A Brief Overview of the Solar Energy as

Renewable Energy Sources

Presenter:
Syafaruddin
Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering
Kumamoto University, Japan

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 Contents
• Definition (Solar Power)
• The Stands of Solar Energy
• Materials
• Photovoltaic (PV) Generation System
• Applications
• Other Issues & Challenges
• Research Topic
• Conclusion
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 Definitions:
Photovoltaic (or PV) systems: direct
conversion from light energy into
electricity.
The term "photo" is a stem from the Greek
"phos," which means “light”.
"Volt" is named for Alessandro Volta (1745-
1827), a pioneer in the study of electricity.
"Photo-voltaics," then, could literally mean
"light-electricity."
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 Basic Components

•PV cell is the basic unit in a PV system --The heart of a photovoltaic system
•An individual PV cell typically produces between 1 and 2 watts
•Silicon cells typically produce about 1/2 volt, regardless of the size

Cells are connected in series to reach voltages of 12 V or 24 V

Modules are connected in parallel to reach higher currents
Modules are connected in series to reach higher voltages

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 Other Components:
Cells, Modules or arrays, by themselves, do
not constitute a PV system. Also needed
are the balance of system (BOS):
• Structures on which to mount and orient them to the
sun (e.g. ground or roof mounted, tracking)
• Conversion from Direct Current (DC) to Alternating
Current (AC), together with switches, wiring and
protective devices.
• Storage, like batteries, where appropriate.

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 How PV cells work
• A solar cell is a very large diode.
– When Si that is doped p-type
is next to a region of Si doped
n-type, the holes from the p-
type side diffuse to the n-type
side. The electrons diffuse to
the p-type side.
– This creates an electric field.
– This electric field makes it
easy for current to flow in one
direction, but hard to flow in
the other.
– This electric field also
separates electrons and holes
that have been created by the
absorption of sun light. When
the electrons and holes are
separated electric power can
be extracted from the circuit.

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 Renewable Energy Distribution
Solar Energy: “potentially
one of the most useful of
the renewable energy
technologies”
•Abundant fuel & materials

Advantages:
*Unlimited fuel supply
*Clean - no pollution or
emissions & water
*Silent
*Minimal visual impact
*Low maintenance
*Easily expanded
*Generates at load
(Distributed Generation)
Source: Wikipedia
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 Photovoltaic Production

03489805a
1200
1150
1100
1050
1000
950
900
850
800
MW

750
700
650
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150 World
100 US
50 Japan
Europe
Other
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Courtesy: NREL - Derived from PV News
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 The Facts of the PV market in Japan

ØNearly 45% of the world's photovoltaic (PV) solar cell

production is manufactured in Japan.
ØJapan leads the world in thin film PV with the highest
capacity of operational manufacturing plants. Present
manufacturers are Kyocera, Kaneka, Matsushita Battery,
Sanyo, Sharp and Showa Shell Sekiyu.
ØJapan has set a national target to install 300 Megawatts
of wind capacity by 2010

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 Source: Global Energy Network Institute (GENI)

(Pink = Japan, White = United States, Yellow = Europe, Green = Others, Line = Total)
Total world installed capacity PV showing that Japan is fastest growing nation in
this sector with growth rate approximately 20% per year over the last three
years.
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 Cell / Module Prices

2005 Module Price : Up 6% to $3.19/W

2005 PV Cell Price : Up 11% to $2.17/W

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 Market Growth Expectations
900
1 GW
800
Non-subsidized Residential Rooftops
Commercial Building Facades (TF)
700 PV Integrate Products
Small Solar Farms
PV Industry MW

600 Grid-tied
500 Rooftops (Japan, Germany)
Remote Habitational
Telecommunications
400 Corporate Image

300 Large Scale Power

200 Off-Grid-Rural

100
Off-Grid Industrial
0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Source: Strategies Unlimited, April 2000

Market growth in excess of 30% p.a., led by grid-connected market

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 Single Crystalline Silicon
• Silicon - very abundant,
although limited quantities of
semiconductor grade feedstock
• Comprises great majority of
manufactured modules
• Single crystals typically grown
into ingots, then processed
• Mature and proven technology
• High efficiency
• Relatively expensive
• Performance degrades in heat,
reverse in cold

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 Polycrystalline Silicon
• Requires less silicon
feed stock
• Crystals typically cast -
less waste
• Mature technology
• High efficiencies,
although less than c-Si
• Less expensive to
produce
• Performance similar to
c-Si
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 Amorphous Silicon
• Non-crystalline form of silicon
• Absorbs solar radiation 40 times more
efficiently than c-Si; hence, much
thinner (several microns vs. 100+)
• Uses much less silicon in highly
automated, fast production
• Less efficient, but cheaper
• Easily deposited on low cost
substrates (polymers, thin metal)
• Performs well in heat and dim light
• Well adapted to consumer products
and building integration (tinted glass)
• can be deposited on low-cost
substrates

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 Advanced Thin Films
(CIS, CdTel, Ga-As)
• Similar characteristics as amorphous
• Use more exotic, less common material
• New technology - recently introduced
• Efficiencies between a-Si and c-Si
• Multi-junction cells yield much greater
efficiencies
– concentrators: Ga-As
– space: GaInP2/Ga-As/Ge

•Potential to be inexpensive to produce

•Fast production rates and low costs could
dominate world production in the future

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 New Thin Film Solar Cells
Copper-Indium-Gallium-Diselenide (CIGS)
CIGS Thin Film Benefits
- Low-Cost
- Very small amounts of silicon
needed
- Increased yield and throughput
- Printable semiconductor vs
vacuum deposition, sputtering or
evaporation
- High material utilization
- Printable on a variety of substrates
- Easy to bring capacity on-line
quickly
- Energy payback - fast

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 PV CellEfficiency
100% Incident radiation PV efficiency:
c-Si (12-15%)
´ 0.74 Insufficient photon energy p-Si (9-13%)
hu < Eg
a-Si (5-6.5%)
CIS (7.5-10%)
CdTel (7-9%)
Excessive photon energy
Near surface EHP recombination Ga-As (25-30%)
´ 0.59 hu > Eg Space systems (30+%)
Efficiency =
Percentage of solar
´ 0.95 Collection efficiency of photons irradiation that is
converted into usable
´ 0.6 Voc » (0.6Eg)/(ekB) energy (Direct Current
– DC).
´ 0.85 FF » 0.85 Given: Irradiance =
1,000 W/m2
Overall efficiency
Module Efficiency =
h » 21% 10%
Usable Energy =
(0.10)(1,000 W/m2) =
7/29/20 for various losses of energy in a Renewable
Accounting EnergySi
high efficiency 100 W/m2 DC 20
solar cell. Adapted from C. Hu and R. M. White, Solar Cells
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 The I-V and P-V Curves of PV modules for E=100-1000 W/m2 and Tc=50oC

Summary:
•Strong dependence of
Current on light intensity
•Voltage has weaker
dependence on light intensity
•Voltage has more
a) I-V and P-V characteristics of SM-55 PV Module for 100-1000 W/m2 and T=50oC
dependence on Temperature

b) I-V and P-V characteristics of FS-50 PV Module for 100-1000 W/m2 and T=50oC

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c) I-V and P-V characteristics of US-21 PV Module for 100-1000 W/m2 and T=50oC
 PV Configurations DC Systems

DC Remote, Direct Use Example Load: Fan,

PV Pump
Load

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 DC Systems

App: Remote with Storage PV Charge

Battery
Controller

DC
Load

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BP 0802
DC-AC Systems Off-Grid Connections

Charge Inverter
PV Controller
Battery
DC to AC

No utility connection
Large battery bank DC AC
Installed Cost - $15+/Watt Load Load

Hybrid
Systems DC
Load

PV Charge Battery Inverter

Controller DC to AC

Battery
Charger
AC to DC

Diesel Manual
Transfer
AC
Generator Switch Load
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 Grid Connections
Grid Tied – Net Meter (Bidirectional) Net
Meter Grid
Inverter DS
PV DC to AC

DS: Disconnect Switch AC

Load

Grid Tied – Dual Meter

Inverter
PV DC to AC Meter DS Meter Grid

AC
Economics better in states with net metering Load
Installed Cost - $7 to $10/Watt

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 Grid Connections (cont.)
Grid Tied with Battery Backup
More Complicated but Can Continue to Run When Utility Fails
•Installed Cost - $12 to $15/Watt

PV Power
Meter DS Meter Grid
Center*

Critical AC AC
Load
Load

* Power Center: Inverter +

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 On a planet where more than two billion people have no
access to electricity, PV systems can provide power for
many uses.

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 Photovoltaic power is ideal for remote applications
where other power sources are impractical or
unavailable, such as in the Swiss Alps.

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 Here is a stand-alone PV system in Oix, La Garrotxa in rural
Spain. This system consists of a 900-watt PV array with
inverter and batteries. More than 60 rural homes in this
mountainous area have been electrified with PV.

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 Solar-powered water pumps are very efficient and cost-
effective in agricultural applications like this system in
Kansas.

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 Another farm application – keeping animals where
they belong, behind PV-electrified fence chargers.
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 Off-shore navigational
aids, which require little
maintenance, can
withstand harsh storms,
and cut down on the cost
and pollution of battery
replacement and disposal
by using PV for power.

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 Many utility companies in the U.S. are turning to large PV
systems to help meet peak power demand and reduce the
need for building new power plants.

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 In 1987, the Swiss government started a program
to mount PV arrays on a sound barrier along a
main motorway.

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 Maybe no uses are as
dramatic and
important as the
portable PV panels
and small
refrigerators carried
around Africa on the
backs of camels.

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 Refrigerators like this,
carried on the backs of
camels and powered by
PV panels, allow
vaccines to be kept in
good condition and
transported to remote
villages where medicines
are needed.

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 A PV-powered
police car in
Zermatt,
Switzerland. Only
electric, solar-
powered, or horse-
drawn vehicles are
allowed in this
quaint town in the
Alps.

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 PV is an excellent source
of power for battery
chargers for boats,
vehicles, and equipment.
The solar-powered
charger assures that the
battery is charged and
ready for use, even if the
boat or vehicle has sat for
a long time and the
battery has discharged.

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 Component/Cost Issues
• Solar Photovoltaics
– ≈ $3-4/Wp
– ≈ $0.15-$0.30/kWh
• Biggest Factor-
– PV Module
– Materials/Efficiency
• Challenge:
• Large Area PVs First Solar Thin-Film PV Module

• CHEAP!

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 Extreme effects of Shading on
c-Si Modules
% of One Cell Shaded % Loss of Power
0 0
25 25
50 50
75 66
100 75
3 Cells Shaded 93
Bypass diodes reduce the effect of shading by allowing current
to bypass shaded cells and modules.
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 Research
ANN-Polar Coordinated Fuzzy Controller based Maximum Power Point
Tracking Control under Partially Shaded Conditions

Local maximum
(52.0704,493.237)
500

400
Non-shaded condition
M1 M2 M3 100 W/ m2
Array Power [ W ]

300
M4 M5 M6
1000 W/ m2
M7 M8 M9
200 Tc=25oC
Global maximum
(15.9196,149.922) Bypass diode SP

100 Non-bypass
Shaded condition diode (53.397,52.6703)

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Array Voltage [ V ]

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 Proposed Model

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 Study Cases

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 ANN-Fuzzy Logic Controlles

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 Real Time Simulation

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 Conclusion
• It is crucial to improve photovoltaic (PV) system
efficiency and develop the reliability of PV
generation control systems.
• There are two ways to increase the efficiency of
PV power generation:
vThe first is to develop materials offering high conversion efficiency at
low cost.
vOn the other hand, the most important issue is to operate PV
systems optimally for getting better efficiency.

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