So first of all we have these objectives

1. Define sampling and other technical terms about

sampling;
2. Learn the reasons for sampling;
3. Develop an understanding about different sampling
methods;
4. Distinguish between probability & non probability
sampling;
5. Pick out an appropriate sampling method for your
research topic
Okay so now, we should know firs the basic terminologies we will encounter, let’s start
with sampling, you could read the meaning in the slide but let’s just make it fast
because of the limited time so
In shorter way, Sampling means selecting the group that you will actually collect data
from in your research. For example, if you are researching the opinions of students in
your university, you could survey a sample of 100 students.
It helps a lot in research because aside from determining the accuracy of your research
it also saves money by allowing researchers to gather the same answers from a sample
that they would receive from the population. But if anything goes wrong with your
sample then it will be directly reflected in the final result.
For better understanding of these lessons may other terminologies ba tayo
Sample- specific group of individuals that you will collect data from. Sila ang chosen
ones, ang pinili to support the claims/conclusions propounded by your research
problem. Support system ang peg nila. Anyways they came from population. What is
population? Ito naman ung bigger group,kung saan nagmula si sample
It can be very broad or quite narrow: If the population is very large, demographically
mixed, and geographically dispersed, it might be difficult to gain access to a
representative sample.
(read target population) maybe you want to make inferences about the whole adult
population of your country; maybe your research focuses on customers of a certain
company, patients with a specific health condition, or students in a single school.
It is important to carefully define your target population according to the purpose and
practicalities of your project.
Sample unit- single university student would be a sampling unit. Another example of
a sampling unit could be if you were conducting online research with 50 households,
one household would be a singular sampling unit.
Sample frame- list of all the items in your population, if kunwari ang population
natin is dwcsj students then sample is abm 12 a students, sampling unit is
student, sampling frame is the name of the students, like lara, phia, lexter and etc.
Then ung sampling scheme is ung method, for example a researcher intends to
collect a systematic sample of 500 people in a population of 5000. He/she numbers
each element of the population from 1-5000 and will choose every 10th individual to be
a part of the sample (Total population/ Sample Size = 5000/500 = 10).
May times daw na masyado maliit ang population kaya sinasama ang lahat so it is
called census, kapag masyado naman Malaki, dito na natin pwedeng gawin ang
pagkuha ng samples.
So why sampling
Ofcourse like I said Less costs
 Less field time
 More accuracy
 When it’s impossible to study the whole
Population
(READ ADVANTAGES)
Basically, target population (also known as theoretical population) is the group to whom
we wish to generalize our findings.

Study population (also known as accessible population) is the actual sampling frame,
from which we randomly drew our sample. This is the group to whom we
actually can generalize our findings, because we sampled from them.

We have two types of sampling

Probability Sampling /Unbiased Sampling
.Non-Probability Sampling

Probability sampling methods

Probability sampling means that every member of the population has a chance of being
selected. It is mainly used in quantitative research. If you want to produce results that
are representative of the whole population, probability sampling techniques are the most
valid choice.

 SAMPLING ERROR-

 Population Specification Error – Happens when the analysts do not

understand who to survey. For example, for a survey of breakfast cereals, the
population can be the mother, children, or the entire family.
 Selection Error – Occurs when the respondents’ survey participation is self-
selected, implying only those who are interested respond. Selection errors can
be reduced by encouraging participation.
 Sample Frame Error – Occurs when a sample is selected from the
wrong population data.
 Non-Response Error – Occurs when a useful response is not obtained from the
surveys. It may happen due to the inability to contact potential respondents or
their refusal to respond.

NonProbability sampling methods (PG 25)

In a non-probability sample, individuals are selected based on non-random criteria, and
not every individual has a chance of being included.

This type of sample is easier and cheaper to access, but it has a higher risk of sampling
bias. That means the inferences you can make about the population are weaker than
with probability samples, and your conclusions may be more limited. If you use a non-
probability sample, you should still aim to make it as representative of the population as
possible.

Non-probability sampling techniques are often used in exploratory and qualitative

research. In these types of research, the aim is not to test a hypothesis about a broad
population, but to develop an initial understanding of a small or under-researched
population.