2.
Moral Science – Psychology; the truth is tested in real life
THEOLOGY
ACTS OF HUMAN
- actions done without thinking, due knowledge freedom or
intention.
Measuring Gravity of an Action (GAGG)
* Gusto
* Alam na mali
* Ginawa
* Grabe
Types of Sin
MORTAL – defined as a grave action that is committed in
full knowledge of its gravity and with the full consent of the
sinner’s will. (pinakamalalang kasalanan)
VENIAL - less serious in content or participation should be
given strong attention because they lessen the love of God in
the heart and weaken the power to resist further sin
CAPITAL
Always…
> consider the Ten Commandments
> consider the Type of Sin (Capital, Mortal, Venial)
> consider looking at possible hindrances that would make
the person unable to act normally
> “Then end does not justify the means”
> goodness (moral actions) should be always good (both
ends are good)
> Moral – good
> Immoral – bad
> Amoral – not good or bad
Example ni Sir; A man killed a robber to save his
wife
Mean (End 1) – to save his wife (moral)
End (End 2) – A man killed a robber (immoral)
Moral Evaluation – Immoral (kailangan kasi ng dalawang
immoral para maging moral)
MEAN – Method
END – Reason
Liability – Liable; Less Liable; Not Liable
* Kapag may impediment Less Liable
* Pwedeng maging not liable depende sa impediment
Contemporary Impediments
-> Temperament – innate disposition
-> Habit – permanent behavior towards something
-> Upbringing – influences by the environment
-> Illness – physical or psychological condition
-> Contemporary – cum – with; tempus – time
-> Impediments due to the element of time
MORAL EVALUATION
* Mean
* End
* M. Evaluation
* Liability
* Commandment
* N.B. the ones with consider prior to evaluation
CONSCIENCE
-> inner voice of God in us (remember that there is a tiny
portion of Godliness in us, hence, we are Godlike)
-> Leb – Hebrew (heart)
-> Syneidesis – Greek term for conscience
-> Conscience – cum, scientia with knowledge
CONSCIENCE = Ethics
> The general rule in ETHICS (morality that is atheistic)
would be “do good avoid evil”
> Our conscience drives us to do so also
* ID – makahayop na side, desire side
* IGO – balance
* SUPER IGO – conscience side
~ Development Morality Pyschology is all about balance
Threefold View of Conscience
1. Synderesis – urges to do good and evil, however, it does
not allow knowledge on what good must be done and what
evil must be avoided (be wary of the sin of omission)
hence, the stronger the motive the more it reflects the truth.
The truth would come from what we know.
Fullness of Truth in Kohlberg
> Lawrence Kohlberg enumerates 7 ways to test the “truth”
that would be applied in ones conscience
> Moral Science is fallible. It is open to error (remember
that the truth can be distorted depending on which source you
will take it from)
> This is where the old “erroneous conscience” was derived
Erroneous Conscience – “ang tama ay mali, ang mali ay tama”
KOHLBERG’S 7 MOTIVES IN AN INCREASING
HEIRARCHY OF AUTHENTICITY
1. Fear of Physical Punishment
2. Desire for Material Reward
3. Acceptance by people considered significance
4. Need for law and order
5. Defense of Human Rights
6. Quest for Justice
7. Love
EMTECH
FEATURES OF WEB 2.0
4. Long Tail – service that are offered on demand rather
than on a one-time purchase. This is synonymous to
subscribing to a data plan that charges you for the amount of
time you spent in the Internet, or a data plan that charges you
for the amount of bandwidth you used. Example; shopee,
lazada
5. Software as a Service – users will be subscribe to a
software only when needed rather than purchasing them.
example; google docs (to create and edit word processing and
spread sheet)
6. Mass Participation – diverse information sharing
through universal web access. Web 2.0’s content is based on
people from various cultures.
WEB 3.0 (Semantic Web)
- semantic web is a movement led by the World Web
Consortium (W3C)
- a component of Web 3.0
- provides common framework that allows data to be shared
and reused across application, enterprise, and community
boundaries
- the aim of web 3.0 is to have machines or servers
understand the user’s preferences to be able to deliver we
content specifically targeting the user.
TRENDS IN ICT
1. Convergence – the synergy of technological advancements
to work on a similar goal or task
2. Social Media – a website, application, or online channel that
enables web users to create, co-create, discuss, modify, and
exchange user-generated content
Types of Social Media
a. Social Network – allow you to connect with other
people with the same interests or background. Examples;
twitter, Instagram, Facebook
b. Bookmarking Sites – allow you to store and manage
links to various websites ad resources. Examples; Pinterest,
Stumble Upon, Dribble
c. Social News – allow users to post their own news
items or links to other news sources. The users also comment
on the post and comment may also be ranked. Examples;
Reddit and Digg
d. Media Sharing – allow you to upload and share media
content like images, music, and video. Example; Instagram,
YouTube, Flickr
e. Microblogging – focus on short updates from the use.
Those subscribes to the user will be able to receive these
updates. Example; Twitter, Tumblr, Meetme
f. Blogs and Forums – allows users to post their content.
Other users are able to comment on the said topic. Example;
Wordpress, Blogger
3. Mobile Technologies – popularity of smartphones and first as possible. But having it in your profile
6ablets. Latest mobile devices use 4G networking LTE, which makes you vulnerable to identity theft.
is currently the fastest mobile network, Mobile Devices use Internet Threats
different operating systems.
4. Assistive Media – is a nonprofit service designed to help
1. Cyber Bullying
people who have visual and reading impartments. A database * Involves the use of technologies to display behavior that
of audio recordings is used to read to the user. harms another person.
* Cyberbullying also includes photos, messages, or pages
Rules of Netiquette that don't get taken down, even after the person has been asked
(online security, safety and ethics) to do so. In other words, it's anything that gets posted online
What is Netiquette? and is meant to hurt, harass, or upset someone else.
- combination of the words network and etiquette and is 2. Identity Theft
defined as a set of rules for acceptable online behavior. * Identity theft is the crime of obtaining the personal or
Similarly, online ethics focuses on the acceptable use of online financial information of another person to use their identity to
resources in an online social environment. commit fraud, such as making unauthorized transactions or
What is a Netizen? purchases.
- A person who uses the Internet. * It is committed in many different ways and its victims are
- Also called as ‘cyber citizen’. typically left with damage to their credit, finances, and
- Utilizes technology in an appropriate manner including reputation.
etiquette, communication, education, access, commerce, 3. Cyber Stalking
responsibility, rights, safety, and security. * Cyberstalking is defined as online stalking.
Online Safety and Security * It involves the repeated use of the internet or other
Type of Risks electronic means to harass, intimidate or frighten a person or
Informatio group.
n * Common characteristics of cyberstalking may include false
1. First There s still a risk in sharing your first name. accusations or posting derogatory statements, monitoring
Name Chances are, a hacker already knows plenty someone’s online activity or physical location, threats, identity
of stuff about you even if you only give out theft, and data destruction or manipulation by sending a virus
your first name. You cannot just walk in a to a victim’s devices.
room and start introducing yourself to
everyone. You do not know whom you can GENERAL CHEMISTRY
come across with
2. Last If sharing your first name is small risk, Intermolecular Forces of Matter and
Name having both your first and last is a more Properties of Liquids
risky. You will be vulnerable to being
searched for using search engines, which Surface Tension
include image search. Matching a name with - Is a property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to
a face can lead to several cybercrimes like resist an external force.
identity theft. - Substances with strong attractive forces between the
3. Middle Sharing just your middle name is probably molecules have a high surface tension.
Name not the most risky of these shared - Surface tension is temperature-dependent; it decreases
information, but sharing your entire full as temperature increases.
name would be COHESION ADHESION
4. Current Most people who steal identities study their the attraction force the attraction force
and subject. they can use this information for between molecules of the between different
previous verification purposes.
same substance molecules
School(s)
intermolecular attraction intramolecular attraction
5. Your Your cellphone number should never be
Cellphone posted over the internet. the internet is a includes Van Der Waal includes electrostatic
Number public place. It is the same as posting your forces and hydrogen attractions
number on a billboard bonding
6. Who Risky, yet not as risky as posting their full formation of water droplets spreading of a liquid on a
you names, especially your mother’s maiden on the surface tension of a solid surface is due to
Mother name. in fact, if you have already liquid is due to cohesion adhesion
and Father encountered many websites that require your Viscosity
are mother’s maiden name as an answer to a - The viscosity of a liquid is a measure of its tendency to
secret question whenever you lose your
resist flowing motion.
password
- For example, cooking oil is more viscous than gasoline
7. Who This is a huge risk, especially if you have
due to stronger London dispersion forces
your younger siblings. Strangers may pretend or
siblings use their identity to dupe you - A liquid with high viscosity or simply “thick”. When
are viscosity is so high that it cannot flow anymore, the matter is
8. Your Hopefully you answered no to this one. said to be glassy or vitreous. The opposite of viscosity is
Address Giving the internet your number is one thing, fluidity.
giving them your address is a whole other - High fluid is said to be free-flowing or thin.
level. It would be much easier for criminals Capillary Action
to find you. - Capillary action or the spontaneous rising of a liquid in a
9. Your This shared information is more risky than narrow tube, is also observed in liquids.
Home sharing your personal phone number. Scams - When the attraction between the liquid and the walls of
Phone usually use this information to deceive you, the container is greater than attraction within the liquid itself,
Number one of which is when a stranger pretends to the liquid will rise within the container.
know your parents or pretends to be you.
COMPRESSIBLE FLUID INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUID
10. Your Letting people know your birthday is
can be compressed with the cannot be compressed with
Birthday probably a must if you want to get as many
application of an external the application of an
 pressure external force takes place at any given takes place only at the
volume can be reduced volume cannot be reduced temperature boiling point of the liquid
with the application of a with the application of a takes place mainly at the takes places throughout the
pressure on the fluid pressure on the fluid surface of the liquid entire liquid
density can be changed density cannot be changed when the evaporation takes the temperature remains
with the application of a with the application of a place, the temperature of constant throughout the
pressure on the fluid pressure on the fluid the liquid body decreases boiling pressure
Water and It’s Properties
Physical Properties
* Pure water is an odorless and tasteless liquid. It has a bluish
tint. At standard atmospheric pressure (760mm or Hg or 760
torr), its freezing point is 0°C (32°F) and boiling point is 100°C
Incompressibility (212°F).
- the property of being incompressible. hardness - the
property of being rigid and resistant to pressure; not easily
Density
* Water is at its maximum density at a temperature of 4°C
scratched; measured on Mohs scale. compressibility,
(39°F). It has the unusual property of contracting in volume as
squeezability, sponginess - the property of being able to
it is cooled to 4 ° C, and then expanding when cooled from
occupy less space.
4°C to 0°C.
Diffusibility * It is the only liquid that expands when it freezes. This makes
- Diffusibility is much less in a liquid than in a gas, but it the density of ice lower than that of liquid water and that is
takes place at an easily measured rate. why ice floats on water.
- Diffusion - is the process of a substance spreading out to
evenly fill its container or environment. In a solution, a
concentrated solute diffuses to spread evenly in its solvent.
- Diffusion occurs because the gas molecules are in
continuous random motion.

Evaporation
- Is an indication of the escape of molecules from the
surface of the liquid. It is an evidence of molecular motion. A
liquid in an open container eventually evaporates completely.

Boiling Point
- Water has a relativity high boiling point (100°C at 1 atm),
Cooling Effect of Evaporation which indicates its stability.
- The molecules that escape are the ones with greatest - Substances of comparable molar mass like ammonia and
velocity. Therefore, the average velocity and the average methane are gases at a temperature that water is a liquid.
kinetic (KE) of the molecules left in the liquid are reduced as
evaporation proceeds.
Vapor Pressure
- When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, the space
above the liquid becomes saturated with vapor and an
equilibrium state exists between the liquid and the vapor.
Boiling Point
- Is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid
is equal to the external pressure

Composition and Structure of Water

EVAPORATION
process of vaporization of a
liquid at room temperature
BOILING
process of evaporation of a
liquid at the boiling point of
the liquid
- Each hydrogen atom is attached to the oxygen atom by a
single covalent bond.
- This bond is formed by the overlap of the 1s orbital of
hydrogen with a sp3 hybrid orbital of oxygen that contains
the unpaired electron.
 Chemical Properties
- Water is very stable substance, as shown by its being in
the liquid phase at temperatures found in most places on
earth’s surface and having a relatively high boiling point of
100C compared with compounds of similar molecular
weights.
- In its liquid state, water takes part in many chemical
reactions.