Chemistry For Engineers

Chemistry for Engineers
1
Phung Thanh Khoa - IU
Grade for class
• Homework & Quiz: 20%
• Mid-term Exam: 30%
• Final Exam: 50%
• Total: = 100 points
2
Textbooks
1. Mary Jane Shultz “Chemistry for Engineers – An
Applied Approach”, 2nd Ed. (2007)
2. Darrell Ebbing and Steven D. Gammon “General
Chemistry”, 9th Ed. (2010)
3. Nivaldo J. Tro “Chemistry: A Molecular
Approach”, 2nd Ed. (2008)
4. Masterton and Hurley “Chemistry, Principles and
Reactions”, 6th Ed. (2009)
3
Why do we study Chemistry?
• A preparation for good life
• Understanding chemistry and applying them to design
processes, structures or equipment
4
Outline of Week 1
1. Introduction to Matter
2. Measurements in Chemistry
5
Learning outcomes
1. Distinguish among elements, compounds, and
mixtures.
2. Identify symbols of common elements.
3. Identify common metric prefixes.
4. Demonstrate the use of significant figures,
scientific notation, and SI units in calculations.
5. Attach appropriate SI units to defined quantities,
and employ dimensional analysis in calculations
6
Outline of Week 1
7
What is Matter?
• Matter (vật chất) is anything has mass and occupies
space.
• We can classify matter according to its state (its

physical form) and its composition (the basic
components that make it up).
11
The State of Matter: Solid, Liquid, Gas
and Plasma
12
https://www.balticnet-plasmatec.org/plasma-technology/ Phung Thanh Khoa - IU
and Plasma
1) Gas (vapor) – has no fixed volume or shape,
uniformly expands to fill its container,
compressible, flows readily, diffusion occurs
rapidly.
2) Liquid - has a distinct volume independent
of its container, assumes the shape of the
portion of the container it occupies, not
readily compressible, diffusion occurs but
slower than a gas.
3) Solid - has both a definite shape and
definite volume, not readily compressible,
diffusion occurs extremely slowly.
16
https://healingearth.ijep.net/water/photo/5-water-molecules-three-states-photo
and Plasma
1) Gas (vapor) – has no fixed volume or shape,
uniformly expands to fill its container,
compressible, flows readily, diffusion occurs
rapidly.
2) Liquid - has a distinct volume independent
of its container, assumes the shape of the
portion of the container it occupies, not
readily compressible, diffusion occurs but
slower than a gas.
3) Solid - has both a definite shape and
definite volume, not readily compressible,
diffusion occurs extremely slowly.
4) Plasma is a state of matter in which an
ionized gaseous substance becomes highly
electrically conductive to the point that long-
range electric and magnetic fields dominate
the behaviour of the matter.
https://slideplayer.com/slide/6832418/ 17
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1310519/Plasma-eruption-sun-causes-spectacular-Northern-Lights.html Phung Thanh Khoa - IU
Classifying Matter according to Its composition:
Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
24
Separating mixtures
25
Physical and Chemical Changes
Changes that alter only state or appearance, but not
composition, are physical changes.
Vapor of water
Liquid water
26
Physical and Chemical Changes
Changes that alter only state or appearance, but not
composition, are physical changes.
In contrast, changes that alter the composition of matter are
chemical changes.
Iron oxide
Iron
27
Physical and Chemical Properties
A physical property is a property that a substance displays
without changing its composition, whereas a chemical
property is a property that a substance displays only by
changing its composition via chemical change.
Physical Properties Some properties can be readily measured
with our senses, e.g. odor and color, instruments are needed
to measure other properties, such as electrical resistivity,
hardness, melting point, boiling point, density, mass, volume,
etc.
30
Physical and Chemical Properties
A physical properties is a property that a substance displays without
changing its composition, whereas a chemical properties is a property
that a substance displays only by changing its composition via
chemical change.
Physical Properties Some properties can be readily measured with our
senses, e.g. odor and color, instruments are needed to measure other
properties, such as electrical resistivity, hardness, melting point,
boiling point, density, mass, volume, etc.
Chemical Properties Describe the reactivity of a substance toward
other substances. Examples include:
• Ethanol burns in air (reacts with oxygen)
• Sodium reacts vigorously with water,
• Corrosion of metal parts (rust),
• Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is explosive.
31
Energy
• Energy is the capacity to do work or transfer heat.
• Work is the energy transferred when a force
exerted on an object causes a displacement of that
object.
Work done by Quang Hải on ball to make

ball move and score
33
Energy
• Energy is the capacity to do work or transfer heat.
• Work is the energy transferred when a force
exerted on an object causes a displacement of that
object.
• Heat is the energy used to cause the temperature
of an object to increase.
• Force is any push or pull on an object.
Heat added by burner to

water makes water
temperature rise
34
Fundamental form of Energy
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.
– Its magnitude depends on the object’s mass and its velocity:
KE = ½mv2
• Potential energy of an object depends on its relative
position compared to other objects.
One of the goals in chemistry is to related the energy changes
in the macroscopic world to the kinetic or potential energy of
substances at the molecular level.
35
https://schoolbag.info/chemistry/central/37.html
Outline of Week 1
36
Measurements in Chemistry
Measurement is the comparison of a physical
quantity to be measured with a unit of
measurement
A physical A unit of measurement

quantity (mass, length, time, etc. )
Record the measurement:

• Measured number
• The unit
• Ex: 1.5 cm
37
SI base units (The International System of
Units)
38
Prefixes Multipliers
39
Volume
• Measure of the amount of three-dimensional space
occupied by a substance
• Volume is not a base unit for SI; it is a derived unit
from length (m × m × m = m3).
• The most commonly used metric units for volume are
the liter (L) and the milliliter (mL).
 A liter is a cube 1 decimeter (dm) long on each
side.
 A milliliter is a cube 1 centimeter (cm) long on each
side, also called 1 cubic centimeter (cm × cm × cm =
cm3).
• Commonly measure liquid or gas volume in milliliters
(mL)
• 1 L = 1 dL3 = 1000 mL = 103 mL
• 1 mL = 0.001 L = 10-3 L
• 1 mL = 1 cm3
40
Glassware for Measuring Volume
Uncertainty in Measurements - Different measuring devices have different uses and

different degrees of precision.
41
Temperature Scales
Temperature – the “hotness and coldness” of an object.
Heat flows spontaneously from an object with a higher temperature to an

object with a lower temperature.
42
Temperature
Example: A sick child has a temperature of 40.00 °C.
What is the child’s temperature in (a) K and (b) °F?
Solution
K = °C + 273.15 = 40.00 °C + 273.15 = 313.15 K
°F = 9/5(°C) + 32 = 9/5(40.00 °C) + 32 = 104.00 °F
47
Density
• Density is a property of matter representing the mass per unit
volume
• For equal volumes, denser object has larger mass
• For equal masses, denser object has small volume
• Solids = g/cm3
• 1 cm3 = 1 mL Mass
• Liquids = g/mL Density 
Volume
• Gases = g/L
• Volume of a solid can be determined by water displacement
• Density : solids > liquids >>> gases
• In a heterogeneous mixture, denser object sinks
48
Using Density in Calculations
Mass Mass
Density  Volume 
Volume Density
Mass  Density  Volume
49
Density
50
Length
• Which building is tallest in Vietnam?
461.3 m
53
https://www.tienphong.vn/dia-oc/landmark-81-ky-vi-nhu-the-nao-1318318.tpo
Length
• Length is a measure of distance; or
• the measurement or extent of
something from end to end
• SI unit = meter (m)
• 1 m = 100 cm
• 1 cm = 0.01 m = 10 mm
• 1 inch = 2.54 cm (exactly)
54
55
Mass
• Measure of the amount of matter present in an

object
• SI unit = kilogram (kg)
• Commonly measure mass in grams (g) or milligrams
(mg)
• 1 kg = 1000 g = 103 g, 1 g = 1000 mg = 103 mg
• 1 g = 0.001 kg = 10-3 kg, 1 mg = 0.001 g = 10-3 g
56
57
Numbers in Chemistry
• Exact numbers are counted or given by definition. For example, there is 12 eggs
in 1 dozen.
• Inexact (or measured) numbers depend on how they were determined.
Scientific instruments have limitations (equipment errors) and individuals can
read some instrumentation differently (human errors).
Digital Reading Scale read by eye
• The last digit measured is considered reliable, but not exact.
58
Precision and Accuracy
• Precision is a measure of how closely individual measurements to agree
with one another.
• Accuracy refers to how closely individual measurements agree with the
correct “true” value.
59
Precision and Accuracy
60
Number Notations
Decimal notation:
• One common representation of numbers
• Minus point:
• awkward to represent very large and/or very small numbers
• easy to make foolish mistakes when carrying out arithmetical
operations in this form
Scientific Notation:
• minimizes the tendency to make errors in arithmetical
operations
An exponent is a number that shows how many times
a given number (called the base) appears as a factor;
exponents are written as superscripts
Ex: 102
• The number 2 is the exponent;
• The number 10 is the base, which is said to be raised to the second
power
61
Scientific Notation
A number written in scientific notation consists of a decimal
part, a number that is usually between 1 and 10, and an
exponential part, 10 raised to an exponent, n:
62
Scientific Notation
To convert a number to scientific notation, we move the decimal
point to obtain a number between 1 and 10 and then multiply by
10 raised to the appropriate power. For example, to write 5983 in
scientific notation, we move the decimal point to the left three
places to get 5.983 (a number between 1 and 10) and then
multiply by 1000 to make up for moving the decimal point:
5983 = 5.983 x 1000
We can do this in one step by counting how many places we

move the decimal point to obtain a number between 1 and 10
and then writing the decimal part multiplied by 10 raised to the
number of places we moved the decimal point:
63
Scientific Notation
If the decimal point is moved to the left, as in the previous
example, the exponent is positive. If the decimal is moved to
the right, the exponent is negative:
To express a number in scientific notation:

1. Move the decimal point to obtain a number between 1 and 10.
2. Write the result from step 1 multiplied by 10 raised to the
number of places you moved the decimal point.
• The exponent is positive if you moved the decimal point to the
left.
• The exponent is negative if you moved the decimal point to the
right.
64
Scientific Notation
Multiplication and Division
To multiply numbers expressed in scientific notation, multiply the decimal parts and
add the exponents:
To divide numbers expressed in scientific notation, divide the decimal parts and
subtract the exponent in the denominator from the exponent in the numerator:
Consider the following example involving multiplication:
Consider the following example involving division:
65
Scientific Notation
Addition and Subtraction
To add or subtract numbers expressed in scientific notation, rewrite all the numbers
so that they have the same exponent, then add or subtract the decimal parts of the
numbers. The exponents remained unchanged:
Notice that the numbers must have the Consider the following example involving
same exponent. Consider the following subtraction:
example involving addition:
First, express both numbers with the First, express both numbers with the
same exponent. In this case, you same exponent. In this case, you rewrite
rewrite the lower number and perform the lower number and perform the
the addition as follows: subtraction as follows:
66
Scientific Notation
Powers and Roots
To raise a number written in scientific notation to a power, raise the decimal part to
the power and multiply the exponent by the power:
To take the nth root of a number written in scientific notation, take the nth root of
the decimal part and divide the exponent by the root:
67
Uncertainty in Measured Numbers
• A measurement always has some amount of
uncertainty
• Uncertainty comes from limitations of the
techniques used for comparison
• To understand how reliable a measurement is, we
need to understand the limitations of the
measurement
68
Reporting Measurements
• To indicate the uncertainty of a single
measurement scientists use a system called
significant figures
• The last digit written in a measurement is the
number that is considered to be uncertain
• Unless stated otherwise, the uncertainty in the last
digit is ±1
69
Significant Figures
• The term significant figures refers to digits that
were measured.
• When rounding calculated numbers, we pay

attention to significant figures so we do not
overstate the accuracy of our answers.
70
Significant Figure Rules
1. All nonzero digits are significant.
2. Interior zeroes (zeroes between two
nonzero digits) are significant
3. Leading zeroes (zeroes to the left of the
first nonzero digit) are not significant.
They only serve to locate the decimal point.
4. Trailing zeroes (zeroes at the end of a
number) are categorized as follows:
• Trailing zeroes after a decimal point are
always significant.
• Trailing zeroes before a decimal point
(and after a nonzero number) are
always significant.
• Trailing zeroes before an implied
decimal point are ambiguous and
should be avoided by using scientific
notation.
71
Significant Figures
How many significant figures are present in each of
the measured quantities?
• 0.0012
• 108
• 900.0
• 3.0012
• 0.002070
• 4.800 x 10-3
72
Significant Figures
How many significant figures are present in each of
the measured quantities?
• 0.0012 2
• 108 ambiguous
• 900.0 4
• 3.0012 5
• 0.002070 4
• 4.800 x 10-3 4
73
Rounding
• When rounding to the correct number of significant figures, round down
if the last (or leftmost) digit dropped is four or less; round up if the last
(or leftmost) digit dropped is five or more.
• Rounding to two significant figures:

5.37 rounds to 5.4
5.34 rounds to 5.3
5.35 rounds to 5.4
5.349 rounds to 5.3
• Notice in the last example (5.349) that only the leftmost digit being
dropped (in this example, the 4) determines how you round the number.
You ignore all the digits to the right of the leftmost digit you are
dropping (in this example, you ignore the 9).
Nivaldo J. Tro’s textbook: A few books recommend a slightly different rounding procedure for
cases in which the last digit is 5. However, the procedure presented here is consistent with
electronic calculators and will be used throughout this book. 74
Significant Figures & Calculations
Line up the numbers at the decimal point and the
answer cannot have more decimal places than the
measurement with the fewest number of decimal
places.
CARE THIS ONE

75
• The absolute uncertainty can be no smaller than
the least accurate number.
12.04
- 10.4
1.64 1.6
• The answer should have no more decimal places
than the least accurate number.
76
Multiplication and Division
• The answer cannot have more significant figures
than the measurement with the fewest number of
significant figures.
3121. x 12. = 37452. = 3.7 x 104

# sig. digits 4 2 2
Know the number of appropriate digits throughout, round at the end.
77
Mixed Operations
• Determine accuracy in the same order as the mathematical
operations, # of significant digits in blue
• but, retain at least one additional digit past the significant
figures in combined operations, so rounding doesn’t affect
results…
- keep track of the proper significant figures to use at the
end.
78
Examples
Write answer with the correct number of digits:
12.3 – 1.63 = 10.67
Rule: In addition and subtraction

12.3 the result carries the same number of
decimal places as the quantity with the
- 1.63 fewest decimal places.
10.67
10.7
79
Examples
4 6 7 5
4.562 x 3.99870 : (452.6755 – 452.33)
452.6755
= 4.562 x 3.99870 : 0.3455 – 452.33
0.3455
Now: # sig digit 2
Rule 1: In addition and
subtraction
= 52.79904 the result carries the same
number of decimal places
= 53. Round up as the quantity with the
fewest decimal places.
Rule 2: Multiplication
and Division
The answer cannot have
more significant figures
Please careful with addition and
than the measurement
subtraction
with the fewest number
of significant figures
80
Examples Please careful with addition and
3 subtraction
4 2
(14.84 x 0.55) – 8.02
= 8.162 – 8.02 = 0.142 = 0.1
Keep track here: # sig digit 2
Rule 2: In addition and
subtraction
8.162 the result carries the same
- 8.02 number of decimal places
as the quantity with the
fewest decimal places.
0.142
Rule 1: Multiplication
and Division
The answer cannot have
more significant figures
than the measurement
with the fewest number
of significant figures
81
Conclusion
1. Addition and subtraction: care how many decimal
places
2. Multiplication and Division: care about how many
significant digits, remember keep track # sig. digit
3. Mixed operations: follow the rule step by step;
which one first, follow that rule, then the next
rule
Examples:
(a + b) x c : addition rule first, then multiplication rule
(a x b) + c : multiplication rule first, then addition rule
82
Exercises
Evaluate each expression to the correct number of significant
figures.
Retain at least one additional digit past the significant figures

in combined operations, so rounding doesn’t affect result…
- keep track of the proper significant figures for the final
answer.
83
Converting One Unit to Another
• Find the relationship(s) between the starting and
goal units. Write an equivalence statement for
each relationship.
• Write a conversion factor for each equivalence
statement.
• Arrange the conversion factor(s) to cancel
starting unit and result in goal unit.
92
Converting One Unit to Another
• Check that the units cancel properly
• Multiply and Divide the numbers to give the
answer with the proper unit.
• Check your significant figures
• Check that your answer makes sense!
93
Dimensional Analysis
Units are multiplied together or divided into each
other along with the numerical values.
• Keep track of both numerical values and units.
94

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• Total: = 100 points

• We can classify matter according to its state (its

Work done by Quang Hải on ball to make

Heat added by burner to

A physical A unit of measurement

Record the measurement:

Uncertainty in Measurements - Different measuring devices have different uses and

Heat flows spontaneously from an object with a higher temperature to an

• Measure of the amount of matter present in an

Digital Reading Scale read by eye

• The last digit measured is considered reliable, but not exact.

5983 = 5.983 x 1000

We can do this in one step by counting how many places we

To express a number in scientific notation:

Consider the following example involving multiplication:

Consider the following example involving division:

• When rounding calculated numbers, we pay

• Rounding to two significant figures:

CARE THIS ONE

3121. x 12. = 37452. = 3.7 x 104

Know the number of appropriate digits throughout, round at the end.

Rule: In addition and subtraction

Retain at least one additional digit past the significant figures

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