Project Report On Waste Water Treatment

3/18/2021 Project Report on Waste Water Treatment
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Project Report on
Waste Water
Treatment
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A project report on waste water

treatment. This project report will
help you to learn about: 1.
Introduction to Waste Water
Treatment 2. Basic Parameters in
Waste Water Characterisation 3.
Biochemical Characteristics 4. Stages
5. Domestic Waste Water Treatment
6. Wastewater Discharged 7. Chemical
Specifications 8. Classification of
Treatment Methods for Industrial
Waste.
Contents:
1. Project Report on Introduction to Waste

Water Treatment
2. Project Report on Basic Parameters in
Waste Water Characterisation
3. Project Report on the Biochemical
Characteristics of Waste Water
Treatment
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https://www.biologydiscussion.com/project-reports/waste-water-treatment-project-reports/project-report-on-waste-water-treatment/47202 1/58
4. Project Report on the Stages of Waste

Water Treatment
5. Project Report on Domestic Waste Water
Treatment
6. Project Report on Wastewater
Discharged
7. Project Report on the Chemical
Specifications of Waste Water Treatment
8. Project Report on the Classification of
Treatment Methods for Industrial Waste
Project Report # 1. Introduction to

Waste Water Treatment:
ADVERTISEMENTS:
The composition of municipal waste water

varies from place to place. Sometimes
industrial wastes also mix with sewage. The
type of treatment of waste water thus
depends upon its characteristics and the
desired quality of water after treatment.
The purpose of waste water treatment is to

remove/reduce organic and inorganic
substances, nutrients toxic substances kill
pathogenic organisms etc. so that the quality
of discharged water is improved to meet the
permissible level of water to be discharged
in some water body, on land or agricultural
field.
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Treatment of water thus aims at reduction of

BOD, COD, eutrophication, etc. of receiving
water bodies and prevention of bio-
magnification of toxic substances in food
chain and prevention of disease due to
pathogenic organisms present in the waste
water.
Project Report # 2. Basic Parameters

in Waste Water Characterisation:
i. Sources information:
ADVERTISEMENTS:
Sources information for the individual

points of origin waste components,
individually or at least by classes, rate of
discharge during production run (average
and maximum). Periodic discharges due to
batch operation. Duration and frequency of
production runs. Susceptibility to
emergency discharges or spills.
ii. Chemical Composition:

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Organic and inorganic components, by

compounds or classes.
Gross organics: Chemical Oxygen Demand

(COD), Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Bio-
chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD),
extractable.
Specific problems ions (As, Ba, Cd, Cr, CN,

Hg, Pb, Se, Ag, NO3)
Specific problem organics, e.g. phenol,

certain pesticides, benzidine,
polychlorinated bio-phenyls, certain poly-
nuclear aromatics.
Total dissolved salts
pH, acidity, alkalinity
Nitrogen and phosphorus.
ADVERTISEMENTS:
Oils and greases (extractables)
Oxidizing or reducing agents (.e.g.,

sulphides) Surfactants
Chlorine demand.
iii. Biological Effects:

Biochemical oxygen demand
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Toxicity (aquatic life, bacteria, mammals,

plants) Pathogenic bacteria.
iv. Physical Properties:
Temperature range and distribution
Insoluble components: colloidal, settleable,

floatable
Colour
ADVERTISEMENTS:
Order
Foam ability
Corrosiveness.
v. Flow Data for Total Discharge:
Average daily flow rate
ADVERTISEMENTS:
Duration and level of maximum flow rate
Maximum rate of change of flow rate.
Project Report # 3. Biochemical

Characteristics of Waste Water
Treatment:
Suspended solids are determined by filtering

suitable aliquot of sample through a
previously weighed sintered grooch crucible Privacy - Terms
and drying the crucible in an oven at 103° –

105°C to constant weigh. The difference in
the initial and final weight of the curcible
gives SS content, mg/1.
i. Settleable Solids:
Allowing 1 litre of the sample to settle for

about 1 hr at 20°C in an 1 ra cone. The
volume of settleable matter in the tapered
conical tube is recorded as ml/1. The
settleable solids may be expressed in mg/1
also.
Total solids:
ADVERTISEMENTS:
Determined by evaporating a known volume

of the waste water sample and drying the
residue for 24 hrs. in oven at 103°-105°C.
Followed by weighing. This gives the total
solids content of the sample which
comprises the dissolved as well as
suspended solids.
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Filterable solid. — Organic and Inorganic

Solid.
Dissolved oxygen:
The D.O. content of a water sample is

measured codes metrically by the modified
Wrinkler’s method.
Oxygen present in the sample oxidize in

divalent mass generation its higher valency
with precipitates as a brown hydrates,
oxides after addition of NaOH and KI upon
acidification manganese reverts to divalent
state and liberate iodine from KI equivalent
to DO content of the sample which is titrated
against 1 standard N/80 solution of sodium
thiosulphate using starch as an indicator.
ADVERTISEMENTS:
Interference due to nitrate can be eliminated

by adding sodium azide to the alkelene
potassium iodide solution.
The D.O. is usually expressed as mg/1 or

ppm.
This is measured by D.O. oxy-meter
ii. Biochemical Oxygen Demand

(B.O.D.):
Theory:
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Micro-organisms can utilize organic

substance as food and oxides them to obtain
energy for their life process. Some bacteria
are also capable to utilize, reduce inorganic
substance such as Fe2+, S2-and NH3 to
obtain energy.
In the biological degradation of sewage and

other wastes (caused by various types of
living organisms or bacteria) organic matter
is converted into fragments consisting of
acetic acid. When sufficient oxygen is
present such as in aerobic system. Oxygen is
reduced while the organic matter is oxidised
into CO2 and water.
When sufficient amount of oxygen is not

available i.e., anoxic conditions prevail,
organic matter is oxidised by using nitrate as
an electron acceptor.
When oxygen is absent i.e., anaerobic

conditions exist SO42– , PO43–and CO2 what-
ever available acts as electron acceptor and
get reduced to H2S, HS– (Mercaptons-rotten
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eggs smell), PH3, CH4.
The amount of oxygen required by a mixed

population of micro-organisms on oxidising
organic matter present in a sample, under
strictly aerobic conditions, is generally
known as B.O.D., and is directly related to
the extent of pollution (by sewage or other
oxygen- demanding wastes).
The rate of bacterial oxidation at any instant

is proportional to the amount of the oxygen-
demanding waste left at the instant, i.e., this
reaction follows first order reaction and
theoretically will be completed in infinite
time.
However, it has been observed that about 70

– 80% of the total B.O.D. is exerted in first 5
days. The sample is therefore incubated for 5
days at 20°C and the B.O.D. values
determined are reported as B.O.D. A
polluted sample may consume more oxygen
in 5 days than present in water (nearly 9
mg/1 at 20°C). Hence before analysis it is
diluted with a specially prepared “Dilution
Water”.
The dilution water is prepared by passing air

in distilled water for 1 – 2 days so as to make
it saturated by dissolved oxygen. In one liter
of this 1 ml each of phosphate buffer MgCl2, Privacy - Terms
CaCl2 and FeCl3 are mixed. The sample so

diluted is taken in two bottles. The D.O. of
one is determined immediately and that of
the other after 5 days incubation. The B.O.D.
of the sample is then calculated by
where D1= D.O. of the sample in mg/l at the

start of the experiment
D2 = D.O. of the sample in mg/1 after 5 days
A = ml of the sample before dilution
B = ml of the sample after dilution.
Measurement of D.O. content of the sample

before or after in combustion at 20°C for 5
days or glutonic BOD at 27°C for 3 days. If
the sample does not contain any oxygen, it is
supplied with oxygen and the depletion
caused is calculated as the B.O.D.
measurement. Microbial organisms or seed
may also have to provided B.O.D. is
expressed in mg/1.
iii. Chemical Oxygen Demand

(C.O.D.):
The C.O.D. is usually defined as the amount
of oxygen used while oxidizing the organic
matter content of a sample with a strong
chemical oxidant under acidic conditions.
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The organic matter in the sample is

related as the oxygen required
(C.O.D.) in accordance with equation:
In C.O.D. determination the organic matter

is completely oxidised to CO2 and H2O, the
C.O.D. values are greater than B.O.D. values
which represent the amount of oxygen that
bacteria require for stabilizing biologically
oxidisable matter.
The C.O.D. tests are performed with the

same objectives as those of B.O.D. test.
C.O.D. test results are obtained in 5 hours
whereas B.O.D. results are obtained in 5
days. In comparison to B.O.D., there is least
interference in C.O.D. test.
Chemical oxygen demand is the amount of

oxygen consumed under specified condition
in the oxidation of organic and oxidisable
inorganic matter connected for the influence
of chlorides.
When the waste water aliquot of the sample

is refluxed with a known excess of oxidizing
agent potassium dichromate in the 50%
sulphuric acid solution in the presence of
AgSO4. Silver sulphate as catalyst and
mercuric sulphide.
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The organic matter of the aliquot sample is

oxidized to water, CO2 and ammonia. The
excess dichromate remaining unreacted in
the solution water standard solution of 0.1 N
ferrous ammonium sulphate.
Where V1 and V2 are the volume of ferrous

ammonium sulphate run down in the blank
and test experiments.
One sample volume of the sample taken for

the test.
Project Report # 4. Stages of Waste

Water Treatment:
Waste water, whether domestic or industrial

have several undesirable components, the
organic and inorganic pollutants that are
potentially harmful to the environment and
human health. The treatment of waste water
and its proper management has become a
necessity in order to conserve this vital
resource.
The main aim of waste water treatment is

the removal of contaminants from water so
that the treated water can be reused for
beneficial purposes. The waste water
treatment is carried out in three stages: Privacy - Terms
Primary, Secondary and Tertiary or

advanced waste treatment.
i. Primary Treatment:
Waste water, contains a wide variety of
solids of various shapes, sizes and densities.
The primary treatment is of general nature
and is used for removing suspended solids,
odour, colour and to neutralize the high or
low pH in the case of industrial effluents.
This stage exploits the physical or chemical

properties of the contaminants and removes
the suspended and floating matter by
screening, sedimentation, floatation,
filtration, precipitation etc.
(i) Screening: Privacy - Terms
Screening devices are used to remove coarse

solids from waste water. Coarse solids
consist of sticks, rags, boards and other large
objects that often and inexplicably, find their
way into waste water collection systems.
Because the primary purpose of screens is to

protect pumps and other mechanical
equipment and to prevent clogging of valves
and other appurtenances in the waste water
plant, screening is normally the first
operation performed on the incoming waste
water.
Waste water screens are classified as coarse

or fine, depending on their construction.
Coarse screens usually consist of Vertical
bars spaced 20-60 mm apart and inclined
away from the incoming flow. Solids
retained by the bare are usually removed by
manual raking in small plants, while
mechanically cleaned units are used in
larger plants.
Fine screening (10-20 mm) consist of

woven-wire cloth or perforated plates
mounted on rotating disk or drum partially
submerged in the flow, or on travelling belt.
Fine screens should be mechanically cleaned
on a continual basis.
The quantity of solids removed by screening

depends on screen-opening size. Screened Privacy - Terms
solid are coated with organic material of a

very objectionable nature and should be
promptly disposed-off to prevent a health
hazard and/or nuisance condition. Disposal
in a sanitary land fill, grinding and returning
to the waste water flow, and incineration are
the most common disposal practices.
(ii) Comminuting:
As mentioned above screenings are

sometimes shredded and returned to the
waste water flow. A hammer mill device is
most often used for this purpose. Most
often; a shredding device called a
comminutor is located across the flow path
and intercepted the coarse solids and shreds
them to approx. 0.8 mm in size. These solids
remain in the waste water.
Many kinds of comminutes are available.

Basic parts include a screen and cutting Privacy - Terms
teeth. The screen may be a slotted drum that

rotates in the vertical plane. Stationary teeth
then shred material that is intercepted by
the screen.
Other types use as stationary semi-circular

screen and rotating or oscillating cutting
teeth. Another device, called a barminutor,
uses a vertical bars screen with a cutting
head that travels up and down, the rack of
bars, shredding the intercepted material.
Shredding devices should be located ahead

of pumping facilities at the treatment plant.
Grit removal ahead of the shredder will save
wear on the cutting head. Usually, however,
grit chambers are located at or above ground
level to facilitate grit handling, and pumps
may be necessary to lift the sewage to them.
In this case, shredding is done ahead of the
pumps and cutter wear must be tolerated.
(iii) Grit Removal:
Municipal waste water contains a wide

assortment of inorganic solids such as
pebbles, sand, silt, egg shells, glass and
metal fragments. Operations to remove
these inorganics will also remove some of
the larger, heavier organics such as bone
chips, seeds etc. Together, these comprise
the material known as grit in waste water
treatment systems. Privacy - Terms
Most of the substances in grit are abrasive in

nature and will cause accelerated wear on
pumps and sludge handling equipment with
which it comes in contact. Grit deposits in
areas of low hydraulic shear in pipes, sumps
and clarifiers may absorb greases and
solidify.
Also, these materials are not biodegradable

and occupy valuable space in sludge
digesters. It is therefore, desirable to
separate them from the organic suspended
solids.
The latter should not be allowed to settle

along-with, otherwise it gets entangled with
the inorganic matter causing septicity of
waste water and requiring unnecessary
labour and expenses for removal. A velocity
of flow between 0.15 to 0.3 m/sec is
practically considered sufficient for this
purpose.
Grit removal facilities basically consist of an

enlarged channel area where reduced flow
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velocities allow grit to settle out. Many

configurations of grit tanks are available. At-
least two separate chambers should be
provided, one to take care of low flow and
the other for the high flow. A period of
detention of 1 minute is commonly
employed. Grit chambers are cleaned by
hand, mechanically or hydraulically.
Hand clearing is done only in the case of

smaller plants, is less hygienic and odour
free though somewhat easier for disposing of
the removed material than in the case of
mechanical cleaning. In hydraulic-cleaning,
the deposited material is flushed out under
fire-streams directed from a central point
and removed through pipes in the side-walls
or bottom of the chamber.
(iv) Skimming Tanks:
A skimming tank is a chamber so arranged

that the floating matter like oil, fat, grease
etc., rise and remain on the surface of the
waste water (Sewage) until removed, while
the liquid flows out continuously under
partitions or baffles.
It is necessary to remove the floating matter

from sewage otherwise it may appear in the
form of unsightly scum on the surface of the
settling tanks or interfere with the activated
sludge process of sewage treatment. It is Privacy - Terms
mostly present in the industrial sewage. In

ordinary sanitary sewage, its amount is
usually too small.
The chamber is a long trough shaped

structure divided up into two or three lateral
compartments by vertical baffle walls having
slots for a short distance below the sewage
surface and permitting oil and grease to
escape into stilling compartments.
The rise of floating matter is brought about

by the blowing air into the sewage from
diffusers placed in the bottom. Sewage
enters the tank from one end. A theoretical
detention period of 3 minutes is enough.
The floating matter can be either hand or

mechanically removed. Grease traps are in
reality small skimming tanks designed with
submerged inlet and bottom outlet.
The traps must have sufficient capacity to

permit the sewage to cool and grease to
separate. Frequent cleaning through
removable covers is essential for satisfactory
operation. Grease traps are commonly
employed in case of industries, garages,
hotels, and hospitals.
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(v) Sedimentation:
In this step, the settleable solid are removed

by gravitational settling under quiescent
conditions. The sludge formed at the bottom
of the tank is removed as under flow either
by vacuum suction or by raking it to a
discharge point at the bottom of the tank for
withdrawal. The clear liquid produced is
known as the overflow and it should contain
no readily settleable matter.
The sedimentation operation in waste

treatment applications may be carried out in
rectangular horizontal flow, circular radial
flow or vertical flow basis. Fig. 7.8 shows the
three main types of arrangements.
In rectangular tanks, feed is introduced at

one end along with the width of the tank and
the overflow is collected at the surfaces,
either across the other end or at different
point along the length of the tank. An
endless conveyor scrapes the floating
material into a screen through which it also
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pushes the settled solids into a sludge

hopper.
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(vi) Flotation:
Flotation may be used in place of

sedimentation, primarily for treating
industrial waste water containing finely
divided suspended solids and oily matter.
Flotation technique is used in paper
industry to recover fine fibres from the
screened effluent and in the oil industry for
the classification of oil bearing waste. It is
also used for treating effluents from tanner-
ies, metal finishing, cold-rolling and
pharmaceutical industries.
Particles of density very close to that of

water are very difficult to settle in normal
sedimentation tanks and take a long time for
separation. In such cases, the separation can
be speeded up by aerating the effluent where
by air bubbles are attached to the suspended
matter.
This has the effect for increasing the

buoyancy of the particles as a result; the par-
ticles float to surface from where they can be
readily removed. To aid in the flotation
process, chemical coagulants such as
aluminium and ferric salts or polymer
coagulant-aids are often used. These
chemicals increase the flocculent structure
of the floated particles so that they can easily
entrap the air bubbles.
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Two methods of flotation are

currently available:
(1) Dispersed-air flotation and
(2) Dissolved air flotation.
1. In dispersed air flotation, air is introduced

directly into the liquid through a revolving
impeller or through diffusers. The air
bubbles generated in dispersed air flotation
systems are normally about 1 mm in
diameter and they usually cause turbulence
which breaks up fragile floe particles.
Due to this, dispersed air flotation is not

favoured technique in the treatment of
municipal wastewater, although it finds a
limited application in treating industrial
wastes containing oil, grease and fine
powders.
2. In dissolved air flotation, air is intimately

brought into contact with the waste water at
a pressure of several atmospheres when air
is dissolved. The pressure on the liquid is
reduced to atmospheric level through a
backpressure valve, there by releasing
micron-sized bubbles.
Suspended solids and oil are carried to the

surface of the flotation tank by these minute
air bubbles. A typical flotation system is
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shown in Fig. 7.10. Here, the entire flow is

pressurized and held in the retention tank so
that the air gets dissolved in the liquid.
The intense mixing of air and waste water in

the pressurization system often degrades
flocculent suspensions or oil emulsions
following chemical treatment. A portion of
the clear effluent is recycled for
pressurization to prevent such degradations.
Compressed air is introduced into the

discharge of the recycle pump and intimate
contact is achieved in the retention tank.
The recycled flow is then returned through a
back pressure valve (where the pressurized
air is released and mixed with the influent
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for flotation. The time in the flotation tank is

about half an hour.
(vii) Neutralization:
When pH of the industrial waste is too high

or too low then it should be neutralized by
acid or alkali and only neutral effluent
should be discharged into the drain or public
sewer.
For neutralization of the acidic

effluent, the following techniques are
used:
1. Lime-Stone Treatment:
For acidic effluents, lime stone can be used

as it will form calcium compounds
depending upon the presence and amount of
acid.
2. Caustic Soda Treatment:
Although costly, yet the method is also

utilized for neutralizing the acid. Caustic
soda is added in the effluent to make the pH
neutral. Only small amounts of caustic soda
is needed for this work.
For neutralization of alkaline effluent,

the following techniques are followed:
(a) Carbon Dioxide Treatment: Privacy - Terms
If the industry is producing carbon dioxide

then only this method should be utilized for
neutralizing the pH, otherwise it would be
costly affair. Here carbon dioxide is passed
in alkaline effluent to make its pH almost 7.
(i.e. Neutral value).
(b) Sulphuric Acid Treatment:
This is a common method of neutralising

alkaline effluent. Here sulphuric acid is
added in the effluent till pH becomes almost
7.
(c) Utilizing Waste Boiler-flue Gas:
The stack gas which contains about 12

percent carbon dioxide is utilized to react
alkaline effluent to make it neutral.
ii. Secondary or Biological Treatment:

The biological process of sewage is a
secondary treatment involving removing,
stabilizing and rendering harmless very fine
suspended matter, and solids of the waste
water that remain even after the primary
treatment has been done.
Since much of the organic material in waste

water may be colloidal or dissolved, the
primary treatment processes are largely
ineffective in removing it. The organic
matter still represents a high demand for Privacy - Terms
oxygen which must be reduced further so

that the effluent may be rendered suitable
for discharge into the water bodies.
In biological treatment, oxygen supplied to

the bacteria is consumed under controlled
conditions so that most of the B.O.D. is
removed in the treatment plant rather than
in the water course.
Thus, the principal requirements of a

biological waste treatment process are an
adequate amount of bacteria that feed on the
organic material present in waste water,
oxygen and some means of achieving contact
between the bacteria and the organics.
Two of the most commonly used

systems for biological waste treatment
are:
(i) The activated sludge system and
(ii) The biological film system.
In the activated sludge system, the waste

water is brought into contact with a diverse
group of micro-organisms in the form of a
flocculent suspension in an aerated tank,
whereas in the biological film system, also
known as trickling filters, the waste water is
brought into contact with a mixed microbial
population in the form of a film of slime
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attached to the surface of a solid support

system. In both cases the organic matter is
metabolized to more stable inorganic forms.
(i) Activated Sludge Process:
The essential features of activated sludge

process are: an aeration stage, solids-liquid
separation following aeration, and a sludge
recycle system. Waste water after primary
treatment enter and aeration tank where the
organic matter is brought into intimate
contact with the sludge from the secondary
clarifier.
This sludge is heavily laden with micro-

organisms which are in an active state of
growth. Air is introduced into the tank either
in the form of bubbles through diffusers or
by surface aerators.
The micro-organisms utilize the oxygen in

the air and convert the organic matter into
stabilized, low-energy compounds such as
NO3, SO4, CO2 and synthesize new bacterial
cells.
The effluent from the aeration tank

containing the flocculent microbial mass,
known as sludge, is separated in a settling
tank sometimes called a secondary settler of
a clarifier. In the settling tank the separated
sludge exits without contact with the organic Privacy - Terms
matter and becomes activated to the

aeration tank as a seed; the rest is wasted.
If all the activated sludge is recycled, then

the bacterial mass would keep increasing to
the stage where the system gets clogged with
solids. It is therefore, necessary to ‘waste’
some of the micro-organisms, and this
wasted sludge is the one which is processed
and disposed of. The process flow diagram
for a typical activated sludge plant is given
in Fig. 7.11.
(ii) Trickling Filters or Biological Film

System:
The secondly commonly used biological

waste treatment process is the trickling filter
method. Trickling filters are also called
percolating filters. It has good adaptability
to handle peak shock loads and the ability to
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function satisfactorily after a short period of

time.
Milk processing, paper mill and

pharmaceutical wastes are among those
treated by tricking filters. Conventional
trickling filters normally consist of a rock
bed. 1 to 3 metres in depth, with enough
openings between rocks to allow air to
circulate easily.
The influent is sprinkled over the bed

packing (See Fig. 7.12) which is coated with
a biological slime. As the liquid trickles over
the packing, oxygen and the dissolved
organic matter diffuse into the film to be
metabolized by the micro-organism in this
slime layer. End products such as NO3, CO2
etc. diffuse back out of the film and appear
in the filter effluent.
The other methods are:
(iii) Aerated lagoon
(iv) Oxidation pond
(v) Anaerobic digestions
As the micro-organisms utilize the organic

matter, the thickness of the slime film
increases to a point where it can no longer
be supported on the solid media and gets de-
tached from the surface. This process is Privacy - Terms
known as sloughing. A settling tank

following the trickling filter removes the
detached bacteria film and some suspended
matter.
Handling and disposal of sludge from

biological waste water treatment plant is an
important problem and represents about
half the cost of most sewage treatment
plants.
The concentration of solids in the primary

sewage sludge is about 5 percent; the
activated sludge contains less than 1 percent
solids; from trickling filters has about 2
percent solids. The common unit operation
of sludge treatment and disposal involve
concentration or thickening, digestion,
conditioning, dewatering, oxidation and safe
disposal.
(iii) Aerated Lagoon: Privacy - Terms
The aerated lagoon system consists of a

large pond that is equipped with machines
aerations to maintain an aerobic
environment and to prevent settling of the
suspend biomass. The population of
microorganisms in an aerated lagoon is
much lower than that in an actual sludge
system because there is no sludge recycle.
(iv) Oxidation Pond:
Photosynthesis organic matter. The CO2

cycle is oxidation plant.
iii. Advanced Waste Water Treatment:
Usually the primary and secondary

treatments are sufficient to meet waste
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water effluent standards. However, if water

produced is required to be of higher water
quality standards (in case the water to be
put to some direct reuse) then advanced
waste water treatment is carried out.
A wide variety of methods are used in

advanced waste treatment, which
includes the removal of:
(a) Suspended solids,
(b) B.O.D.,
(c) Plant nutrients,
(d) Dissolved solids and
(e) Toxic substances.
These methods may be introduced at any

stage of the total treatment process as in the
case of industrial waste waters or may be
used for complete removal of pollutants
after the secondary treatment.
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The wastewater treatment processes are

basically concentrating or thickening
processes on which the suspended solids are
removed as sludge’s. The impurities in the
wastewater are concentrated into solid form
and are then separated from the bulk liquid.
This concentrated form is referred to as
sludge.
Project Report # 5. Domestic Waste

Water Treatment:
Conventional sewage treatment plants are
based on biological decomposition of non-
toxic organic wastes, using bacteria. Such
biological decomposition is conducted under
aerobic conditions, i.e. in the presence of
plenty of oxygen.
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For oxidation of 1 mg of carbon, 2.67 mg of

dissolved oxygen is required. Organic,
hydrogen, sulphur and nitrogen, the major
elements in waste water, consume
additional oxygen for their oxidation.
The solubility of O2 in water is only 9 ppm

(mg/L) at 20°C and less at higher tempera-
ture. The purity of water depends on the rate
of transport.
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Of O2 by aeration and on the total load

organic material which requires oxidation.
The organic load is expressed in terms of
B.O.D. i.e. biochemical oxygen demand
which means mg of O2 needed to decompose
the organic material in 1L waste water.
As a rough estimate, the B.O.D. values

(mg.O2/Litre waste water) for various
processes are:
Domestic sewage, 165; industrial waste

water, 200; paper industry 372; food
industry, 747; metal industry 13. Evidently
such a heavy load is likely to upset the
capacity of most natural water bodies so that
sewage treatment is essential for
maintaining the water quality.
Aerobic Treatment Processes:

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These are secondary waste treatment

methods by biological processes. After
primary treatment for removal of insoluble
matter i.e. grit, grease, scum etc. and
sedimentation, the resulting sludge is
subjected to secondary treatment.
The aerobic treatment process the

biodegradable organic matter is utilised by
the bacterial cells (microorganisms) for their
growth and metabolism and in the process
huge quantity of cell mass and CO2 are
generated. About 50% of biodegradable C
present in the waste water is converted into
cell mass and the rest into CO2.
Among the available processes, the most

important is the Activated Sludge Process.
This is shown in Fig. 7.17. It is a continuous
flow flocculated growth process in which
bacterial floes (activated sludge) are
separated from treated effluent by a clarifier
and recycled to the aeration tank to
maintain a high degree of process intensity.
Privacy - Terms
The microbial cell matter which is formed as

part of the waste degradation process is
generally kept in the aeration tank till the
microorganisms reach their saturation point
of growth when the cells flocculate well to
form settleable solids.
These solids settle out in a settler and part of

it is discarded. The bulk of the solids, return
sludge, is recycled to the bottom of the
aeration tank and encounters the fresh
sewage. The return sludge and the influent
sludge provide optimum conditions for
rapid degradation of organic matter.
Oxidative degradation is accomplished

mostly by chemoheteraoropic bacteria and
ciliated protozoa. Effective degradation is
caused by predominant gerera like
Pseudomonas, Zoogloea, Flavobacterium,
Alcallgenes etc.
Nitrification in the Activated Sludge process

(ASP) proceeds by the action of the genera
Nitrosomona, Nitrospira, etc. in the first
step and by Nitrobacter, Nitroseoccus etc. in
the second step. Denitrification takes place
by the action of the genera Pseudomonas,
Microccus etc.
The merits of the ASP are:
(i) Low retention time and Privacy - Terms
(ii) B.O.D. removal up to 95%.
The demerits of the ASP are:
(i) Low strength waste, B.O.D. 1500-2500

mg/L,
(ii) Energy is required for aeration,
(iii) High sludge production and
(iv) Disposal problem of activated sludge.
Another process is the lagooning process,

the oldest process in the country.
There are several types of this

process;
(a) Aerobic lagooning,
(b) Anaerobic lagooning and
(c) Aero- bio-anaerobic lagooning.
Anaerobic Treatment Processes:
In these processes about 95% of

biodegradable C is decomposed into biogas
(c.f. 50% in aerobic process) and the rest 5%
into biomass. Three main steps are involved
in the breakdown of organic waste under
anaerobic conditions.
Privacy - Terms
These steps are essentially hydrolysis of

biopolymers to monomers, fermentation of
monomers to volatile acids and
methanogenesis. The anaerobic degradation
of carbohydrate takes place as follows;
polysaccharide to pyruvate and pyruvate to
lactic acid or ethanol.
The microbial species responsible for

anaerobic degradation are: Actinomyces,
Arthrobacter, Cirobacter, Escherichia,
lactobacillus, Micrococcus etc. Anaerobic
treatment is illustrated in the flow-sheet Fig.
7.18.
Ion Exchange:
This technique is used extensively for

concentration and separation of metal ion Privacy - Terms
from large volumes of natural and waste

waters. The total free metal ion content of a
water sample is determined by passing the
sample through H+ – cation exchanges and
titrating the acid liberated with a standard
alkali solution. Another aliquot may be
titrated with EDTA to estimate the total
hardness of water.
Ion exchange chromatography provides an

excellent method for concentration and
separation of ions from waste water. The
ions are first concentrated on a suitable ion
exchange column and then selectively eluted
to be measured polarograhically,
spectrophotometrically, radio metrically etc.
Ion exchange membranes are also useful for
separation and concentration of metal ions
prior to analysis.
Aerobic:
1. It is accomplished in the presence of

aerobic bacteria flourished in the presence
of free dissolved oxygen.
2. Aerobic bacteria consume organic matter

for their food and thereby oxidizing to stable
the products.
3. Stable end products are nitrates, CO2,

sulphur.
Privacy - Terms
4. Needs large area.
5. Commissioning and maintenance are

expensive.
Anaerobic:
1. It is accomplished in the presence of

anaerobic bacteria flourished in the absence
of free dissolved oxygen.
2. Anaerobic bacteria survive by utilizing the

bounded molecular OX2 in NO3 & SO4.
3. NH3, N. Hydrogen sulphide methane are

produced, which give abnoxious odours.
4. No large areas needed.
5. Maintenance easy and cheap.
Anaerobic treatments a sludge digestors

septic tank – Convention anaerobic
digestors.
High two stage anerobic sludge digestors.
Project Report # 6. Wastewater

Discharged:
1. Cyanide 1 PPM
Organic Phosphorous 1 PPM

Privacy - Terms
Cadmium 2PPM
Lead 1PPM
Chromium hexa valance 0.5 PPM,
Arsenic 0.5 PPM
2. Effluent to coastal water 5-9 pH
Effluent to other water 5.8-8.6 pH
3. Chemical oxygen demand 120-250 mg/1.
4. Biochemical oxygen demand at 20°C 120-

160 mg/litre
5. Suspended solids 150-160 mg/1
In to inland surface water 100
on land for irrigation 200
6. Colitis germ groups 3000 m pn/cm2
7. Mineral of 5 PPM
8. Vegetable oil and fats 30 PPM Oil and

grease 20mg/l
9. Phenols 5 PPM
10. Zinc 5 PPM
11. Soluble iron 10 PPM

Privacy - Terms
12. Soluble magnese 10 PPM
13. Total chromium 2 PPM
14. Fluorine 15 PPM
15. Particle size of suspended solids shall

pass 850 micron IS sieve
16. Dissolved solids inorganic 200 mg/l
17. Temperature 40°C.
Project Report # 7. Chemical

Specifications of Waste Water
Treatment:
Identification of inorganic organ metallic or

organic species of an element/chemical in
the environment.
Arsenic:
Acetate arsenic poisoning can arise from the

indigestion of as little as 100 mg As. Copper.
This is one of the essential elements for
human. The adult daily requirement is about
2 mg.
Zinc:
This is an essential and beneficial element

for human body.
Privacy - Terms
Pollution Characteristics of different

Industries:
Project Report # 8. Classification of

Treatment Methods for Industrial
Waste:
Treating the waste is first step of processing

of the waste when it comes directly from the
industry. Waste is observed as three states of
matter as solid, liquid and gas; then its
treatment is decided.
Mainly three types of treatment is

done:
(i) Physical treatment.
(ii) Chemical treatment. Privacy - Terms
(iii) Biological Treatment.
(i) Physical treatment:
Physical treatment can be defined as a

process or processes where by undesirable
constituents of an effluent are removed by
separation like suspended solids, dissolved
solids or liquids.
(ii) Chemical Treatment:
Portion of waste which contains harmful

chemicals is treated chemically so that it can
be disposed without harm.
Like acid and alkalies are neutralized before

being oxidation and reduction of ions and
electrolysis etc.
Physical Treatment:
1. Introduction:
Physical treatment can be defined as a

process or processes where by undesirable
constituents of an effluent are removed by
separation. Those constituents that need to
be removed may be suspended solids,
dissolved solids, or liquids other than the
normal bulk phase of the effluent which is in
most instances is water.
ADVERTISEMENTS:
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Removal of suspended solids and

contaminating liquids is mainly by
two processes:
(a) Settlement
(b) Flotation
2. Processes Plant:
(a) Settlement:
The principle on which this works is the

matter to be separated should have higher
specific gravity than the phase in which it is
dispersed. Chemical addition is done to
increase the specific gravity. Plants used for
these are described below:
(b) Horizontal flow tanks:
This is most popular and oldest method. The

initial plants simply consisted of a rectan-
gular or square tank where effluent entered
at one end and the clarified effluent has
been discharged at the other end with the
suspended solids settling out as a sludge at
the bottom.
A modern amendment has baffles to make

settling time more and sinusoidal motion of
flow. One drawback is poor distribution of
effluent inlet is weir or number of penstock
weir. Privacy - Terms
(c) Radial Flow Tank:
These are circular in plan, with either flat or

gently sloping floors. The scraper mecha-
nisms of circular tanks are comparatively
simple, but performance is not being equal
to horizontal flow tank.
As with many settlement plant, uniform

distribution is needed so that the full volume
of tank is needed for the liquid solid
separation process. One advantage of this
type of plant is that, due to the large
discharge area normally used, gentle flow
occurs through the plant, provided of course
no short circuiting occurs.
(d) Upward-Flow Clariflers:
The principle of operation of this type of

clarifier is that freshly flocculated water or
effluent come into contact with previously
formed particles which have been optimised
in size. Consequently collision occur
between these particles causing induced
flocculation of the freshly treated water.
In this way size of particles is increased,

improving rates of sedimentation. A plant to
be designed for an effluent or water having a
consistent suspended solids content and
flow velocity. Sludge is usually continuously
removed to maintain the blanket Privacy - Terms
consistency. This type of plant is often called

a sludge contact clariflre. It has very reduced
free surface area.
Related Articles:
1. Waste Water Treatment: Objective and
Steps
2. Waste Water Treatment: Objective and
Steps
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Introduction
Policy to Waste Water
Treatment:
Contact
Project Report # 2. Basic
Us
Parameters in Waste Water
Characterisation:
i. Sources information:
SUGGESTI
ii. Chemical Composition:
ONS
iii. Biological Effects:
iv. Physical Properties:
Report
v. Flow Data for Total
Spelling
Discharge:
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Project Report # 3.
Grammat
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Errors
i. Settleable Solids:
ii.Suggest
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Demand
Us (B.O.D.):
iii. Chemical Oxygen
Demand (C.O.D.):
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Project Report # 4. Stages of

NEW
QUESTION
i.S Primary
AND Treatment:
ANSWERS
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AND Secondary or Biological
FORUM
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CATEGORI
iii.
ES
Advanced Waste Water
Treatment:
Project Report # 5.
Animal
Domestic
Kingdom
Waste Water
Treatment:
Biodiversity
Aerobic Treatment
Processes:
Biological
Anaerobic Treatment
Classificati
Processes:
on
Ion Exchange:
Project Report
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IntroductioDischarged:
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Project Report # 7. Chemical
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Project Report On Waste Water Treatment

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3/18/2021 Project Report on Waste Water Treatment

A project report on waste water

1. Project Report on Introduction to Waste

4. Project Report on the Stages of Waste

Project Report # 1. Introduction to

The composition of municipal waste water

The purpose of waste water treatment is to

Treatment of water thus aims at reduction of

Project Report # 2. Basic Parameters

Sources information for the individual

ii. Chemical Composition:

Organic and inorganic components, by

Gross organics: Chemical Oxygen Demand

Specific problems ions (As, Ba, Cd, Cr, CN,

Specific problem organics, e.g. phenol,

Total dissolved salts

pH, acidity, alkalinity

Nitrogen and phosphorus.

Oils and greases (extractables)

Oxidizing or reducing agents (.e.g.,

iii. Biological Effects:

Toxicity (aquatic life, bacteria, mammals,

iv. Physical Properties:

Temperature range and distribution

Insoluble components: colloidal, settleable,

v. Flow Data for Total Discharge:

Average daily flow rate

Duration and level of maximum flow rate

Maximum rate of change of flow rate.

Project Report # 3. Biochemical

Suspended solids are determined by filtering

and drying the crucible in an oven at 103° –

Allowing 1 litre of the sample to settle for

Determined by evaporating a known volume

Filterable solid. — Organic and Inorganic

The D.O. content of a water sample is

Oxygen present in the sample oxidize in

Interference due to nitrate can be eliminated

The D.O. is usually expressed as mg/1 or

This is measured by D.O. oxy-meter

ii. Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Micro-organisms can utilize organic

In the biological degradation of sewage and

When sufficient amount of oxygen is not

When oxygen is absent i.e., anaerobic

The amount of oxygen required by a mixed

The rate of bacterial oxidation at any instant

However, it has been observed that about 70

The dilution water is prepared by passing air

CaCl2 and FeCl3 are mixed. The sample so

where D1= D.O. of the sample in mg/l at the

D2 = D.O. of the sample in mg/1 after 5 days

A = ml of the sample before dilution

B = ml of the sample after dilution.

Measurement of D.O. content of the sample

iii. Chemical Oxygen Demand

The organic matter in the sample is

In C.O.D. determination the organic matter

The C.O.D. tests are performed with the

Chemical oxygen demand is the amount of

When the waste water aliquot of the sample

The organic matter of the aliquot sample is

Where V1 and V2 are the volume of ferrous