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Conclusions represent inferences drawn from the findings of the study.

The number of conclusions coincide with the number of specific findings. You
must formulate the conclusions concisely and briefly. It should not contain
any number of measurements. If there are tested hypothesis in the study, the
rejection or acceptance of hypothesis are placed under conclusions.

Since the conclusion is the result, it should give the final impression and
it should summarize the learnings from the study. It leaves the reader in no
doubt that you have answered the questions posed in your paper. It is a
wrapped-up of the entire project and its completeness.

Guidelines in Writing Your Research Conclusion

In writing your conclusion, make sure to have a brief introductory

statement before itemizing the answers to your research questions.
Remember that your conclusion should address or answer every research
inquiry you have in your research study. Here are some points you have to
keep in mind.
1. Avoid merely summarizing.
Make inferences from the summary of results.

2. State your conclusion in a clear and simple language.

Emphasize the purpose of your study then relate how your findings
differ from other studies.

3. Do not just reiterate the discussion of your results.

Provide a synthesis of arguments presented in the paper to show how
these converge to address the research problem and the overall
objectives of your study.

4. Avoid using numerals, figures, or simply repeating the results.

The focus of this part of research paper is not presenting results nor
findings. Inferences and implications are emphasized in the conclusions
of the study.

5. Indicate opportunities for future research.

Highlighting the need for further studies provides the reader with that
evidence that you have an in-depth awareness of the research problem.

Please take note that there are different ways of formatting your conclusion.
You can have it numbered or in paragraphs, depending on your institutional
format.
Research Implications
Research Implications are important content of your conclusion. It
refers to the logical relations and their result in a given situation. The
conclusions you draw from the findings, how you linked those to a specific
theory or practice comprises the implication of the study. There are two forms
of implications: the practical and theoretical implications.

Practical Implication is also called as convenient implication. It is a

realistic explanation of what your research findings might mean and the fact
that would arise if those circumstances were met.

Studying the implications of room-to-room campaign reveals that, it is

more effective in increasing awareness of how to fight COVID-19 than
announcing it during the students’ morning assembly.

Theoretical implication is a statement that supports or contradicts a

theory, previous study findings, or creates something entirely new. It also
represents the literature in your theoretical section.

Based on Bolman’s Leadership Framework, results indicate that majority

of the Student Government officers significantly possess symbolic
leadership. Given that this is their strength, it supports that the results
that leadership style is significantly correlated to two-way communication
of the organization. Results also support that avenue for open forum or
discussion were provided.

Here is an example of how conclusion answers the research questions

and was drawn from summary of findings.

Research Title:
Predominant Factors Affecting the Career Choice
of Grade 12 Students in Tagum National Trade School
Research Questions Summary of Conclusion
Findings
1. What are different Career choice In light of the findings, the
influences in the of students is following conclusion is drawn, the
career choice of largely influenced chosen career of students are
Grade 12 by environmental influenced by someone significant
students? factor. to them. People who have made an
impact in someone’s life affects
major decisions in life.
Strategies for Writing an Effective Conclusion

Here are some suggestions on strategies with examples for writing effective
conclusions:

1. Conclusions are intertwined with the introduction.

Intertwining your conclusion with the introduction of your research
paper can be a good strategy as you will end with the scenario that
you have evidences to contribute a new understanding to a field of
study.

Introduction:

Reproductive health education is one area of research

that should be tackled in schools. High school students should
be exposed to any of its ways of disseminating and
communicating issues or reproductive health education of high
school students shall be the focus of the study.

Conclusion:

The high school student respondents are not fully aware

and have little knowledge in reproductive health education on
the following areas: social and gender related issues, family
planning and other clinical services.

2. Conclusions are inferences and generalizations based upon the

findings.

Based on a research study on “Factors affecting the career

choices of high school students“ two (2) conclusions can be
drawn from the findings of the study:

Conclusion 1: Males prefer technology-based courses while

females prefer business-related courses.

Conclusion 2: There is a significant difference between the

career choices of male and female high school
respondents.
3. Conclusions should specifically answer the questions posed in the
“Statement of the Problem” of your research study.

If the profile of the respondents should be used to test the

variation on other measures, here are some examples of
possible conclusions:

Conclusion 1: Majority of the respondents are aged 12 –16

and mostly are males.

Conclusion 2: Respondents of the study are mostly Catholics.

Conclusion 3: Among the profile of the respondents, age and

gender are significantly related to achievement
in mathematics.

If the problems raised in in research study entitled “reading

difficulties of 1st year high school students” were:

Problem 1: In what areas do the students respondents

encounter difficulties in reading?

Problem 2: Is the profile of the student respondents

significantly related to their reading difficulties?

The corresponding conclusions may be the following

statements:

Conclusion 1: The student respondents had problems in

the following areas of English reading test:
Vocabulary, sentence structure, and
reading comprehension.

Conclusion 2: Profile of the student respondents such as

gender and mental ability are significantly
related to the reading difficulties of the
student respondents.

4. Conclusions should contain facts or actual results from the inquiry

or research studies. Conclusions should never be based from
implied or indirect implications of the findings.
 In a research study on the “evaluation of mainstreaming
special education (SPED) for visual impaired” of DepEd, results
indicated that teachers are not majors of SPED and that the
facilities are inadequate to support the program:

It cannot be concluded that mainstreaming SPED for visually

impaired is weak due to non-qualification of teachers and lack of
facilities. These statements are implied or indirect. Further study
should be made to determine the weakness of the SPED program (in
this case) due to school factors such as teacher qualifications and
adequacy of facilities.

Other Guidelines in Writing Conclusions

An effective way to writing a conclusion is to provide completion of your

research paper. The reader should feel satisfied after you have fully explained
all of what you have fully accomplished.

1. Conclusions should be clearly, concisely, and briefly stated.

2. Conclusions should be original and accurate.
3. Conclusions should not introduce new arguments, new ideas or
information not related to your research study.
4. Conclusions should leave the reader with an interesting final
impression.
5. Conclusions should refer only to the subjects or population for your
research study.
6. Conclusions should contain categorical statements. Refrain from using
words like perhaps or maybe, or those words that would imply
unresolved issues this.
7. Conclusions should not contain apologetic statements for unresolved
problems in the study.
The conclusion also provides a place for the researcher to restate the
research problem convincingly and briefly. The last part of the body of the
report presents the conclusions and recommendations based on the results.
Findings state facts, conclusions represent inferences drawn from findings. A
writer is sometimes reluctant to make conclusions and leaves the task to the
readers. Avoid this temptation when possible. As a researcher, you are the
one best informed on the factors that critically influenced the findings and
conclusions. The following are basic suggestion writing conclusion:

1. It is the answer to the main problem.

 2. it will confirm or negate the theory or theories where in the study is
anchored.
3. It will restate principal topic.
4. open to further investigation if needed.
5. It restates principal argument.
6. Conclusion is novel in nature.
7. It summarized counterpoints.
8. It is not biased.
9. It is based on the findings of the study.
10. Stated in the simplest possible terms.
11. Conclusion is sometimes the basis of further studies.
12. Summarize and evaluate the experimental procedure.

The conclusion is the researcher's way of summing up the main purpose

of the essay and reviewing the relevant issues that were discussed in the body
of the essay for the reader. The conclusion allows the researcher to remind
the reader of the most important concepts relating to the issue under
discussion and to demonstrate their interconnectedness. This will allow the
reader to see the “big picture” as it relates to the problem being addressed.

Structure and Writing Style

A. General Rules
When writing the conclusion to your paper, follow these general rules:
• State your conclusions in clear, simple language.
• Do not simply reiterate your results or the discussion.
• Indicate opportunities for future research, if you have not already
done so in the discussion section of your paper.

The function of your paper's conclusion is to restate the main

argument. It reminds the reader of the strengths of your main
argument(s) and reiterates the most important evidence supporting
those argument(s). Make sure, however, that your conclusion is not
simply a repetitive summary of the findings because this reduces the
impact of the argument(s) you have developed in your essay.

Consider the following points to help ensure your conclusion is

appropriate:
1. If the argument or point of your paper is complex, you may need
to summarize the argument for your reader.
2. If, prior to your conclusion, you have not yet explained the
significance of your findings or if you are proceeding inductively,
 use the end of your paper to describe your main points and
explain their significance.
3. Move from a detailed to a general level of consideration that
returns the topic to the context provided by the introduction or
within a new context that emerges from the data.

The conclusion also provides a place for you to restate your research
problem persuasively and succinctly, given that the reader has now
been presented with all the information about the topic. Depending on
the discipline you are writing in, the concluding paragraph may contain
your reflections on the evidence presented, or on the essay's central
research problem. However, the nature of being introspective about the
research you have done will depend on the topic and whether your
professor wants you to express your observations in this way.

Do not delve into idle speculation. Being introspective means

looking within yourself as an author to try and understand an issue
more deeply not to guess at possible outcomes.

B. Developing a Compelling Conclusion

Strategies to help you move beyond merely summarizing the key
points of your research paper may include any of the following.
1. If your essay deals with a contemporary problem, warn readers of
the possible consequences of not attending to the problem.
2. Recommend a specific course or courses of action.
3. Cite a relevant quotation or expert opinion to lend authority to
the conclusion you have reached [a good place to look is research
from your literature review].
4. Restate a key statistic, fact, or visual image to drive home the
ultimate point of your paper.
5. If your discipline encourages personal reflection, illustrate your
concluding point with a relevant narrative drawn from your own
life experiences.
6. Return to an anecdote, an example, or a quotation that you
introduced in your introduction, but add further insight that is
derived from the findings of your study; use your interpretation
of results to reframe it in new ways.
 7. Provide a "take-home" message in the form of a strong, succinct
statement that you want the reader to remember about your
study.
C. Problems to Avoid

1. Failure to be concise. The conclusion section should be concise

and to the point. Conclusions that are too long often have
unnecessary detail. The conclusion section is not the place for
details about your methodology or results. Although you should
give a summary of what was learned from your research, this
summary should be relatively brief, since the emphasis in the
conclusion is on the implications, evaluations, insights, etc. that
you make.
2. Failure to comment on larger, more significant issues. In the
introduction, your task was to move from general to specific.
However, in the conclusion, your task is to move from specific
back to general. In other words, the conclusion is where you place
your research within a larger context.
3. Failure to reveal problems and negative results. Negative aspects
of the research process should never be ignored. Problems,
drawbacks, and challenges encountered during your study
should be included as a way of qualifying your overall
conclusions. If you encountered negative results, you must report
them in the results section of your paper. In the conclusion, use
the negative results as an opportunity to explain how they provide
information on which future research can be based.
4. Failure to provide a clear summary of what was learned. To be
able to discuss how your research fits back into your field of
study, you need to summarize it briefly and directly. Often this
element of your conclusion is only a few sentences long.
5. Failure to match the objectives of your research. Often research
objectives change while the research is being carried out. This is
not a problem unless you forget to go back and refine your original
objectives in your introduction, as these changes emerge they
must be documented so that they accurately reflect what you
were trying to accomplish in your research.
6. Resist the urge to apologize. If you have immersed yourself in
studying the research problem, you now know a good deal about
it, perhaps even more than your professor! Nevertheless, by the
time you have finished writing, you may be having some doubts
about what you have produced. Repress those doubts! Do not
 undermine your authority by saying something like, "This is just
one approach to examining this problem; there may be other,
much better approaches...."

Writing Tip #1:

Avoid phrases like "in conclusion...," "in summary...," or "in

closing...." These phrases can be useful, even welcome, in oral
presentations. But readers can see by the tell-tale section heading and
number of pages remaining to read, when an essay is about to end. You
will irritate your readers if you overemphasize the obvious.

Writing Tip #2:

Do not surprise the reader with new information in your

Conclusion that was never referenced anywhere else in the paper. If you
have new information to present, add it to the Discussion or other
appropriate section of the paper. Note that, although no actual new
information is introduced, the conclusion is where you offer your most
"original" contributions in the paper; it's where you describe the value of
your research, demonstrate your understanding of the material that
you’ve presented, and locate your findings within the larger context of
scholarship on the topic.
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