Cretaceous

During this time, the climate was relatively warm, resulting in higher sea levels and the formation of
shallow inland seas.
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This period followed the Jurassic and then the Paleogene.
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During this period, dinosaurs, reptiles, mammal diversification, angiosperm production, and various
types of marine habitat predominance were shown.
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The end of the Cretaceous marked the beginning of another era, the Paleogene, the first era of the
Cenozoic.
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The Cretaceous ended with the extinction of the Cretaceous and Paleogene. Except for birds, this
event was characterized by the mass extinction of a vast number of organisms, including nonavian
dinosaurs, giant marine reptiles, and pterosaurs.

This extinction event is strongly associated with a geological signature showing a thin band of rock,
known as CretaceousPaleogene boundary (KPg), and represents mass extinction between Mesozoic and
Cenozoic eras.

The formation of this boundary and extinction event is scientifically explained to occur due to a large
meteorite impact of the Chicxulub crater.

Because of this impact, it is believed that around three quarters of Earth`s plants and animal species
have gone extinctic.

Earth`s biodiversity took substantial time to overcome this mass extinction and generate new species.

Meteorite theory explaining the results of the Cretaceous.

Palaeogeography and Paleoclimatology:

During this time, there have been some changes in the position of the Earth's land, which were the
main causes of today's continents and nations. These are thought to be due to the movement of the
seafloor due to the expansion of the ridge. In the early days there were only two continents. Gondwana
continent to the south and Laurasia continent to the north.
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 Cretaceous sea level was higher than any other time in Earth's history. The Late Cretaceous showed
water levels 200-250 meters higher than it is today. This high sea level has been shown to flood the
entire world, resulting in the formation of shallow seas and the separation of seas and continents. These
changes have led to major changes in the Earth's land, leading to the formation of continents such as
South America, Africa, Australia, India, Antarctica, and northern Laurasia. As North America, Greenland,
Eurasia.
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This period was characterized by three different geographic subdivisions: north-north, north-south, and
Tesian. The Tethys Ocean region separated the other two northern regions. This is recognized by the
outbreaks of fossilized coral reef corals, foraminifera and ammonites.
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The temperature was low in the early Cretaceous, peaked in the middle, and then gradually decreased.
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The Cretaceous climate is relatively warmer and more humid than it is today due to the spread of
volcanoes on the seafloor.
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This time, due to the high temperature, there is no continental ice sheet in the polar regions, but the
forest area is dense. The

glaciers were found only in mountainous areas, but at the end of the Cretaceous temperatures
gradually dropped to significant levels (even warmer than they are today).

Seasonal rains are also evident, supporting the concept of high humidity in warm climates.
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Furthermore, the rock was not chalk. However, most chalks deposited during this period.

Evolutionary and economic importance Based on the location of

continents and bodies of water, geomorphological studies and climate models of the Earth have
assumed that winds are weaker than they are today.
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Soil products such as bauxite and laterite are the result of deep weathering in warm climates.

・ The rocks formed at

were not eroded or deformed, so they provided information on this period. They were thought to have
formed due to the dry climate, or perhaps due to the limited seafloor. These rocks are abundant oil
sources in Mexico and Venezuela.
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This late period was strongly associated with the massive deposition of thick layers of calcium
carbonate limestone on the seafloor of parts of the continent.
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This period promoted the abundant growth of the marine cocoolisophore, which was an abundant
source for chalk producers. This period was named after this observation. Marine foraminifera also
contributed significantly to some calcareous segments.