ENERGY STORAGE

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ESS Technologies
Electrochemical, Battery ESS
Lead, lithium-ion, nickel-metal hydride
(NiMH), Sodium Sulfur (NaS), Flow
(Redox)
Mechanical ESS
Pumping, compressed air, flywheel
Electrical ESS
Super-conductive magnetic energy
storage (SMES), super capacitor
Chemical ESS
Hydrogen
Thermal ESS
Molten salts, heat

Maria Falvo, Energy Storage in Power System, University of Rome

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Options for Energy Storage for Solar System (1)
• Energy storage is an important issue, because solar energy supply is
variable in time.
• Energy storage is used to collect the energy generated by the solar
conversion systems (thermal or photovoltaic) in order to release it later on
demand.
• When sufficient power is produced during the day, and stored energy is
used during the night.
• When insolation conditions are ideal, the solar system may produce
enough power for the target application, but on dull days, direct energy
supply from collectors is diminished, and the energy from the storage is
used to compensate the deficit.
• To help to smooth out differences and minor fluctuations in energy
supply caused by shading, passing clouds, etc.

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Options for Energy Storage for Solar System (2)
•Fluid-based storages are typically used with solar thermal systems. Such as water, oil, molten salt or others act as a medium for absorbing heat.
Fluid •The solar radiation heats the heat-transfer fluid which is accumulated in the tank. The tank is insulated, so the hot fluid keeps its temperature for a
substantial period of time. When needed, the heated fluid is used in a heat-exchanger to produce steam for the electric generator.

• Is an electrochemical device that stores chemical energy in internal components and releases energy as electricity, which is generated
through electrochemical reactions.
Battery • Are reversible, i.e., can be charged and discharged, and the parameters of these processes are regulated to avoid damage by overcharging
or over-discharging. Battery life is expressed in number of charge-discharge cycles.

• Electricity generated by solar PV systems can be used to electrolyze water - to split it to hydrogen and oxygen.
Hydrogen • Hydrogen gas is collected and can be used as a fuel. One of highly efficient devices "converting" hydrogen back to electricity is H2/O2 fuel
cell, which has zero carbon footprint during operation.

•Electricity generated by solar PV systems can be used to run compressors to compress massive amounts of air and store it in underground, above-
Compressed Air ground, or underwater containers, when energy is needed, the air is de-compressed and is supplied to a turbine to generate electricity.
•Compressed air energy systems (CAES) promise high efficiencies, although this technology is not yet widely implemented.

Pumped • The available energy can be used to pump water into an elevated reservoir for storage. When power is needed, the water can be discharged
storage under gravity to run a turbine, which is connected to a generator to produce electricity.
hydropower • Has high energy return on investment, although it may require special topographical conditions and water availability in order to be used.

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Battery (1)
• Energy storage for PV systems commonly consists of batteries to store
and discharge electrical energy as needed, to supply the power required
to operate the loads (e.g., lighting, pumping) for the end-use application;
and act as a voltage stabilizer in the electrical system.
• A new area of PV battery applications is emerging in which the PV battery
is used for backup power when the utility grid fails for grid-tied PV
systems. This application has unique battery charging and maintenance
requirements.
• Batteries are usually installed in well-ventilated locations such as
garages, utility rooms, and outbuildings to minimize the potential for
capturing explosive concentrations of hydrogen gas and to minimize
possible hazards from electrolyte spills.
• Batteries vary by type, depth of discharge, rate of charge, and lifetime
(in PV applications).

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Battery (2)

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Istilah dalam Baterai
 Kapasitas nominal atau C
 State of charge atau SoC
 Depth of discharge atau DoD
 C-rate
 Deep discharge
 Round-trip efficiency
 Overcharge
 Siklus/ Cycle
 State of health (SoH)
 Self-discharge rate
 Open circuit voltage

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Battery Type (1)
 Some type of battery
technologies are more
applicable to utility scale Examples of battery types used as stationary storage
energy storage than others system for PV solar

 Applicability to large
systems depends on such
factors as cost of materials,
ability to scale up with no ill
effects or performance loss,
design and operation mode.

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Battery Type (2)
• Ada beberapa jenis material kimia yang digunakan dalam teknologi baterai, yakni
liquid lead-acid, nickel-iron (NiFe), nickel-cadmium (NiCad), alkaline, gel-
cell, and lithium-ion.
• Baterai dapat diklasifikasikan ke dalam baterai tertutup atau baterai
berventilasi.
• Secara umum, terdapat dua jenis fungsi utama baterai, yakni starting dan deep-
cycle.
• Baterai starter dirancang untuk daya cranking yang tinggi, seperti saat
menyalakan kendaraan bermotor. Baterai jenis ini sebaiknya tidak digunakan
untuk operasi deep-cycle karena tidak akan bertahan lama dan juga tidak
disarankan untuk penyimpanan energi dalam sistem PLTS.
• Baterai deep-cycle paling cocok untuk digunakan dengan inverter. Jenis baterai
tersebut memiliki pelat yang lebih tebal dan bahan aktif yang menjaga muatan
lebih padat untuk meningkatkan life cycle. Jenis baterai ini juga dirancang agar
sebagian besar kapasitasnya digunakan sebelum diisi ulang.

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Battery Type (3)
Ada beberapa jenis material kimia yang
digunakan dalam teknologi baterai, yakni
liquid lead-acid, nickel-iron (NiFe), nickel-
cadmium (NiCad), alkaline, gel-cell, and
lithium-ion.
Baterai dapat diklasifikasikan ke dalam
baterai tertutup atau baterai berventilasi.
Teknologi yang terbukti sejauh ini, cukup
dikenal, dan cocok untuk penggunaan
deep-cycle adalah
VLRA (Valve-Regulated Lead Acid)
Advanced LeadCarbon
Lithium-ion.

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Lead Acid Battery

Lead Acid

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Flooded Lead Acid Battery

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Lead Acid Applications

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Nickel Cadmium Battery

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Lead Acid Vs Nickel Cadmium

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Valve Regulated Lead Acid (VRLA) Battery

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Sodium Based Battery - NaS
Sodium-sulfur (NaS) batteries use
molten sodium and sulfur
electrodes separated by a ceramic
electrolyte

Sodium Based

Performance Cycle Energy

measure Life Efficiency
(%)
Market leader 4000 70
Best in class 6000 85

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Rahul Walawalkar, Energy Storage Technology Overview, IRENA
NaS Application

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 Flow Batteries

Flow Batteries

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 Li-Ion Battery (1)
Li-ion battery uses graphite as the
anode material and LiFePO4 or
LiCoO2 or Lithium titanate or
lithium nickel manganese
cobaltate as the cathode.

Li-Ion Batteries

Energy
Performance
Cycle Life Efficiency
measure
(%)

Market leader 2000 90

Best in class 10,000+ 95

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Rahul Walawalkar, Energy Storage Technology Overview, IRENA
Li-Ion Battery (2)

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Zinc-Bromine Flow Battery

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Comparison Between Battery Type
Battery VRB (Flow Zinc
Lead-Acid Li-Ion Ni-Cd NaS
Characteristics Battery) Bromide
Energy Density
30-50 150-250 40-60 125-150 60-80 70
(kW/kg)
Round Trip
60-70 95 60-80 75-85 70-75 70
Efficiency (%)
Life Cycle (cycle) 200-2000 500-2000 500-2000 2500 >16000 1000
Self Discharge
3-4 5-10 10-15 - <1 -
(%/month)

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Faktor Penentu Kapasitas Baterai

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Cara Menentukan apasitas Bank Baterai

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Pengoperasian Baterai
Pelepasan energi (discharging)

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Pengoperasian Baterai
Pengisian baterai

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Cara Menentukan Baterai yang Buruk?

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Battery Management System (BMS)

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BMS Functionalities

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BMS Operation

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Another Type of Energy Storage
• Superconductor Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
• Flywheel Energy Storage
• Supercapacitor
• Hydrogen Energy Storage System

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Superconductor Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)

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Flywheel Energy Storage

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Supercapacitor

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Discharge and Charge Characteristic

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Energy and Power Density Comparison

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Energy Densities

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Hydrogen Energy Storage System

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Efficiency and Losses

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Cost

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Environmental Impact

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Discharge time vs Capacity

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ESS Technologies - Positioning

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DOE EPRI Electricity storage handbook
ESS Technologies - Maturity

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DOE EPRI Electricity storage handbook
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The End

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