FTKEN

Chapter 2:
Resistive
Circuits

ECT@SIS 1
 Chapter Outcome

 Ability to APPLY knowledge of mathematics equations

to SOLVE problems in DC circuits

ECT@SIS 2
 Chapter Outline

 Series Resistors and Parallel Resistors

 Voltage Divider Circuit
 Current Divider Circuit
 Voltage and Current Measurement
 Wheatstone Bridge
 Wye-Delta Transformations.

ECT@SIS 3
Resistors

ECT@SIS 4
 Colour code

ECT@SIS
5
ECT@SIS 6
 Series Resistors

 Two or more elements are in series if they are cascaded or

connected sequentially and consequently carry the same
current.

 The equivalent resistance of any number of resistors

connected in a series is the sum of the individual resistances.

N
Req = R1 + R2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + R N = ∑ Rn
n =1

ECT@SIS 7
 Series Resistors in Circuit
• The potential difference (voltage) between the terminals
of the battery (V) equals the sum of the potential
differences across the resistors. KVL 𝑀𝑀

� 𝑣𝑣𝑚𝑚 = 0
𝑚𝑚=1

𝑉𝑉 − 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅 − 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅 − 𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅𝑅 =0

V = VR1 + VR 2 + VR 3
= I ( R1 + R2 + R3 )
= IReq

ECT@SIS 8
 Parallel Resistors
• Two or more elements are in parallel if they are connected to
the same two nodes and consequently have the same voltage
across them.

• The equivalent resistance of a circuit with N resistors in parallel

is:
1 1 1 1
= + + ⋅⋅⋅ +
Req R1 R2 RN

ECT@SIS 9
 Parallel Resistors in Circuit
• The supply current ( I ) equals the sum of the currents
in the branches.  KCL 𝑁𝑁

� 𝑖𝑖 = 0 𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛=1

𝐼𝐼 − 𝐼𝐼1 − 𝐼𝐼2 − 𝐼𝐼3 = 0

I = I1 + I 2 + I 3
V V V
= + +
R1 R2 R3
 1 1 1 
= V  + + 
 R1 R2 R3 
 1 
=V 
R 
ECT@SIS
 eq  10
 Example
• Find Req in circuit below.

ECT@SIS 11
 Solution
1

1
3
2
2

1. 1 + 5 = 6Ω 3
6×3
2. 6||3 →
6+3
= 2Ω
3. 2Ω + 2Ω = 4Ω
4×6
4. 4||6 → = 2.4Ω
4+6 4
5. 4 + 8 + 2.4 = 14.4Ω
ECT@SIS 12
 Exercise 1
• Find Req in circuit below.

Answer: 6 ohm
ECT@SIS 13
 Exercise 2
• Find Req in circuit below.

Answer: 11 ohm
ECT@SIS 14
 Exercise 3
• Find Req in circuit below.

Answer: 11.2 ohm

ECT@SIS 15
 Exercise 3-Solution
• Find Req in circuit below.

2 3 1

1. 1+5= 6 Ω
3×6
2. 3||6= =2Ω 4,5
3+6
12×4
3. 12||4= =3 Ω
12+4
3×6
4. 3||6= =2Ω
3+6
5. 2+1=3Ω
2×3
6. 2||3= =1.2 Ω
2+3
7. 10+1.2=11.2 Ω
ECT@SIS 16
 Voltage Divider Circuit (1)
• The voltage divider for N series resistors can be expressed as
Rn
vn = v
R1 + R2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + R N

ECT@SIS 17
 Voltage Divider Circuit (2)
• To determine the voltage across each resistor.
 Voltage Divider Circuit (2)
• To determine the voltage across each resistor.

i. Apply KVL to the circuit; −𝑣𝑣 + 𝑣𝑣1 + 𝑣𝑣2 = 0 @ v = v1 + v2

ii. From Ohm’s law, 𝑣𝑣1 = 𝑖𝑖𝑅𝑅1 , 𝑣𝑣2 = 𝑖𝑖𝑅𝑅2

iii. From KVL, therefore, v = iR1 + iR2

iv. Solving equation for current, v

i=
R1 + R2
v. Apply Ohm’s law to determine voltage across each
resistor; R
R1 Rn
v1 = v v2 = 2
v vn = v
R1 + R2 R1 + R2 R1 + R2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + R N
ECT@SIS
ECT@SIS 19
 Exercise
• Determine vo and io in the circuit below.

Answer: Vo=4V, io=4/3A

ECT@SIS 20
 Exercise-Solution
• Determine vo and io in the circuit below.

6×3
1. 6||3= =2 Ω
6+3
12
2. i = =2 A
4+2
3. 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 = 2i=2x2=4 V
or
2
Vo= 12 = 4 𝑉𝑉
2+4

4. Vo=3io=4, io=4/3 A
or
6 2
5. io= 𝑖𝑖 = (2) =4/3 A
6+3 3

Answer: Vo=4V, io=4/3A

ECT@SIS 21
 Current Divider Circuit (1)
• The total current,( I ) is shared by the resistors in
inverse proportion to their resistances. The current
divider can be expressed as:

v iReq
in = =
Rn Rn

ECT@SIS 22
 Current Divider Circuit (2)

• To determine the current flow on each resistor.

ECT@SIS 23
 Current Divider Circuit (3)

v v  1 
• Apply KCL, i = i1 + i2 = + = v



R1 R2  Req 
iR1 R2
• Using ohm’s law on each branch, therefore: =v iR
=eq
R1 + R2

• Current flow through each branch, iR2 iR1

= i1 = i2
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
ECT@SIS 24
 Voltage and Current Measurement

• An ammeter is an instrument designed to measure

current and is placed in series with the circuit element.
• A voltmeter is an instrument designed to measure
voltage and is placed in parallel with the element.

ECT@SIS 25
 Wheatstone Bridge
• A Wheatstone bridge circuit is an accurate device for
measuring resistance

ECT@SIS 26
• Under balance condition where no current flow
between BD,
V AD = V AB or I1 R1 = I 2 R2 and
VDC = VBC or I 3 R3 = I 4 R4

• Current in each resistance arm,

I1 = I 3 and I 2 = I 4

• Therefore, R2 R4
=
R1 R3
R2 R3
R4 =
R1 ECT@SIS 27
Example
• If 𝑅𝑅1 =500Ω and 𝑅𝑅2 =200Ω. The bridge is balanced
when 𝑅𝑅3 is adjusted to be 125 Ω. Determine the
unknown resistance 𝑅𝑅4 .

• Therefore, 𝑅𝑅2 𝑅𝑅4

=
𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅3
𝑅𝑅2 𝑅𝑅3
𝑅𝑅4 =
𝑅𝑅1
200 × 125
=
500
= 50 Ω

ECT@SIS 28
Wye (Y) –Delta (Δ) Transformations (1)

• Wye-delta transformation occurs when the resistors are

neither in parallel or in series.
• This circuit can be simplified to a three-terminal equivalent

ECT@SIS 29
 Wye-Delta Transformations (2)

• Two topologies can be interchanged:

• Wye (Y) or Tee (T) networks
• Delta (Δ) or Pi (Π) networks
• Transforming between these two
topologies often makes the solution of a
circuit easier
ECT@SIS 30
Wye-Delta Transformations(3)

• The superimposed wye and delta

circuits shown here will used for
reference
• The delta consists of the outer
resistors, labeled a,b, and c
• The wye network are the inside
resistors, labeled 1,2, and 3

ECT@SIS 31
Delta(Δ) - Wye (Y) Transformations

Rb Rc
R1 = (5a)
( Ra + Rb + Rc )
Rc R a
R2 = (5b)
( Ra + Rb + Rc )
Ra Rb
R3 =
( Ra + Rb + Rc ) (5c)
ECT@SIS 32
 Δ-Y Transformations 𝑅𝑅12
1 1
= + 𝑅𝑅
Δ 𝑅𝑅 𝑏𝑏
1
𝑎𝑎 +𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐

𝑅𝑅 +𝑅𝑅 +𝑅𝑅
= 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 𝑅𝑅 𝑐𝑐+𝑅𝑅 𝑏𝑏
𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐
R1 R2

R3

𝑅𝑅12 Y = 𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅3 (1)

Subtracting (2c) from (2a)
𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 +𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐
𝑅𝑅12 Δ = 𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏 || 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 + 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 =
𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 +𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏 +𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 𝑅𝑅1 − 𝑅𝑅2 =
𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏 −𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎
𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 +𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏 +𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐
(3)
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑅𝑅12 Y = 𝑅𝑅12 Δ
Adding (2b) and (3) gives
𝑅𝑅12 Y = 𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅3 =
𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 +𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐
𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 +𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏 +𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐
(2a) R1 =
Rb Rc
(5a)
( Ra + Rb + Rc )

𝑅𝑅13 Y = 𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅2 =

𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 +𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏
(2b) Rc R a
𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 +𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏 +𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 R2 =
( Ra + Rb + Rc ) (5b)
𝑅𝑅34 Y = 𝑅𝑅2 + 𝑅𝑅3 =
𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏 +𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐
(2c) Ra Rb
(5c)
𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 +𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏 +𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 R3 =
( Ra + Rb + Rc ) 33
Wye(Y)- Delta(Δ) Transformations
Rc

Rb Ra

R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1
Ra = (7a)
R1
R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1
Rb = (7b)
R2
R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1 (7c)
Rc =
R3
ECT@SIS 34
 Y-Δ Transformations
Rc

Rb Ra

From (5a), (5b), (5c).

𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 + 𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏 + 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐

𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅2 + 𝑅𝑅2 𝑅𝑅3 + 𝑅𝑅3 𝑅𝑅1 =
𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 + 𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏 + 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 2

𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐

=
𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 + 𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏 + 𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐
(6)
Dividing (6) by each (5a), (5b) and (5c)
R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1 R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1 R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1
Ra = Rb = Rc =
R1 R2 R3
35
 Example #1
𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅2 + 𝑅𝑅2 𝑅𝑅3 + 𝑅𝑅3 𝑅𝑅1
• Transform Y circuit to Δ circuit 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 =
𝑅𝑅3
5×7.5 + 7.5×3 + 3×5
= =25
3

𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅2 + 𝑅𝑅2 𝑅𝑅3 + 𝑅𝑅3 𝑅𝑅1

𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 =
𝑅𝑅2
5×7.5 + 7.5×3 + 3×5
= =10
7.5

𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅2 + 𝑅𝑅2 𝑅𝑅3 + 𝑅𝑅3 𝑅𝑅1

𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 =
𝑅𝑅1
5×7.5 + 7.5×3 + 3×5 =15
=
5

ECT@SIS 36
 Example #1

• Transform Y circuit to Δ circuit

ECT@SIS 37
 Example #1
R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1
• Transform Y circuit to Δ circuit Ra =
R1
(5 × 7.5) + (7.5 × 3) + (3 × 5)
𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 =
5
=15Ω

Rbc = 15
Rac = 10
Rab = 25

ECT@SIS 38
 Example #2
• Find the current and power supplied by the 40 V sources in the
circuit shown below.

ECT@SIS 39
Solution:
• We can find this equivalent resistance easily after replacing either the upper Δ
(100Ω, 125Ω, 25Ω) or the lower Δ (40Ω, 25Ω, 37.5Ω) with its equivalent Y.

• We choose to replace the upper Δ. Thus,

ECT@SIS 40
 100 ×125
R1 = = 50Ω
250
125 × 25
R2 = = 12.5Ω
250
100 × 25
R3 = = 10Ω
250
ECT@SIS 41
• Substituting the Y-resistor into the circuit,

• Equivalent resistor, Req:

50 × 50
Req = 55 + = 80Ω
100
ECT@SIS 42
• Simplified circuit:

• Hence, current and power values are:

V 40
i= = = 0.5 A
R 80
p = V * I = 40 × 0.5 = 20W

ECT@SIS 43
 Another option:

100 Ra

Rb Rb

Rc 40 Rc

Another option is transform from Why to Delta..

You can try this as well.

ECT@SIS 44
 Example #3
(a) Find no load value of vo.
(b) Find vo when RL = 150 kΩ
(c) How much power is dissipated in the 25 kΩ resistor if the load
terminals are short-circuited ?

ECT@SIS 45
a) Find no load value of vo
 Apply ohm law: v1 =
R1
v
R1 + R2

 75k 
v0 = 200  = 150V
 75k + 25k 
b) Find vo when RL = 150 kΩ

75k ×150k
Req = = 50kΩ
75k + 150k
 50k 
v0 = 200  = 133.33V
 50k + 25k 
ECT@SIS 46
c) How much power is dissipated in the 25 kΩ resistor if the
load terminals are short-circuited ?

V 200
I= = = 8 × 10 −3 A
R 25k
P = VI = (200)(8 × 10 −3 )
= 1.6W

ECT@SIS 47
 Example #4
• Find the power dissipated in the 6 Ω resistor.

ECT@SIS 48
Solution:
Req

• Equivalent resistance

Req = ( 4 6 ) + 1.6 = 4Ω
• current io, iR2 iR1
= i1 = i2
R1 + R2 R1 + R2

 16 
i0 = 10  = 8A
 16 + 4 
ECT@SIS 49
• Note that io is the current in the 1.6Ω resistor.
• Use current divider to get current in the 6Ω resistor,

iR2 iR1
=i1 = i2
i0 R1 + R2 R1 + R2

 4 
i6 = 8  = 3.2 A
4+6
• Then the power dissipated by the resistor is

P = I 2 R = (3.2) 2 (6) = 61.44W

ECT@SIS 50
 Example #5
• Find the voltage of vo and vg.

ECT@SIS 51
 Solution
step 1  simplified the circuit

Current in resistor 30Ω (at Vo) is:

1)60 30Ω = 20Ω
iR2 iR1
=i1 = i2
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
2)20 + 30Ω = 50Ω
(25)(75)
3)50 + 25Ω = 75Ω i30 Ω = = 15 A
50 + 75
ECT@SIS 52
• Voltage v0 where i0 is 15A and R0 is 20
v0 = (15)(20) = 300V
• Total voltage at the resistor, Vr:

v0 + 30i30 Ω = 300 + 450

= 750V
ECT@SIS 53
 V12 Vr

•Voltage vg

v g = v12 + vr

v g = 12(25) + 750

v g = 1050V

ECT@SIS 54
 Example #6
• Find the current of ig and io in the circuit

ECT@SIS 55
 Solution
• Equivalent resistance:

5Ω 20Ω = 4Ω 15Ω + 12Ω + 12Ω = 40

10 40 = 8Ω

4Ω + 6Ω = 10Ω ECT@SIS 56
• The current values,
125
ig = = 12.5 A
8+2

( 40)(12.5)
i6 Ω = = 10 A
(15 + 12 + 13) + (6 + 4)
• Thus,
iR2 iR1
=i1 = i2
R1 + R2 R1 + R2

(5)(10)
i0 = = 2A
20 + 5
ECT@SIS 57
 Exercise 1
• Determine the value of io

Answer; i0 = -1 A
ECT@SIS 58
 Exercise 2
• Find i and Vo

Answer; i = 0.5 A, V0 = 1.5V

ECT@SIS 59
 Exercise 3
• Calculate the value of current; I.

Answer; I = 2 A
ECT@SIS 60
End of Chapter 2

ECT@SIS 61