10

GEN. TRIAS
SKILL
BUILDERS
ICT 10 – COMPUTER
SYSTEM SERVICING
Quarter 1

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 LESSON
Types of Computer
1
This worktext was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the nature and skills of ICT-CSS. The scope of this work permits it to be used in many
different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of
students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the
order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now
using.

GEAR UP/ GABAY

After going through this worksheet, you are expected to:
1. Identify the different categories and functions of computers.
2. Learn the functionality of each type of computer.
3. Answer every question that incorporates with the basic types of computers.

This lesson will allow you to gain proper knowledge and skill in identifying the basic types
of computer and how it will help you as a student especially with the situation that we have
right now. It will also introduce you to different components and functions of computers that
will help you understand its complicated process.

NURTURE / NAMNAM
Using the previous task, list down the advantages and disadvantages of computer or
computer related gadgets that you notice.

Definition of Computer
A computer is a machine that can be programmed to manipulate symbols. Its principal
characteristics are:
• It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner.
• It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program).
• It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data.
Therefore, computers can perform complex and repetitive procedures quickly, precisely,
and reliably.

General types of computers

Computers can be broadly classified based on:

A. Principles of Operation

No. Type Specifications Example

1 Analog It is a computing device that works on

Computer continuous range of values. The results
given by the analog computers will only be
approximate since they deal with quantities
that vary continuously.

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 2 Digital It operates on digital data such as numbers.
Computer It uses binary number system in which there
are only two digits 0 and 1. Each one is called
a bit. It can perform arithmetic operations
like addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division and logical operations.

3 Hybrid It combines the desirable features of analog

Computers and digital computers. It is mostly used for
automatic operations of complicated physical
process and machines. It has the speed of
analog and the accuracy of digital computer.

B. Configuration

No. Type Specifications Example

1 Microcomputer -It is a single user computer system having
or PC (Personal moderately powerful microprocessor.
Computer)
-Used by business for word processing,
accounting, desktop publishing and
database management applications.

2 Server It provides services to another computer

program and its user, also known as the
client. It is powerful than normal
computers. Server hardware also differs
from desktop hardware in terms of its form
factor.

3 Mini-Computer It is a multi-user computer system, capable

of supporting hundreds (250) users
simultaneously.

4 Main Frame It is very large in size and is an expensive

computer capable of supporting hundreds
or even thousands of users simultaneously
and can execute many programs
concurrently and supports many
simultaneous executions of programs.

5 Supercomputers These are one of the fastest computers

currently available and are very expensive
and employed for specialized applications
that require immense amount of
mathematical calculations (number
crunching).

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Types of Microcomputer
Actual personal computers can be generally classified by size and chassis / case.

No. Type Description/ Specification Example

1 Desktop The term refers to a computer in which

the power supply, motherboard, and
mass storage devices are stacked on top
of each other in a cabinet.

2 Notebook An extremely lightweight personal

computer/Laptop computer. It uses a variety of techniques,
computer known as flat-panel technologies, to
produce a lightweight and non-bulky
display screen. In terms of computing
power, modern notebook computers are
nearly equivalent to personal computers.

3 Subnotebook A portable computer that is slightly

computer lighter and smaller than a full-sized
notebook computer.

4 Hand-held A portable computer that is small enough

computer to be held in one’s hand.

5 PDA (Personal Short for personal digital assistant, a

Digital Assistant) handheld device that combines
computing, telephone/fax, and
networking features. A typical PDA can
function as a cellular phone, fax sender,
and personal organizer.

6 Tablet computer Tablet computers are handheld portable

device along with touch screen interface
in which users can perform both activities
(Input/Output) on its LCD screen and
can run several applications such as
word processing and others.

7 Smartphone It is a touch screen mobile phone that is

capable to perform various advance
functions similar to computer such as
installs OS (operating system), download
applications, access the internet and
more.

8 Game console It is a special kind of computer primarily

used for playing video games. A device
that outputs a video signal or visual
image to display a video game that one or
more people can play

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 9 Modern TV’s Modern televisions (Internet TVs) are now
having their own applications and
interactive features. It allows users to
stream music, movies online or browse
the internet and view photos.

10 Wearable It is any small technology device capable

computers of storing and processing data that will be
worn on the body.

LESSON
Parts of Computer
2

This worktext shows the different parts and functions of computers for the
preparation of computer assembly in accordance with system requirements. It provides
additional information and clarifications to various functions of each part of computer.
Finishing the worktext will benefit you from understanding the basics of computer parts and
its proper handling for the purpose of assembling computer hardware which is one of the
main competencies that should be acquired in Computer Systems Servicing NC II TESDA
certification.

GEAR UP/ GABAY

After going through this worksheet, you are expected to:
1. Understand the different parts and functions of each part of computer.
2. Learn how each computer parts correlates to each other.
3. List down the different functions of each computer parts.

NURTURE / NAMNAM
Parts of a Computer
Computer is an electronic device that could store, retrieve, and process data. It has
four major parts which are monitor, keyboard, mouse, and system unit. It has its own work
to do in every computer’s functionality.

Monitor
It displays electronic visuals for computers. It has three major types such as the CRT, the
LCD and the LED.

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 Cathode-ray Tube (CRT) - It is a large and heavy monitor with a bulky
part on its back. It has a bowl-shaped screen made of glass envelope and
is an older version of the LCD monitor we see today.
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) - It is a flat panel display that
uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals. It shows
clear images and with a cheaper price than CRT monitors.
Light Emitting Diode (LED) - It is a flat panel display, which uses an array
of LED as pixels for a video display. It has a very short depth and is light in
terms of weight.
Mouse
It is the primary pointing device which involves eye and hand coordination.
Mechanical Mouse - It uses a rubber ball as its wheels that make contact
inside the unit. When the ball is rolled on in any direction, sensors inside
the mouse detects this motion and move the on-screen mouse pointer in
the same direction.
Optical Mouse – It is an advanced computer pointing device that uses a
light-emitting diode (LED) to detect mouse’s movements.
Wireless Mouse – It is also called as cordless mouse that
connects to a computer without the presence of wires. It
uses wireless technology like, Bluetooth or infrared radio
waves.

Keyboard
It is the primary input device which is use to enter data to the computer.
Standard PS/2 keyboard – It is a type of port developed by IBM for
connecting a mouse or keyboard to a PC. The PS/2 port supports a
mini DIN plug containing just 6 pins.
Ergonomic keyboard - is a computer keyboard designed
with ergonomic considerations to minimize muscle strain and a host of
related problems.
Built-in keyboard – a data entry typically found on
laptop computers.
Wireless keyboard - is a computer keyboard that
allows the user to communicate with computers, tablets,
or laptops with the help of radio frequency (RF), infrared
(IR) or Bluetooth technology.
Flexible keyboard - is a keyboard usually made of soft silicone that is highly
portable and attaches to a computer through a USB connection or serial port.

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System Unit
It is the enclosure for all the other main interior components of a computer. These
components comprise the whole system that holds all the other computer peripherals.
Case – It is also called as computer chassis, cabinet case or tower that contains
most of the components of a system unit.
Motherboard - It is a printed circuit board (PCB) containing
the principal components of a computer or other device.
Microprocessor - It is the brain of the computer that contains all
the functions of a central processing unit which is responsible for all
the processes in the computer.
Random Access Memory (RAM) - It holds the instructions
which will be processed by the computer processor.
Hard Disk Drive (HDD) – It is the mechanism that
controls the reading and writing which furnishes the
largest amount of data storage for PC. It stores data such as videos,
pictures, documents, etc.
Optical Disk Drive (ODD) – It stores and reads file from
disc through laser beam technology.
Power Supply Unit (PSU) - It delivers stable and reliable
power to your PC.
Expansion Cards - It is used to enhance the quality of their
specific function.
Video Card - It improves display of data into attractive and colorful images
on the screen.
Sound Card - It converts digital data to analog sound waves
you can hear.
Network Interface Card (NIC) - It connects your computer
to a local data network or the Internet.

LESSON Computer Operating

3 System

This worktext was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to give
you knowledge about operating system. It also give you understanding about the
different operating system existing, how they evolve and how many versions they
have. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course.

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 GEAR UP
After going through this worksheet, you are expected to:
4. Identify the different operating system
5. Determine the different versions of different operating system
6. Differentiate the versions of different operating system
This lesson will allow you to identify and differentiate the different operating
system that was existed and still existing in the market today. It will also give the
students’ knowledge how operating system evolves in the past few years.

NURTURE
Operating System
An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer
hardware, software resources, and provides common services for computer
programs. All computers and computer-like devices require operating systems,
including your laptop, tablet, desktop, smartphone, smartwatch, and router.
Different Operating System
1. Windows Operating System
Foundation of Microsoft
Bill Gates and Paul Allen founded Microsoft, a company that makes computer
software. Originally based in Albuquerque, New Mexico, Microsoft relocated to
Washington State in 1979 and eventually grew into a major multinational technology
corporation. Gates and Allen started Microsoft—originally called Micro-Soft, for
microprocessors and software—in order to produce software for the Altair 8800, an
early personal computer.
Evolution of Windows
MS-DOS - Microsoft Disk Operating System
(1981)
Originally developed by Microsoft for IBM, MS-
DOS was the standard operating system for IBM-
compatible personal computers. The initial
versions of DOS were very simple and resembled
another operating system called CP/M.
Subsequent versions have become increasingly
sophisticated as they incorporated features of
minicomputer operating systems.
• Microsoft Disk Operating System
• Command-line interface (CLI)
• Microsoft bought an existing operating
system from Seattle Computer Products
(86-DOS), for $75,000 in 1981.

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Windows 1.0
Windows 1.0 was the first OS with a
graphical user interface. It was the upgraded
version of MS-DOS and was launched in 1985. It
has replaced MS-DOS commands with a graphical
user interface.
• 16-bit multi-tasking shell on top of an
existing MS-DOS installation
• Limited multi-tasking
• Like the code-name Redstone, Windows 1.0
was called by a code name as Interface
Manager. Microsoft added a game “Reversi”
to make the users familiar with the mouse.

Windows 2.0 (1987)

Microsoft’s Windows 2.0 was the start of
its popularity as it added many user-friendly
features. Microsoft added keyboard shortcuts
and desktop icons to represent programs and
files. It was the first in the history of Windows
to have the most popular “maximize and
minimize” feature.
• Allows application windows to
overlap
• First version to integrate the
control panel

Windows 3.0 and Windows 3.1 (1990 and 1992)

Microsoft released Windows 3.0 with 16
color support with better icons. Windows 3.0
included famous windows games like Hearts,
Minesweeper, and Solitaire. It also came with
File Manager, Program Manager, and Print
Manager.
In 1992, upgraded version Windows 3.1
was released with necessary fixes and improved
fonts. Further, in 1993 Windows 3.1 associated
Windows NT 3.1 surfaced, and subsequently its
improved versions Windows NT 3.5, Windows
NT 3.51 were released.

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 • Protected/Enhanced mode to run Windows applications with reduced
memory issues
• Better memory management
• Portability to multiple processor architectures, as well as higher
security and stability
• Designed from scratch (“Unix killer”)

Windows 95 (1995) and Windows NT 4.0 (1996)

Windows 95 was the major upgrade of the previous Windows OS. Powered
with a new user interface, Windows 95 sported 32-bit software support which made
it one of the fastest Operating System.

Likewise, it also supported the older

Windows and DOS software. Programmers
started developing Windows applications
because they realized the huge potential in
Windows OS.
In 1996, Microsoft redesigned the UI of
Windows 95 and used it in Windows NT 4.0. It
was a small upgrade version of Windows NT
3.51 and a try to give Windows NT slight
popularity. However, it wasn’t much
considered as a major release.
• Introduced the taskbar, the 'Start'
button, and the way the user navigates
• Moved to multitasked 32-bit architecture
• “The rise of “Plug and Play”: This feature came with the capability to
automatically detect the installed hardware.”

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 Windows 98 (1998)
Windows 98 was the first OS with
integrated Internet Explorer. It came with new
technology support like DVD, USB, FAT32,
etc.
Moving mouse on a program or feature
enabled users to see “Help Tip” showing a
short description. Later, Microsoft released
Windows 98 SE with some bug fixes.

• Improved power management, network

management, and USB support

• Added Standby and Hibernate modes

• Introduced the Windows Driver Model

(WDM) to manage device drivers.

Windows 2000(2000)
Windows 2000 was released in February,
2000, and was based on Microsoft's NT
technology. Microsoft now offered automatic
software updates over the Internet for Windows

• Added NTFS (New Technology File

System) 3.0, the Microsoft Management
Console (MMC), and the Encrypting File
System (EFS)

• Active Directory

• A number of new assistive technologies to support for people with disabilities

were introduced.

Windows ME (2000)
Microsoft released Windows
Millennium Edition on Sep 14th, 2000. Key
features include new media player with
changeable skins and support of more file
systems. Additionally, systems icons were
improved with new high colors. There were
not many new improvements in Windows
Me except the feature of System Restore.

• Improved digital media and

networking tools

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 • Restricted access to real mode MS-DOS
Windows XP (2001)
Windows XP was released on October
2001. A power-packed version of various
Windows packages. Windows XP abandoned
the age-old Windows 95 kernel core software
code and introduced a more powerful
codebase. It was released in 2 versions,
Home and Professional.
Windows XP was a full reproduction
of other Windows family versions. It came
with a fresh appearance, updated Windows
Media Player, Internet Explorer, Help and
Support, Microsoft Assistant, and MSN
messenger.

• Improved taskbar and ‘Start’ menu,

better networking features

• Newly improved user interface

• The first version of Windows to use product activation in an effort to reduce

software piracy.
Windows Server (March 2003)
Windows Server is a series of
Microsoft server operating systems.
Windows servers are more powerful versions
of their desktop operating system
counterparts and are designed to more
efficiently handle corporate networking,
Internet/intranet hosting, databases,
enterprise-scale messaging and similar
functions. The Windows Server name made
its debut with the release of Windows Server
2003 and continues with the current release,
Windows Server 2008 R2, which shares its
codebase with Windows 7. Windows Server
2008 R2 debuted in October 2009.

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Windows Home Server (January 2007)
Announced in January 2007,
Windows Home Server (WHS) is a
"consumer server" designed to use with
multiple computers connected in the home.
Home Server allows you to share files such
as digital photos and media files, and also
allows you to automatically backup your
home networked computers. Through
Windows Media Connect, Windows Home
Server lets you share any media located on
your WHS with compatible devices.
Windows Vista (2007)
Windows Vista was released on
January 30, 2007 came with a new aero
user interface with redesigned shell and
security features. However, the OS was
criticized widely because of its high system
requirements, slow performance, security
vulnerabilities, lack of compatibility with
some pre-Vista hardware/software and
lengthy boot time.

• Introduced Windows Search,

Windows Aero, Windows Sidebar,
Shadow Copy

• Speech Recognition

• Windows DVD

• Windows Defender

• DirectX 10

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Windows 7 (2009)
Microsoft released Windows 7 in 2009
with matching UI of Vista. it was a similar
version of its predecessor; Windows 7 met the
user requirements. It upgraded Vista’s Aero
effects to the next level, making them
transparent, cleaner, and speedy.
Windows 7 removed many space-
consuming features of Vista including
Windows Movie Maker, Photo Gallery, and
Windows Mail.

• Support for virtual hard disks, better

multi-core processors performance,
and kernel

• Improved touch and handwriting recognition

Version of windows 7
• Windows 7 Starter
• Windows 7 Home Basic
• Windows 7 Home Premium
• Windows 7 Professional
• Windows 7 Enterprise
• Windows 7 Ultimate

Windows 8 (2012)
In October 2012, Microsoft launched
its latest desktop operating system, Windows
8. It is the first Micsrosoft's OS, which will be
used on tablets and smart phones also.
Microsoft removed the start menu to make
Windows 8 touch-friendly. It also removed
most loved Aero effects of Windows 7 and
added a tiled interface.
• Heavier integration with online
services from Microsoft and others
(SkyDrive, Xbox)
• Faster start-up through UEFI integration
• User interface focused on tablets users, including a touch-optimized shell
using the "Metro" design language, and a new 'Start' screen (No ‘Start button)

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 This radical new transformation was not welcomed by many. Microsoft failed to
offer a distinct UI for touch and non-touch devices. Like Vista, Windows 8 was a
failed attempt to surprise users. In 2013, Microsoft released an improved version,
Windows 8.1, and reintroduced the “start button”. Microsoft also added easy
multitask options.
Windows 10 (2015)
Windows 10 is Microsoft's Windows
successor to Windows 8. Windows 10
debuted on July 29, 2015, following a
"technical preview" beta release of the new
operating system that arrived in Fall 2014
and a "consumer preview" beta in early
2015.
Microsoft claims Windows 10
features fast start up and resume, built-in
security and the return of the Start Menu
in an expanded form. This version of
Windows will also feature Microsoft Edge,
Microsoft's new browser. Any qualified
device (such as tablets, PCs, smartphones
and Xbox consoles) can upgrade to
Windows 10, including those with pirated
copies of Windows.
• Incorporates Microsoft's intelligent personal assistant Cortana

2. Mac Operating System

Mac OS, operating system (OS) developed by the American computer company Apple
Inc. The OS was introduced in 1984 to run the company’s Macintosh line of personal
computers (PCs). The Macintosh heralded the era of graphical user interface (GUI)
systems, and it inspired Microsoft Corporation to develop its own GUI, the Windows
OS.

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Evolution of Mac OS

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3. Linux Operating System

Linux began in 1991 as a personal project by Finnish student Linus Torvalds: to

create a new free operating system kernel. The resulting Linux kernel has been
marked by constant growth throughout its history. Since the initial release of
its source code in 1991, it has grown from a small number of C files under a
license prohibiting commercial distribution to the 4.15 version in 2018 with more
than 23.3 million lines of source code, not counting comments,[1] under the GNU
General Public License v2.

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Foundation of Linux

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 LESSON Computer Peripheral
4 Devices
This worktext was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you understand the different computer peripheral devices and its role in a computer
system. The scope of this work is about obtaining tools, equipment and testing
devices needed to carry out installation work in accordance with established
procedures and check for correct operation and safety. The language used recognizes
the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

GEAR UP
After going through this worksheet, you are expected to:
1. define what is computer peripheral devices;
2. identify the different peripheral devices;
3. give the function of each peripheral devices; and
4. appreciate the role of peripheral devices in a computer system.

This lesson will allow you to identify the different peripheral devices and its function.

NURTURE
A computer peripheral is any external device that provides input and output
for the computer. Computer peripherals, or peripheral devices, are sometimes
called "I/O devices" because they provide input and output for the computer.

Input Device - is composed of a device that accepts data and instructions from
the user or from another computer system

1. Keyboard - It is used to enter data and instructions

directly into the computer. There are 104 buttons on
the keyboard which are called keys.

2. Mouse - is the most popular pointing device. It is a very

famous cursor-control device having a small palm size
box with a round ball at its base. It has two buttons
called the left and the right button and a wheel is
present between the buttons. A mouse can be
used to control the position of the cursor on the
screen, but it cannot be used to enter text into the
computer.

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 3. Microphone – an input device that allows users to
input audio into their computers.

4. Digital Camera – is an input device that takes pictures

digitally. Images are stored as data on memory cards.
It has an LCD screen that allows users to preview and
review images.
5. Scanner – is an input device that reads an image and
converts it into a digital file.

6. Touchscreen – is an input device that allows users to

interact with a computer using their fingers.

7. Barcode Reader – also known as barcode scanner or

point of sale (POS) scanner, is an input device capable
of reading barcodes.

8. Webcam – is an input device connected to the

computer and the internet that captures still picture
or motion video.
9. Biometric devices – is an input device used to input
biometric data into a computer. Here are the types of
biometric devices: Face scanner, Hand scanner,
Finger scanner, Voice scanner.
10. Stylus – is a pen-shaped input device used to
write or draw on the screen of a graphic tablet or
device. Initially it was just used for graphic tablets and
PDAs, but now, it has become popular on mobile
devices as a replacement for the user’s fingers. It’s
used for more accurate navigation and to keep oils
from user’s fingers off the device screen.

Output Devices - devices which are used to display the results or information

1. Monitor - This is the most common output device

connected with the computer to display the processed
information. It looks like a TV and is also know as VDU
(Visual Display Unit). Pictures are displayed by using a
large number of very small dots on screen called pixels.
The number of pixels that a monitor can show on its
screen is referred to as the resolution of the screen.

2. Printer - it gives a printed output of the results that

appears on the monitor screen. Printed output is also
called Hard Copy output because unlike monitor, this
output can be preserved even if the computer is
switched off.

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 3. Speakers - these are used to listen to the music and
sounds played by the computer. Normally they come in
a pair and have different shapes and sizes.

4. Projector - is an output device that projects an image

onto a large surface, such as a white screen or wall. It
may be used an alternative to a monitor or television
when showing video or images to a large group of
people.

5. Smart Board - A type of display screen that has a touch

sensitive transparent panel covering the screen,
which is similar to a touch screen.

Lesson Computer Assembly and

5 Disassembly Procedures
One of the basic skills that you must acquire in computer system servicing is
to independently assemble and disassemble a personal computer or simply setting
up a PC. After familiarizing with all the tools, devices, peripherals and safety
precautions I believe that you are now ready to gain another experience in CSS by
going through this lesson.

After going through this worksheet, you are expected to:

• Identify the proper procedure in disassemble and assemble.

• Observe the proper procedure in disassemble and assemble.
• Apply the occupational health and safety procedures
• Perform the basic skills that are necessary to assemble
and disassemble a PC.

Assembling and disassembling a computer’s system unit is not as difficult as

many people think when they see it open for the first time. Once you know the basics,
you will find that pulling a computer apart is like a walk through a park on a sunny
day. Make sure to follow the step-by-step procedures to establish a routine for
complete and efficient PC servicing.

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 You won’t need many tools to assemble a computer, in fact the only one you
must have is the screwdriver, but if you can get most of the following together, you’ll
find things go a little easier.
TOPIC 1: DISASSEMBLING OF COMPUTER
Objectives
1. Identify the hardware to be disassembled.
2. Recognize the significant of following the procedure in disassemble.
3. Demonstrate the steps in disassembling of the personal computer.

LEARNING CONTENT
Before starting computer disassembly, make sure you have the tools you
need and they're all close by and handy and be sure to have a container to keep the
screws in so you have them when you want to put things back together.

Step1. Unplugging
The first thing you do is to unplug every cable that is plugged in to your
computer. That includes the cables such as Power, USB, Mouse, Keyboard,
Internet, Ethernet, Modem, etc. Just unplug all the cables for safety purposes.

Step 2. Opening the Outer Shell/Case

First, unscrew the four screws at the back of the computer. On most computer
cases, there will be large knobs that you can unscrew by hand or by screw driver on
the back-right side of the computer. The left side has small screws because on that
side you can’t access much on the side.

Step 3. Removing the System Fan

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 First, unplug the fan from the motherboard. You can find the plug by following
the wire from the fan. It should be labeled "SYS_FAN1". Next, you will have to
unscrew the fan from the outside. You should now be able to lift the fan out of the
PC.

Step 4. Removing the CPU Fan

The CPU fan is located right on top of the CPU heat

sink, which is a large piece of metal with fins on the
top. The CPU fan plugs into the motherboard in an
awkward place that is hard to access. But just follow
the wires and you should easily find it. It is labelled
"CPU FAN1". To remove the fan from the heat sink,
remove the four screws securing it in place.

Step 5. Removing the Power Supply

Unplug every wire coming from the power supply. You must disconnect the
motherboard (very large connector/plug), CD/DVD drive(s) power, internal hard
drive power and portable hard drive slot power.

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Step 6. Removing the CD/ DVD Drive(s)
Unplug the IDE or SATA cable from the back of the drive. Once that is
completed, pull on the tab securing the drive in place, then push it out from the
inside.

Step 7. Removing the Hard Disk Drive

Unplug the connector at the back of the slot, and unplug the other end from
the motherboard. Also unplug the SATA cable from the motherboard and the hard
drive. The portable hard drive slot is secured the same way the CD/DVD drive is,
with a tab. Pull on the tab, then slide the slot out.

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Step 8. Removing the Memory/RAM
To remove the RAM, push down on both tabs holding the RAM in place,
which are located at both ends of the RAM.

Step 9. Removing the Motherboard

The motherboard has seven screws holding it to the frame, which are
indicated by large white circles around them. Remove them and then lift the
motherboard out of the frame.

TOPIC 2: ASSEMBLING OF COMPUTER

Objectives
1. Identify the hardware to be assembled.
2. Recognize the significant of following the procedure in assemble.
3. Demonstrate the steps in disassembling of the personal computer.

LEARNING CONTENT
Before you start, take an inventory of your parts. Do not begin assembling
your computer if you don't have everything you need. Begin the step-by-step process
once you are ready with everything you need.

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Step 1. Prepare your workplace

1. Take Inventory:

2. Make Space, Make Time:

3. Prepare Grounding Protection:

4. Have the Drivers Ready:

Step 2. Prepare the Motherboard

1. Great care should be taken when installing the motherboard. First, take
the board out of its packaging and put it on top of the antistatic bag.

2. Before you secure the motherboard onto the PC case/chassis, inspect

it carefully for any visible defects.

3. Next, review the motherboard manual, to make sure you are familiar with
the motherboard layout and understand which socket is which. Manuals are
extremely helpful, usually easy to read, and include illustrations.

Step 3. Install the CPU

1. Use the unlocking mechanism to open the

CPU socket which is usually a lever.
2. Carefully line up the pins and place the
chip in its socket; it will fit only when oriented
the proper way. An arrow or a missing pin on
one corner of the chip will show you how to
line things up.

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3. Align Triangular CPU and socket key
marks.
4. Lower the lever to lock the CPU into place.
Step 4. Install the CPU Heat Sink
1. Follow the manufacturer's directions to install the heat sink and the fan
that will cool the processor. If you bought an OEM CPU and a separate heat sink,
you may need to spread a thin layer of the thermal grease that came with the heat
sink over the chip to ensure proper transfer of heat (some heat sinks come with
this grease already applied).

2. Attach the clip that holds the heat sink in place keeping in mind that it may
require a fair amount of force. Again, follow the instructions that came with the
heat sink. They will show you how to fit it correctly. If you are in doubt, you can
visit the manufacturer's website for more information.

3. Plug the CPU fan's power connector into the proper connector on
the motherboard.

Step 5. Install Memory (RAM Modules)

In order to install the memory modules, insert them into the proper sockets
and push down firmly but evenly until the clips on both sides of the socket pop into
place.

If your motherboard supports dual channel memory, consult the user manual
to determine which pairs of RAM sockets you should use. The motherboard and the
CPU are the brain and nerve center of your PC, so selecting these components is the
most important decision you'll make.

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Step 6. Place the motherboard into the case
1. Some PC cases have a removable motherboard tray. If yours does, remove
the screws holding it in place and pull it out of the case.

2. Note the pattern of the holes in your motherboard, and screw brass standoffs
into the motherboard tray or into the PC case in the correct locations (ALWAYS check
the manual and follow their instructions to the letter).
3. Carefully position the motherboard on top of the brass standoffs, line up all
the holes, and use the screws that accompanied the case to fasten down the
motherboard.

Step 7. Connect the Power Supply

1. First, plug the large ATX

power connector from your power
supply into the matching port on
your motherboard. Look Figure X
for details.
2. Locate the smaller, square
processor power connector (you
cannot miss it - it is the one

sprouting the yellow and black wires) and attach it to the motherboard. Note:
your connector is usually located near the processor. As always, refer to your
motherboard's manual for the exact locations.

3. Use your motherboard user manual and find the

description about front-panel connectors.

34
4. Attach each of the tiny leads from the power and reset switches, the hard-disk
activity lights, the PC speaker, and any front-panel USB and Firewire ports to
the corresponding pin on your motherboard. The needle-nose pliers are useful
for manipulating small pieces.

Step 8. Install Graphics / Video

Cards

1. Begin by removing the

backplane cover from the AGP or PCI
Express X16 slot (the metal piece
where the monitor connector will
emerge)

2. Install the graphics board in

that slot, and then secure the card
with a screw

Step 9. Install Internal Drives

1. Make any necessary changes to jumpers on the drives before mounting them
in the case. A two-drive system (one or two SATA (Serial ATA- is a standard hardware
interface for connecting hard drives and CD/DVD drives to a computer) hard drives,
plus one parallel ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment) optical drive, for example)
is easy to set up; the SATA drives are jumper less, and the optical drive can be set
as master on its own parallel ATA channel. Many cases have removable drive rails or
cages to house drives.

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2. Use the included screws to attach your drives to the rails or cage, and
slide them into the case. For externally accessible drives such as a DVD
recorder, you can save time by installing one drive rail and sliding the drive
in for a test fitting to make sure that its front is flush with the case.

Step 10. Install the Add- in Cards

1. For each add-in

card, you must choose
a free PCI slot.

2. Remove its backplane

cover to allow access
from the rear of the
case.

3. Carefully position the

card above the slot, and
press down firmly to seat
the card

4. Secure the card with a screw

36
 Lesson Perform BIOS configuration in
accordance with hardware
6 requirements

This worktext was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master the BIOS Configuration in accordance with hardware requirements. The
scope of this work permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The
language used recognizes the varied terminology level of students. The lessons are
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you
read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

GEAR UP
After going through this worksheet, you are expected to:
1. To recognize the use and performance of POST and BIOS
2. To understand the importance of BIOS configuration
3. To check the POST and BIOS configuration procedures

This lesson will allow you to install and configure computer systems based on
established procedures and system requirements on how it will help you as a
student. It will also demonstrate an understanding of concepts and principles in
installing configuring computer systems.

NURTURE
Configuration is the way a system is set up, or the assortment of components that
make up the system. Configuration can refer to either hardware or software, or
both.
➢ The Basic Input Output System, usually known as BIOS, is software stored
on a small memory chip on the motherboard. It is a program that uses to
get the computer started after it was turned on. It also allows the user to
access and set up the computer system at the most basic level.
Four Main Functions BIOS:
1. POST - Test the computer hardware and make sure no errors exist before
loading the operating system.
The principal duties of the main BIOS during POST are as follows:
a. verify CPU registers
b. verify the integrity of the BIOS code itself
c. verify some basic components like DMA, timer, interrupt controller
d. find, size, and verify system main memory
e. initialize BIOS
f. pass control to other specialized extension BIOSes (if installed)
g. identify, organize, and select which devices are available for booting

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 When power is turned on, POST (Power-On Self-Test) is the diagnostic testing
sequence that a computer's BIOS runs to determine if the computer keyboard,
RAM, disk drives, and other hardware are working correctly.

If the necessary hardware is detected and found to be operating properly, the

computer begins to boot. If the hardware is not detected or found not to be
operating properly, the BIOS issues an error message which may be text on the
display screen or a series of coded beeps, depending on the nature of the
problem. The pattern of beeps may be a variable numbers of short beeps or a
mixture of long and short beeps, depending on what type of BIOS is installed.
Original IBM POST beep codes POST AMI BIOS beep codes
Beeps Meaning Beeps Meaning

Normal POST – system is

1 short beep 1 Memory refresh timer error
OK

POST error – error code Parity error in base memory (first

2 short beeps 2
shown on screen 64 KiB block)
Power supply, system
board problem,
No beep 3 Base memory read/write test error
disconnected CPU, or
disconnected speaker
Power supply, system Motherboard timer not operational
Continuous
board, RAM 4 (check all PSU to MB connectors
beep
or keyboard problem seated)

Power supply, system

Repeating
board or keyboard 5 Processor failure
short beeps
problem

1 long, 1 short 8042 Gate A20 test error (cannot

System board problem 6
beep switch to protected mode)

1 long, 2 short Display adapter problem General exception error (processor

7
beeps (MDA, CGA) exception interrupt error)

1 long, 3 short Enhanced Graphics Display memory error (system video

8
beeps Adapter problem (EGA) adapter)

3 long beeps 3270 keyboard card error 9 AMI BIOS ROM checksum fix

10 CMOS shutdown register read/write fix

11 Cache memory test failed

continuous Motherboard does not detect

beeping a RAM module (continuous beeping)

Reference: AMIBIOS8 Check Point and Beep Code List, version 2.0, last updated 10 June 2008
The Role of POST in the Startup Process
A Power On Self Test is the first step of the boot sequence. It doesn't matter
if you've just restarted your computer or if you've just powered it on for the first
time in days; the POST is going to run, regardless.

38
 POST doesn't rely on any specific operating system. In fact, there doesn't
even need to be an OS installed on a hard drive for the POST to run. This is
because the test is handled by the system's BIOS, not any installed software.
A Power On Self Test checks that basic system devices are present and
working properly, like the keyboard and other peripheral devices, and other
hardware elements like the processor, storage devices, and memory.
The computer will continue to boot after the POST but only if it was
successful. Problems can certainly appear after the POST, like Windows hanging
during startup, but most of the time those can be attributed to an operating system
or software problem, not a hardware one.
If the POST finds something wrong during its test, you'll usually get an error of
some kind, and hopefully, one clear enough to help jump-start the troubleshooting
process.
2. Bootstrap Loader - Locate the operating system. If a capable operating
system is located, the BIOS will pass control to it.
3. BIOS drivers - Low-level drivers that give the computer basic operational
control over your computer's hardware.
➢ Video Card is known as a display adapter, graphics card, video
adapter, video board, or video controller, a video card is an expansion
card that connects to a computer motherboard. It is used to create a
picture on a display; without a video card, it would not be able to see
page. Video cards are used by gamers in place of integrated graphics
due to their extra processing power and video ram.Since POST runs
before the computer's video card is activated, it may not be possible to
progress to the display screen.
➢ Sound Card referred to as an audio output device, sound board, or
audio card. It is an expansion card or IC for producing sound on a
computer that can be heard through speakers or headphones.
4. BIOS setup or CMOS setup - Configuration program that allows you to
configure hardware settings including system settings, such as computer
passwords, time, and date.

How to enter BIOS and CMOS set-up?

STEP 1: Computers manufactured in the last few years allow you to enter the
BIOS setup using one of the five keys shown below during the boot process.
• F1
• F2 *
• F10 **
• Del
• Esc

39
Setup keys are to be pressed as the computer is booting up. Most users see a
message similar to the example below upon startup. Some older computers may
also display a flashing block to indicate when to press the F1 or F2 keys.

STEP 2: Use the arrow keys along with the Enter key to select categories and
change their values. Some manufacturers may have you press the Page
up and Page down keys to change the values.
STEP 3: If any changes are made, you need to save those changes, which is usually
done by pressing the F10 key on the keyboard. If F10 doesn't work, look at the
bottom or top of the screen for the key that's used to save the settings.

How to reset CMOS?

1. Enter CMOS setup.
2. In CMOS setup, look for an option to reset the CMOS values to the default
setting or an option to load the fail-safe defaults. With many CMOS setup
screens, there will be a function key to do this. For example, the F5, F6, F9,
F11, or F12 key, as shown in the picture, may be set up as a shortcut to
load the default settings. Other setups may list an option that you can
arrow over to using the arrow keys and pressing Enter.
3. When found and selected, you'll likely be asked if you're sure you want to
load the defaults. Press Y for yes or arrow to the yes option.
4. Once the default values are set, make sure to Save and Exit.

40