richard III”.
X. ORDEAL OF THE NEEDLE- A red-hot needle was drawn through the lips of the alleged
criminal and if blood flowed from the wound, he was deemed guilty, but if none, he
is innocent. Wanaka in Eastern Africa practiced this ordeal.
XI. TRIAL OF THE WAXEN SHIRT- The accused was dressed in a cloth covered with wax
and walked barefoot over coals of fire. If he was not hurt by the fire and the wax did
not melt, he was considered innocent.
 XII. HEREDITARY SIEVE METHOD- Hans Gross “Father of Criminalistics”, wrote in his
famous book in Criminal Investigation in which beans were thrown into a sieve as
the name of the suspect was called, mentioned this ordeal. If the beans jumped out
of the sieve, the owner of the sieve is innocent. If the beans remained in the sieve
the person named is a thief.
XIII. ORDEAL OF THE TIGER- Practiced in Siam, the accused and accuser are placed on a
cage of a tiger: if the tiger spare one of them he is considered innocent.

OTHER COUNTRIES PRACTICING ORDEAL

Burma
The Ordeal of Divination is being practiced in this country, whereby it involves 2 parties
being furnished with candles of equal size and lighted simultaneously the owner of the candle
that outlast the other is adjudged to have won his cause.
Madagascar
Legal authorities practiced trial by ordeal. The supposed criminal was made to drink a
decoction, a poisonous fruit called “tangena”, a small dose is fatal. By managing the size of the
dose, those who administer it can decide the result.
Greece
A suspended axe was spun at the center of a group of suspects. When the axe stopped,
whoever was in the line with the blade as supposed to be guilty out by the Divine Providence.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF POLYGRAPH
What is modern methods of detecting deception?
• During 19th century, Dr. Hans Gross, an Australian-known as the father of criminalistics
• He defined the search for truth as the basis and goal of all criminal investigation.

Timeline of the modern Polygraph

Date Contributor Component featured

1730 DANIEL DEFOE-A British novelist who Idea/suggestion/recom
wrote an essay Entitled “An Effectual mendation
Scheme for the Immediate Preventing
of Street Robberies and Suppressing all
other Disorders

He recommended the taking of pulse of

a suspicious fellow.

1851 JACQUES D’ARSONAL A French scientist Galvanometer

who declared that electricity is component
generated by the body. Know as the
“External Friction”

1886 CHRISTIAN HAS STOELTING founded Products and

the stoelting Co. which became a accessories
leading product supplier on psycho-
physiological measurement

CARDIOSPHYMOGRAPH
ANGELO MOSSO (1878)
He studied fear and its influence on the heart. In his observation subsequently formed
the basis for detecting technique. Through the instrument of plesthysmograph
He studied blood circulation and breathing patterns and how these changed under
certain stimuli.
He developed the sphygmomanometer and “scientific cradle” which was designed to
measure the flow of blood while a person lay on his back in a prone position as it became
concentrated on one part of the body and then in the other.
First scientist to report on experiments in which he observed that a persons
breathing pattern changed under certain stimuli.

CESARE LOMBROSO (1836-1909)

Employed the first scientific instrument to detect deception. This instrument is known as
hydro-sphymograph, ”Lombroso’s Glove” which measures changes in pulse and blood
pressure when suspects were asked about their involvement in or knowledge of specific
response.
He was accorded the distinction of being the first person to utilize an instrument for the
purpose of detecting lies.
WILLIAM MOULTON MARSTON (1915)
Contribution to the science of the detection of deception is more than instrumentation
Verbal deception can be detected by changes in the systolic blood pressure.
He used pneumograph and sphymomanometer to record respiration cycles were a
separate instruments..
Component featured which is the cardiograph component
JOHN LARSON (1921)
Developed an instrument that continually and simultaneously measures blood pressure
pulse and respiration. He designed the first two recording channel polygraph in the history.
The first mechanical form of the present-day polygraph consists of two recording
components and that is the cardiosphymographand the pneumograph.
He developed the polygraphic apparatus in a portable form.

LEONARDE KEELER
Father of modern polygraph
Developed an improvement of Larson’s apparatus. In 1949, he invented the
“Keeler Polygraph” with components for recording blood pressure, pulse and respiration
changes.
A Galvanometer what is known as the galvanic skin reflex or electodermal
response generally referred to as the GSR is also added to his instrument.
He also demised a metal bellows and designed a Kymograph that pulled at a
constant speed. A chart paper under the recoding pens from a roll of chart paper
located inside the instrument.

JOHN REID
 He designed a special chair equipped with metal bellows for recoding unobserved
muscular activities of the arms, thighs and feet, located on the arms of the chair and on the
seat, this transmit singular muscular activity to the recording polygraph.
He introduced the first four recording channel instrument to be developed. This
instrument is excellent for detecting deceptions because it does not only have a recording
pen for cardiosphymograph, pneumograph and galvanograph but also it has the muscular
movement pen for the arms and thighs.
 MODULE 1 ACTIVITY FOR FORENSIC POLYGRAPHY:
Name: _________________________________________________________________ score:
_______
I.Multiple choice: Encircle the correct answer.
1. Under the law the result of the polygraph examination is inadmissible as an evidence in court
except __________________.
a). court order b) agreement of the parties
c) waiver on the part of the subject d) consent of the subject
e) all of the above
2. What is the level accuracy of the result of a polygraph examination based on percentage is
____________________.
a) 85 b) 90
c) 95 d) all of the above
3. Technically speaking, a polygraph machine could record the reactions and / responses of the
subject where cardiosphygmograph is responsible to record _____________________.
a) Breathing b) electrical current in the skin
c) heart beat and blood pressure d) Blood stream
e) none of the above
4. Pneumograph is responsible to record _____________.
a) Blood circulation b) blood stream
c) heart beat and blood pressure d) breathing
e) none of the above
5. However, a galvanograph is responsible to record __________________________.
a) Blood stream b) blood circulation
c) electrical current of the skin d) heart beat and blood pressure
e) breathing
6. In a commission of crime where there is no direct evidence against the supposed offender.
a) the fugitive b) the accused
c) person of interest d) suspect
7. In a commission of crime where there is a direct evidence against the supposed offender.
a) the fugitive b) the accused
c) person of interest d) suspect
8. In a commission of crime where there is a prima facie evidence against the supposed
offender.
a) the fugitive b) the accused
c) person of interest d) suspect
9. This test compares the physiological response of the subject to relevant questions about the
crime with the response to questions relating to possible prior misdeeds.
a) Prior involvement test b) The control question test
c) Direct lie test d) The guilty knowledge test
10. This test tries to detect lying by comparing physiological responses when the subject is told
to deliberately lie to responses when they tell the truth.
a) Prior involvement test b) The control question test
c) The direct lie test d) The guilty knowledge test
11. This test compares the physiological responses to multiple choice type questions about the
crime, one choice of which contains information only the crime investigator and the supposed
offender would know about it.
a) Prior involvement test b) The control question test
c) The direct lie test d) The guilty knowledge test
12. One who is considered as the most essential party in a criminal case.
a) witness b) victim
c) suspect d) associates
13. __________________ is an instrument of the court in the administration of criminal justice
system.
a) principal b) Associates
c) Witness d) Victim
14. __________________ is defined as one who is considered as a friend of the court.
a) Witness b) Amicus curae
c) Pro-bono lawyer d) Public prosecutor
15. The minimum standard number of hours to conduct polygraph examination is
_______________.
a) one hour b) one and half hours
c) two hours d) two and half hours
II. Essay:
1.Give and discuss how a polygraph machine works during the polygraph examination?

2. Give and explain the kinds of errors in a polygraph test?

3. What are causes of polygraph errors?

4. Give and discuss the three basic components of a polygraph machine?

5. Discuss the contributions of the following in the concept of polygraphy:

a) Cesare Lombroso
b) John Augustus Larson
c) Leonarde keeler
d) William Marston