LICEO DE CAGAYAN UNIVERSITY

Rodolfo N. Pelaez Boulevard, Kauswagan, Cagayan de Oro City

COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
First Semester, Academic Year 2020-2020
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TASK
COURSE : ANATOMY AND PHYIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
MODULE : THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
ROOM :

LEARNING ACTIVITIES:
Virtual Discusion:
Independent Study:
Word Analysis and Definition
Lesson Exercises
Modular Review Guide
Video Presentations
TASK:
Lesson 1:

1. Enumerate the general function of the nervous system.

 Receiving sensory input
 Integrating information
 Controlling muscles and glands
 Maintaining Homeostasis
 Establishing and maintaining mental activity
 LICEO DE CAGAYAN UNIVERSITY
Rodolfo N. Pelaez Boulevard, Kauswagan, Cagayan de Oro City
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
First Semester, Academic Year 2020-2020
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Illustrate the division of the nervous system.

Ganglia
 LICEO DE CAGAYAN UNIVERSITY
Rodolfo N. Pelaez Boulevard, Kauswagan, Cagayan de Oro City
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
First Semester, Academic Year 2020-2020
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Differentiate between neuron and neuroglia.

 Nervous tissue contains two categories of cells — neurons and neuroglia. Neurons are highly specialized
nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses. Neuroglia are supporting cells that provide physical
sport, remove debris, and provide electrical insulation
4. Identify the structural components of the neuron. Identify the functions of each component.
 Cell Body (neuron cell body/soma)– contains a single nucleus that is the source of information for gene
expression. Endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi Apparatuses surround the nucleus, and mitochondria and
other organelles are present
 Dendrites – are short often highly branched cytoplasmic extensions that are tapered from their bases at the
neuron cell body to their tips, receive input from other neurons’ axon and from the environment, when
stimulated they generate small electric currents which are conducted to the neuron cell body.
 Axon – a single long cell process extending from the environment of the body. Axons of sensor neurons
conduct action potentials towards the CNS, and axons of motor neurons conduct action potentials away from
the CNS.

5. Identify the structural component of the axon. Identify the functions of each component.
 Axon hillock - single axon arises from a cone-shaped area of the neuron cell body.
 Initial segment - The beginning of the axon
 trigger zone - Action potentials are generated
 axoplasm – The cytoplasm of an axon
 axolemma – its plasma membrane
 presynaptic terminals – Axons terminate by branching to form small extensions with enlarged ends
 neurotransmitters - Within the presynaptic terminals are numerous small, membrane-bound secretory
vesicles that contain chemicals
 LICEO DE CAGAYAN UNIVERSITY
Rodolfo N. Pelaez Boulevard, Kauswagan, Cagayan de Oro City
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
First Semester, Academic Year 2020-2020
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6. Identify the types of neuron based on:

6.1. Structure
The functional classification is based on the direction in which action potentials are conducted.
 Sensory Neurons (afferent neurons) – conducts action potentials toward the CNS.
 Motor Neurons (efferent neurons) – conduct action potentials away from the CNS towards
muscle of glands,4
 Interneurons – conduct action potentials from one neuron to another within the CNS.

6.2. Function
The structural classification scheme is based on the arrangement of the processes that extend from the
neuron cell body.
 Multipolar neurons - have many dendrites and a single axon. The dendrites vary in number and in their
degree of branching
 Bipolar neurons - have two processes: one dendrite and one axon, dendtrites specialized to receive the
stimulus, and the axon conducts action potentials to the CNS.
 Pseudo-unipolar neurons – appears to have no dendrites, have a single process extending from the cell
body, this process divides two processes a short distance from the cell body. One process extends to the
periphery and the other extends to the CNS.

7. Enumerate the properties of neuron.

 Excitability / irritability:- This means they can be stimulated to produce an impulse (action potential) – a tiny
electrical current.
 Conductivity:- This means neurons are also able to transfer an impulse along the full length of their axons and
then on to other neurons, muscles or glands.
 LICEO DE CAGAYAN UNIVERSITY
Rodolfo N. Pelaez Boulevard, Kauswagan, Cagayan de Oro City
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
First Semester, Academic Year 2020-2020
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8. Enumerate the different types of neuroglia and identify its functions.

 Astrocytes - are neuroglia that are star-shaped because cytoplasmic processes extend from the cell body. These
extensions widen and spread out to form foot processes, which cover the surfaces of blood vessels (table 11.1),
neurons, and the pia mater.
 Ependymal cells - cells line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. Specialized ependymal
cells and blood vessels form the choroid plexuses, secrete the cerebrospinal fluid that flows through the ventricles of
the brain.
 Microglia - are neuroglia in the CNS that become mobile and phagocytic in response to inflammation. They phagocytize
necrotic tissue, microorganisms, and other foreign substances that invade the CNS.
 Oligodendrocytes – have cytoplasmic extensions that can surround axons. If the cytoplasmic extensions wrap many
times around the axons, they form an insulating material called a myelin sheath.

9. Explain the propagation of impulse occurring within the nerve.

 When the nerve impulse reaches the end of the axon, there are some chemicals released from the neurotransmitters.
They diffuse across the synaptic gap, which is the small space present between the axon and the receptors. Nerve
impulses can be transmitted either by the electrical synapse or the chemical synapse
10. Explain the propagation of impulse occurring within the synapse.
 At chemical synapses, impulses are transmitted by the release of neurotransmitters from the axon terminal of the
presynaptic cell into the synaptic cleft. Their subsequent binding to specific receptors on the postsynaptic cell causes a
change in the ion permeability and thus the potential of the postsynaptic plasma membrane.
11. Identify the covering of the nerve.
 Schwann cells - are neuroglia in the PNS that wrap around axons. If a Schwann cell wraps many times around an axon,
it forms a myelin sheath.
 LICEO DE CAGAYAN UNIVERSITY
Rodolfo N. Pelaez Boulevard, Kauswagan, Cagayan de Oro City
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
First Semester, Academic Year 2020-2020
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 Satellite cells- surround neuron cell bodies in sensory and autonomic ganglia (table 11.1). Besides providing support
and nutrition to the neuron cell bodies, satellite cells protect neurons from heavy-metal poisons, such as lead and
mercury, by absorbing them and reducing their access to the neuron cell bodies.
 Epineurium - Each nerve is covered on the outside by a dense sheath of connective tissue
12. Identify the types of nerve according to:

12.1. Myelination
 In myelinated axons, the extensions from Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes repeatedly wrap
around a segment of an axon to form a series of tightly wrapped membranes rich in phospholipids,
with little cytoplasm sandwiched between the membrane layers. 4
 Unmyelinated axons rest in invaginations of the Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes (figure 11.6b).
The cell’s plasma membrane surrounds each axon but does not wrap around it many times. Thus,
each axon is surrounded by a series of Schwann cells, and each Schwann cell can simultaneously
surround more than one unmyelinated axon.
12.2. Function
 Autonomic nerves. - These nerves control the involuntary or partially voluntary activities of your
body, including heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and temperature regulation.
 Motor nerves - These nerves control your movements and actions by passing information from
your brain and spinal cord to your muscles.
 Sensory nerves - These nerves relay information from your skin and muscles back to your spinal
cord and brain. The information is then processed to let you feel pain and other sensations.
13. Enumerate the different types of sensory receptors and identify its function.
 Mechanoreceptors – respond to mechanical stimuli, such as the bending or stretching of receptors.
 Chemoreceptors - responds to chemical. For example, odor molecules bind to chemoreceptors, allowing us to
perceive smells.
 LICEO DE CAGAYAN UNIVERSITY
Rodolfo N. Pelaez Boulevard, Kauswagan, Cagayan de Oro City
COLLEGE OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE
First Semester, Academic Year 2020-2020
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 Photoreceptors – respond to light.

 Thermoreceptors - responds to temperature changes.
 Nociceptors - respond to stimuli that result in the sensation of pain. n