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Fluent-Intro 14.5 L03 TurbulenceHeatTransferTransient
Fluent-Intro 14.5 L03 TurbulenceHeatTransferTransient
Lecture 3
Turbulence Modeling, Heat Transfer & Transient Calculations
Dimitrios Sofialidis
Technical Manager, SimTec Ltd.
Mechanical Engineer, PhD
PRACE Autumn School 2013 - Industry Oriented HPC Simulations, September 21-27,
University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Introduction to ANSYS
Fluent
© 2012 ANSYS, Inc. September 19, 2013 2 Release 14.5
Introduction
Lecture Theme: Part 1.
Turbulence
The problem definition for all CFD simulationsModeling
includes boundary conditions,
cell zone conditions and material properties. The accuracy of the simulation
results depends on defining these properly.
Learning Aims:
You will learn:
• How to define material properties.
• The different boundary condition types in FLUENT and how to use them.
• How to define cell zone conditions in FLUENT including solid zones and
porous media.
• How to specify well–posed boundary conditions.
Learning Objectives:
You will know how to perform these essential steps in setting up a CFD
analysis.
Laminar
(Low Reynolds Number)
Transition
(Increasing Reynolds Number)
Turbulent
(Higher Reynolds Number)
.U .L
Re L
• The Reynolds number is based on the length scale of the flow:
L x, d, d hyd, etc.
Small Large
structures structures
Introduction Theory Models Near–Wall Treatments Inlet BCs Summary
© 2012 ANSYS, Inc. September 19, 2013 7 Release 14.5
Turbulent Flow Structures [2]
• Energy is transferred from larger eddies to smaller eddies.
(Kolmogorov Cascade).
• Large scale contains most of the energy.
• In the smallest eddies, turbulent energy is converted to internal energy by viscous
dissipation.
Energy Cascade
Richardson (1922),
Kolmogorov (1941)
U Time–average of velocity.
U Instantaneous velocity.
Time
• Numerically solving the full • Solves the spatially averaged N–S • Solve time–averaged Navier–Stokes
unsteady Navier–Stokes equations. equations. equations.
• Resolves the whole spectrum of • Large eddies are directly • All turbulent length scales are
scales. resolved, but eddies smaller than modeled in RANS.
the mesh are modeled.
• No modeling is required. • Various different models are
• Less expensive than DNS, but the available.
amount of computational
• But the cost is too prohibitive! resources and efforts are still too • This is the most widely used approach
large for most practical for industrial flows.
Not practical for industrial flows!
applications.
t
uiuj
xk
uk uiuj Pij Fij DijT ij ij
u u j 2 uk
Rij uiuj T i T
x x 3 x
2
ij k ij
j i k 3
• RSM is more advantageous in complex 3D • The hypothesis is reasonable for simple turbulent
turbulent flows with large streamline curvature shear flows: boundary layers, round jets, mixing
and swirl, layers, channel flows, etc.
• but the model is more complex, computationally
intensive, more difficult to converge than eddy
viscosity models.
• Note: All turbulence models contain empiricism.
• Equations cannot be derived from fundamental principles.
• Some calibrating to observed solutions and 'intelligent guessing' is contained in the models.
• Kolmogorov, w: t k / w, l k1/2 / w, k / w
– w is specific dissipation rate.
– Defined in terms of large eddy scales that define supply rate of k.
• Chou, : t k2 / , l k3/2 /
• Rotta, l: t k1/2l, k3/2 / l
– Benefits:
• Accurately predicts the spreading rate of both planar and round jets.
• Also likely to provide superior performance for flows involving rotation,
boundary layers under strong adverse pressure gradients, separation, and
recirculation.
• Limitations:
– The model was designed for wall bounded flows and flows with mild separation
and recirculation.
– No claim is made regarding its applicability to all types of complex engineering
flows.
k–
k–w
Wall
– The k–e and k–w models are blended such that the SST model functions like the k–ω
close to the wall and the k–ε model in the freestream.
• Then we arrive at the graph on the next page. The shape of this is generally the same for all flows:
• Since near wall conditions are often predictable, functions can be used to
determine the near wall profiles rather than using a fine mesh to actually
resolve the profile.
– These functions are called wall functions.
Standard k–ε Robust. Widely used despite the known limitations of the model. Performs poorly for complex flows
involving severe pressure gradient, separation, strong streamline curvature. Suitable for initial
iterations, initial screening of alternative designs, and parametric studies.
Realizable k–ε* Suitable for complex shear flows involving rapid strain, moderate swirl, vortices, and locally transitional
flows (e.g. boundary layer separation, massive separation, and vortex shedding behind bluff bodies, stall
in wide–angle diffusers, room ventilation).
RNG k–ε Offers largely the same benefits and has similar applications as Realizable. Possibly harder to converge
than Realizable.
Standard k–ω Superior performance for wall–bounded boundary layer, free shear, and low Reynolds number flows.
Suitable for complex boundary layer flows under adverse pressure gradient and separation (external
aerodynamics and turbomachinery). Can be used for transitional flows (though tends to predict early
transition). Separation is typically predicted to be excessive and early.
SST k–ω* Offers similar benefits as standard k–ω. Dependency on wall distance makes this less suitable for free
shear flows.
RSM Physically the most sound RANS model. Avoids isotropic eddy viscosity assumption. More CPU time
and memory required. Tougher to converge due to close coupling of equations. Suitable for complex
3D flows with strong streamline curvature, strong swirl/rotation (e.g. curved duct, rotating flow
passages, swirl combustors with very large inlet swirl, cyclones).
Standard k–ε The baseline two–transport–equation model solving for k and ε. This is the default k–ε model. Coefficients
are empirically derived; valid for fully turbulent flows only. Options to account for viscous heating,
buoyancy, and compressibility are shared with other k–ε models.
RNG k–ε A variant of the standard k–ε model. Equations and coefficients are analytically derived. Significant changes
in the ε equation improves the ability to model highly strained flows. Additional options aid in predicting
swirling and low Reynolds number flows.
Realizable k–ε A variant of the standard k–ε model. Its "realizability" stems from changes that allow certain mathematical
constraints to be obeyed which ultimately improves the performance of this model.
Standard k–ω A two–transport–equation model solving for k and ω, the specific dissipation rate (ε / k) based on Wilcox
(1998). This is the default k–ω model. Demonstrates superior performance for wall–bounded and low
Reynolds number flows. Shows potential for predicting transition. Options account for transitional, free
shear, and compressible flows.
SST k–ω A variant of the standard k–ω model. Combines the original Wilcox model for use near walls and the
standard k–ε model away from walls using a blending function. Also limits turbulent viscosity to guarantee
that τT ~ k. The transition and shearing options are borrowed from standard k–ω. No option to include
compressibility.
RSM Reynolds stresses are solved directly using transport equations, avoiding isotropic viscosity assumption of
other models. Use for highly swirling flows. Quadratic pressure–strain option improves performance for
many basic shear flows.
Learning Aims:
You will learn:
• How to define material properties.
• The different boundary condition types in FLUENT and how to use them.
• How to define cell zone conditions in FLUENT including solid zones and
porous media.
• How to specify well–posed boundary conditions.
Learning Objectives:
You will know how to perform these essential steps in setting up a CFD
analysis.
Learning Objectives:
You will be familiar with Fluent’s heat transfer modeling capabilities and be
able to set up and solve problems involving all modes of heat transfer.
Intro. Energy Equation Wall BCs Applications 1–way Thermal FSI Summary
© 2012 ANSYS, Inc. September 19, 2013 34 Release 14.5
Heat Transfer Modeling in Fluent
• All modes of heat transfer can be taken into account in the CFD
simulation:
– Conduction.
– Convection (forced and natural).
– Fluid–solid conjugate heat transfer.
– Radiation.
– Interphase energy source (phase change).
– Viscous dissipation.
– Species diffusion.
Intro. Energy Equation Wall BCs Applications 1–way Thermal FSI Summary
© 2012 ANSYS, Inc. September 19, 2013 35 Release 14.5
Enabling Heat Transfer
• To model heat transfer, the energy equation must be activated.
"Define>Models>Energy"=ON.
Intro. Energy Equation Wall BCs Applications 1–way Thermal FSI Summary
© 2012 ANSYS, Inc. September 19, 2013 36 Release 14.5
Energy Equation – Introduction
• Energy transport equation:
– Pressure work and kinetic energy are always accounted for with compressible
flows or when using the density–based solvers. For the pressure–based solver,
they are omitted and can be added through a text command:
• Additionally:
• The rate of heat transfer is strongly
dependent of fluid velocity. T
• Fluid properties may vary significantly q
Tbody
with temperature (e.g., air).
• At walls, heat transfer coefficient is
computed by the turbulent thermal q h (Tbody T ) h T
wall functions.
h average heat transfer coefficient (W/m2–K)
Intro. Energy Equation Wall BCs Applications 1–way Thermal FSI Summary
© 2012 ANSYS, Inc. September 19, 2013 38 Release 14.5
Governing Equation: Conduction
• Conduction heat transfer is governed by Fourier’s Law.
• Fourier’s law states that the heat transfer rate is directly proportional to the gradient of
temperature.
Thermal conductivity
• Mathematically, qconduction k T
Intro. Energy Equation Wall BCs Applications 1–way Thermal FSI Summary
© 2012 ANSYS, Inc. September 19, 2013 39 Release 14.5
Governing Equation: Viscous Dissipation
• Energy source due to viscous
dissipation:
– Mixed – Combination of
Convection and Radiation
boundary conditions.
qmixed hext (Text Tw ) ext (T4 Tw4 )
– Via System Coupling – Can be used when Fluent is coupled with another system in
Workbench using System Couplings.
Intro. Energy Equation Wall BCs Applications 1–way Thermal FSI Summary
© 2012 ANSYS, Inc. September 19, 2013 41 Release 14.5
Conjugate Heat Transfer (CHT)
• At Fluid/Solid or Fluid/Fluid interface, a wall/wall_shadow is created
automatically by Fluent while reading the mesh file.
Grid
Velocity Vectors
Temperature Contours
Intro. Energy Equation Wall BCs Applications 1–way Thermal FSI Summary
© 2012 ANSYS, Inc. September 19, 2013 42 Release 14.5
Convection
• Convection heat transfer results from fluid motion.
– Heat transfer rate can be closely coupled to the fluid flow solution.
– The rate of heat transfer is always strongly dependent on fluid velocity and
fluid properties (uncoupled equations – can solve energy after flow solution).
– Fluid properties may vary significantly with temperature (coupled equations).
• There are three types of convection.
– Natural convection: fluid moves due to buoyancy effects.
– Boiling convection: body is hot enough to cause fluid phase change.
– Forced convection: flow is induced by some external means.
Thot
© 2012 ANSYS, Inc. September 19, 2013 44 Release 14.5
Natural Convection: Gravity–Reference Density
• Momentum equation along the direction of gravity (z
in this case).
W P
U W 2W abs g
t z
• In Fluent, a variable change is done for the pressure
field as soon as gravity is enabled.
P Pabs Poperating 0 g z
Intro. Energy Equation Wall BCs Applications 1–way Thermal FSI Summary
© 2012 ANSYS, Inc. September 19, 2013 45 Release 14.5
Radiation
• Radiative heat transfer is a mode of energy transfer where the energy is
transported via electromagnetic waves.
• Thermal radiation covers the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum from
0.1 to 100 m.
Visible
Ultraviolet Infrared
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
log10 (Wavelength), m
qrad Tmax
4
Tmin
4
Stefan–Boltzmann constant
5.6704×10–8 W/(m2·K4)
Intro. Energy Equation Wall BCs Applications 1–way Thermal FSI Summary
© 2012 ANSYS, Inc. September 19, 2013 47 Release 14.5
Optical Thickness and Radiation Modeling
• The optical thickness should be determined
before choosing a radiation model.
Optical Thickness (a+s)L
a= absorption coefficient.
s=scattering coefficient (often=0).
L= mean beam length.
• a Absorption Coefficient (m–1)
(Note: ≠Absorptivity of a Surface).
• L Mean beam length (m)
(a typical distance between 2 opposing walls).
• Optically thin means that the fluid is transparent to the radiation at
wavelengths where the heat transfer occurs.
– The radiation only interacts with the boundaries of the domain.
• Optically thick/dense means that the fluid absorbs and re–emits the
radiation.
Intro. Energy Equation Wall BCs Applications 1–way Thermal FSI Summary
© 2012 ANSYS, Inc. September 19, 2013 48 Release 14.5
Choosing a Radiation Model
• The radiation model selected must be appropriate for the optical thickness of
the system being simulated.
Optical
Available Model
Thickness
Surface to surface model (S2S) 0
Solar load model 0 (except window panes)
Rosseland >5
P–1 >1
Discrete ordinates model (DO) All
Discrete Transfer Method (DTRM) All
Intro. Energy Equation Wall BCs Applications 1–way Thermal FSI Summary
© 2012 ANSYS, Inc. September 19, 2013 49 Release 14.5
Additional Factors in Radiation Modeling
• Additional guidelines for radiation model
selection:
– Scattering.
• Scattering is accounted for only with
P1 and DO.
– Particulate effects.
• P1 and DOM account for radiation
exchange between gas and
particulates.
– Localized heat sources.
• S2S is the best.
• DTRM/DOM with a sufficiently large
number of rays/ ordinates is most
appropriate for domain with
absorbing media.
Intro. Energy Equation Wall BCs Applications 1–way Thermal FSI Summary
© 2012 ANSYS, Inc. September 19, 2013 50 Release 14.5
Phase Change
• Heat released or absorbed when matter changes
state.
• There are many different forms of phase change.
– Condensation.
– Evaporation.
– Boiling.
– Melting/Solidification.
• Multiphase models and/or UDFs are needed to
properly model these phenomena.
Contours of vapor volume fraction for
boiling in a nuclear fuel assembly
calculated with the Eulerian
multiphase model. Tracks from evaporating liquid
pentane droplets and temperature
contours for pentane combustion
with the non–premixed combustion
model.
Intro. Energy Equation Wall BCs Applications 1–way Thermal FSI Summary
© 2012 ANSYS, Inc. September 19, 2013 51 Release 14.5
Summary
• After activating heat transfer, you must provide:
– Thermal conditions at walls and flow boundaries.
– Fluid properties for energy equation.
Intro. Energy Equation Wall BCs Applications 1–way Thermal FSI Summary
© 2012 ANSYS, Inc. September 19, 2013 52 Release 14.5
Introduction
Lecture Theme: Part 3.
Transient
The problem definition for all Calculations
CFD simulations includes boundary conditions,
cell zone conditions and material properties. The accuracy of the simulation
results depends on defining these properly.
Learning Aims:
You will learn:
• How to define material properties.
• The different boundary condition types in FLUENT and how to use them.
• How to define cell zone conditions in FLUENT including solid zones and
porous media.
• How to specify well–posed boundary conditions.
Learning Objectives:
You will know how to perform these essential steps in setting up a CFD
analysis.
Learning Objectives:
Transient flow calculations are becoming increasingly common due to
advances in High Performance Computing (HPC) and reductions in
hardware costs. You will understand what transient calculations involve
and be able to perform them with confidence.
Introduction Unsteady Flow Time Step Setup Post–Processing Summary
© 2012 ANSYS, Inc. September 19, 2013 54 Release 14.5
Motivation
• Nearly all flows in nature are unsteady!
– Steady–state assumption is possible if we:
• Ignore unsteady fluctuations.
• Employ ensemble/time–averaging to remove unsteadiness.
– This is what is done in modeling RANS turbulence.
• At each time point we must iterate & converge Number of time steps = 10
to the solution.
Residual
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (seconds) Several iterations per time step.
Introduction Unsteady Flow Time Step Setup Post–Processing Summary
© 2012 ANSYS, Inc. September 19, 2013 58 Release 14.5
Convergence Behavior
• Residual plots for transient simulations are not always indicative of a converged
solution.
• You should select the time step size such that the residuals reduce by around three
orders of magnitude within one time step.
– This will ensure accurate resolution of transient behavior.
– For smaller time steps, residuals may only drop by 1–2 orders of magnitude – look for a
monotonic decrease throughout the time step.
• A residual plot for a simple transient calculation is shown here.
t
Time
t
Time
Introduction Unsteady Flow Time Step Setup Post–Processing Summary
© 2012 ANSYS, Inc. September 19, 2013 60 Release 14.5
Selecting the Transient Time Step Size [2]
• … and it must be small enough to maintain solver stability.
– The quantity of interest may be changing very slowly (e.g. temperature in a solid),
but you may not be able to use a large time step if other quantities (e.g. velocity)
have smaller timescales.
– This gives the number of mesh elements the fluid passes through in one time step.
– Typical values are 1÷10, but in some cases higher values are acceptable.
1 Number of Blades
• Turbomachinery: t .
10 Rotational Velocity
L
• Natural Convection: t
(g. . T.L)1/2
L2
• Conduction in solids: t
L = Characteristic length
.Cp
V = Characteristic velocity
• Options are:
– Number of time steps.
– Maximum number of iterations
per time step.
• Extrapolate Variables.
– Speed up the transient solution by reducing required sub–
iteration.
• Using Taylor series expansion solution will be
extrapolated to the next time level to improve the
predicted initial value.
Residuals
approximate initial guess, the initial transient
will not be accurate.
– The first few time steps may not converge.
– A smaller time step may be needed initially to
maintain solver stability.
– For cyclic behavior the first few cycles can be ignored
until a repeatable pattern is obtained.
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Time (seconds)
Original Signal.
FT of Signal Showing
Dominant Frequency.