Liquids & Solids

AP Chemistry
 Gases
• Characteristics:
-no definite volume nor shape; takes
on shape of container
-virtually no attractive forces
-can be compressed
 Liquids
• Characteristics
-definite volume but no definite shape;
takes on shape of container
-strong attractive forces -need to
determine what kind!!!
-really can’t be compressed
 Solids
• Characteristics
-definite volume
-definite shape
-strong attractive forces -need to
determine what kind!!!
-really can’t be compressed
 Quick Check
• Has no definite shape, but has a
definite volume =

• Has a definite volume and a definite

shape =

• Gas =
 Intramolecular vs
Intermolecular
• Intramolecular - (within molecules)
the attraction that results when
electrons are given, taken or shared
to form a bond.
 Intramolecular vs
Intermolecular
• Intermolecular - (between molecules)
the attraction of a molecule or particle
to another molecule or particle.
 Intramolecular vs.
Intermolecular

• Which type of force is being broken

in a physical change?

• Which type of force is being broken

in a chemical change?
 Intramolecular vs.
Intermolecular

• Intramolecular forces (forces

within molecules) are always much,
MUCH stronger than intermolecular
forces (forces between molecules)
 List of IMF’s
London dispersion forces
Dipole-Dipole forces
Hydrogen bonding (**not bonding**)
Ion-Dipole forces
 Forces between Molecules
(IMF’s)
1) London Dispersion Forces (LDF)
- or Van der Waal’s forces.
a) attraction between nonpolar
molecules-nonpolar molecules.
- how do you know if it’s nonpolar?

b) Keyword is Polarizable - how

easy it is to distort a charge.
 London Dispersion Forces
Polarization

Nonpolar - even
distribution of charge
 London Dispersion Forces
Polarization

+ -

Nonpolar Instant
dipole
 London Dispersion Forces
Polarization

+ - -
+

Nonpolar Instant Influences

dipole others
around it
 London Dispersion Forces
• Another picture
 London Dispersion Forces
London Dispersion Forces
• Induced or “fake” charge.
Molecules will line up + to -.

Best stuff to induce a charge?

 London Dispersion Forces
• 2) Slow moving (large mass) -
easier to induce charge when moving
slow.
→ small gases are almost impossible
to induce charge
 London Dispersion Forces
Ways to Increase LDF:
o Increase the size(radius and mass)
– Bigger mass = MORE POLARIZABLE
– More polarizable, bigger temporary
dipole, holds together better
 London Dispersion Forces
Ways to Increase LDF:
o In organic molecules, the longer the
chain, the greater the opportunity
to induce a charge.
 London Dispersion Forces
• All molecules have LDF

• In nonpolar molecules, LDF is the

ONLY force

• In other molecules, there are

stronger IM forces. Such as…..
 Forces between Molecules
(IMF’s)
• Dipole-Dipole Attraction - polar
molecules attracted to other polar
molecules.

– How do you know if it’s polar?

 Dipole-Dipole Forces
• Another picture
 Dipole-Dipole Forces
• Another picture
 Dipole-Dipole Forces
• In general, dipole-dipole forces
are stronger than LDF.
– Why?
 Forces between Molecules
(IMF’s)
• Hydrogen Bonding - not bonding!
Attraction between Hydrogen that is
bonded to a very electronegative
atom (F, O, N)
to a very electronegative
atom F, O, N
Copy this
down and
highlight,
then make
flashcards,
memorize,
then review,
then repeat
 Hydrogen Bonding
• Another picture
 Hydrogen Bonding
• Another picture
 Hydrogen Bonding
• Hydrogen Bonding - not bonding!
a) Attraction between Hydrogen that
is bonded to F, O, N to another
very electronegative atom(upper
right) F, O, N

b) Really a special dipole-dipole->

about 10 x stronger special. What
does that mean?
Increase in attraction!
 Hydrogen Bonding
• Hydrogen Bonding - not bonding!
c) Big 3: NH3, HF, H2O

d) Alcohols show hydrogen

bonding- get more attraction

e) Dimers - a molecule that has two

hydrogen bonds
 Forces between Molecules
(IMF’s)
• Ion-Dipole Attraction - attraction of
ion and the partial charge of the
molecule.
 Ion-Dipole Attraction
• Another picture
 Ion-Dipole Attraction
• Ion-Dipole Attraction - attraction of
ion and the partial charge of the
molecule.
– Important in solution making
 Ion-Dipole Attraction
• Attraction of ion and the partial
charge of the molecule.
– Important in solution making.
– Strength becomes greater when charge
of ion is greater and/or the size of dipole
is stronger. (COULOMB’S LAW)
 Ion-Dipole Attraction
Strength? About 1% of ionic or
covalent. Becomes weaker when the
distance between molecules
increase. Why?
Forces between Molecules
(IMF’s)
Ion-ion (attraction between two ions)
forces are the strongest interactions
overall.

There is debate if this is an IMF since

it would only exist in ionic
compounds.