COLEGIO DE LA PURISIMA CONCEPCION

The School of the Archdiocese of Capiz

Roxas City

LEARNING PLAN IN SCIENCE 10

Unit Topic:
Content Standard:
Learning Competencies:
Electromagnetic Spectrum, Light, Reflection of Light in Mirrors,
Refraction of Light in Lenses
The images formed by the different types of mirrors and lenses
Predict the qualitative characteristics (orientation, type, and
magnification) of images formed by plane and curved mirrors
and lenses; 10FE-IIfg-47

In the previous module, you learned about the electromagnetic spectrum. In that module, you
have learned about the family of Electromagnetic waves or the different regions of the
Electromagnetic spectrum. One of these regions which you have learned is about the visible light.

This module will allow you to study and learn about the properties of visible light as it
undergoes reflection and refraction and how images can be formed out of these properties. We will
Introduction
be studying about reflection in plane and curved mirrors as well as the application of their properties
in optical instruments.

How do you see yourself in a mirror? How do you compare the way you look and the way
your image look? Can you explain how your image is formed on the mirror? This new lesson will lead
you to the answer to these questions.
Activities
Explore Lets find out how much you already know about this module. Ecircle the letter that you think
best answers the questions. Please answer all items. After taking this short test, check your
work as you go through this module.
Direction: Encircle the letter of the best answer.
1. If a man stands 4 feet in front of a plane mirror, how far away is the ma’s image from the
mirror?
a. Nearer than the man from the mirror
b. Twice as far as the man from the mirror
c. Three times as far as the man from the mirror
d. The same distance as the man from the mirror
2. The entire two opposite walls in your room consist of plane mirrors, how much larger will your
room seem to appear?
a. 2x larger b. 3x larger c. 4x larger d. Infinite
3. How do you describe the kind of the image shown on the given illustration?
a. Real image b. Virtual image c. Both a and b d. None of the above

4. The bouncing of light rays when light strikes a shiny surface like a mirror.
a. diffraction b. reflection c. refraction d. both a and b
 5. On the given illustration, which is the incident ray?

a. A b. B c. C d. D

1. Light Reflection
Reflection is the bouncing of light rays when it hits a surface like a plane mirror.
Plane mirrors exhibits regular reflection where the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
reflection. All plane shiny surfaces exhibit this kind of reflection. Irregular or diffused
reflection illuminates shaded areas such as under the trees and inside buildings. This is
observed in objects with irregular surfaces such as rocks, buildings etc.
The Laws of Reflection:
The first law of reflection states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of
reflection. The angle is measured between the normal line and the incident ray while the
angle of reflection is measured between the normal line and the reflected ray. The
arrowhead shows the direction of light.
The second law states that the normal line, incident ray and reflected ray all lie in the
FIRM UP
same plane. That means, what you see on the mirror is an image which appears to be at the
back of the mirror.

Two Types of Reflection

The reflection of light can be roughly categorized into two types
of reflection: specular reflection is defined as light reflected from a smooth surface
at a definite angle, and diffuse reflection, which is produced by rough surfaces that
tend to reflect light in all directions (as illustrated in Figure 1)
2. Image formed in plane mirrors
The characteristics of images formed by plane mirrors is describe in terms of type of
image, orientation, location and size.
For plane mirrors, the type of image is virtual formed behind. Virtual image is an
image formed when an outgoing ray from an object always diverge (move apart). The image
you see when you are looking at yourself in a plane mirror is virtual. This image is formed by
extending the light rays behind the mirror. The image orientation is erect, laterally inverted.

The image is located at the same distance from the mirror as the object distance. The
image formed is of the same size as the object. In other words, the image and the object in
plane mirrors has the same characteristics except that the image is seen as laterally
inverted.
Lateral inversion is a phenomenon wherein what is left on the object appears as right
on the image and vice versa, This is due to the direction that light follows when it strikes
a reflecting surface generally like a mirror.

Activity 1:
Reflection of Light in Plane Mirrors
Objectives:
1. Determine the height, width and the distance from the mirror of the image formed by a plane
mirror.

2. Compare the actual height, width and the distance from the mirror of the object with that of
the image formed by plane mirrors.

Materials:
Picture of complete set-up
Procedure:
1. Examine this figure of an image and object characteristics in plane mirrors.

Guide Questions:
Compare the distance from the mirror of the object with that of the image.

To give you an idea of the next lesson, try looking at your image on both sides
(concave and convex) of your spoon. What have you noticed? This is a reflection on curved
mirrors.
1. Curved Mirrors
A curved mirror is a reflecting surface in which its section is a section of a sphere.
There are two kinds of curved mirrors, the concave and the convex. A spoon is a kind of
curved mirror with a concave side (front side) and the convex side (back).

2. Concave Mirrors also known as Converging Mirror

A concave mirror is called converging mirror because the parallel incident rays
converge or meet/intersect at a focal point. Remember that a focal point as you can see on
the illustration is the point at which rays meet after reflection.

Concave Mirror

If a hollow sphere is cut into parts and the outer surface of the cut part is painted, then it
becomes a mirror with its inner surface as the reflecting surface. This type of mirror is known
as a concave mirror.
3. Convex Mirrors also known as Diverging Mirror
A convex mirror is called diverging mirror because the parallel incident rays diverge
after reflection. When extending the reflected rays behind the mirror as shown, the rays
converge at the focus behind the mirror. Now try to explore further on the characteristics of
images formed by curved mirrors.
4. Ray Diagraming

A ray diagram is defined as the representation of the paths taken by the light when the
light is passed through one point to the other. Ray diagram is explained with the help of lines
with arrows that are drawn as the incident ray and the reflected ray.
5. Rules for Drawing Ray Diagram for Mirrors

Following are the rules that we use to obtain the images in a ray diagram.

Rule 1: After reflection, the ray parallel to the principal axis will pass through the focus.

For a concave mirror, the ray passes through the focus after the reflection. While for a
convex mirror, it appears that the ray passes through focus as the focus is on the right side.
Rule 2: After reflection, the ray passing through the focus becomes parallel to the principal
axis.
For a concave mirror, after reflection, the ray passing through the focus becomes
parallel to the principal axis while for a convex mirror, the ray appears to pass through the
focus as the focus is on the right side which then becomes parallel to the principal axis.
Rule 3: When the ray passing through the centre of curvature, that ray follows the same path back
after reflection. For a concave mirror, when the ray passes through the centre of curvature, it comes
back the same path whereas, for a convex mirror, the ray appears to pass through the centre of
curvature tracing back through the same path.
Rule 4: The angle made by the ray that is incident at the pole is same as the angle made by the ray
at the principal axis. For a concave and convex mirror, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of

reflection.

Parts of Ray Diagraming Spherical Mirror

6. Concave Mirror Ray Diagram
Location of the Image or (di) = Between C and F
Orientation: Inverted
• The image is Inverted since it is put upside down or in the opposite position, order, or
arrangement compare to the object.
• Erect/Upright (Sometimes refer to as the opposite of inverted) The word erect means
upright or straight.
Size: Diminished or smaller than the object
• Diminished if the image formed is smaller than the object
• Magnified or enlarged if the image is larger than the object.
• Image is same size as the object
Type of Image: Real
• Real Image is the image which is formed when the light rays meet at a particular point
after reflection from the mirror. (Formed by Converging rays))
• Virtual Image refers to the image which forms with the light rays appears to meet at
definite point, after reflection from the mirror. (Formed by Diverging rays))
Activity 2:
Answer the following questions:
1. Holding a metal spoon in front of you, observe your image on the back side of the
spoon. Describe your image. What kind of mirror does this side represent? Bring the
spoon closer and farther to your face. What happens to your image as it is move
closer and farther from the spoon on the back side?
2. Observe your image on the front side of the spoon. What kind of image do you see?
What kind of mirror does this side represent?
3. Bring the spoon closer and farther to your face. What happens to your image as it is
move closer and farther from the spoon on the front side?
1. Refraction of Light

Refraction is the bending of light (it also happens with sound, water and other waves) as it
passes from one transparent substance into another. This bending by refraction makes it
possible for us to have lenses, magnifying glasses, prisms and rainbows. Even our eyes
depend upon this bending of light.
2.

Lenses
A lens is a transparent glass with curved sides for
concentrating or dispersing light rays. Some devices
which use lenses are cameras, binoculars, telescopes
and microscopes. Probably, you have already tried using
a magnifying lens. What have you notice as you vary the
distance between the object and the lens, and the image
and the lens? We will be describing the images formed by
lenses based on the location of the object in relation to
the lens as we proceed to the lesson.

3. Two main types of lenses

There are two main types of lenses, known as convex (or converging) and concave (or diverging).
A convex lens or converging lens focuses the light rays to a specific point whereas
a concave lens or diverging lens diverges the light rays. A lens is a transparent material
(either curved or flat surface) based on the principles of refraction. Concave lenses and
convex lenses are often used together which is known as the Concave – Convex lens. When
these lenses are combined, they produce sharper images. Most of the eyeglass lenses use
combinations of convex and concave lenses. Cameras, tetelescopes and microscopes use
different lens, helping us to see the world in a better way.
 Concave Vs Convex

Appearance A concave lens is thinner A convex lens is thicker in the middle and thinner
in the middle and thicker at the edges.
at the edges.

Also known It is also known as It is also known as Converging Lens

as Diverging Lens

Application Used in glasses, some Used in the camera, focus sunlight, overhead
telescopes, spy holes in projector, projector microscope, simple telescope,
the doors, etc. It is also magnifying glasses, etc. It is also used for the
used for the correction of correction of the problem in long sight.
the problem in short
sight

Focal Length Negative Focal Length Positive Focal Length

Incident It diverges the incident It converges the incident rays towards the
Rays rays away from the principal axis.
principal axis.

Type of The image formed is an
Image upright, virtual, and
Formed
smaller size than the
object. The position of
the image formed is in
between the lens and
the object regardless of
the object’s position
The image formed is inverted, real and smaller
than the object when the object is placed at focus.
The image formed is the inverted, real, and the
same size as the object when the object is placed
at 2F. The image formed is inverted, real and
larger than the object when the object is placed
between 2F and F. No image is formed when the
object is placed at focus (F). The image formed is
upright, virtual, and larger than the object when
the object is placed on the same side of the lens.

4. Rules for Drawing Ray Diagram for Lenses

Following are the rules use to obtain the images in a ray diagram.
 Rule 1 - Ray parallel to principal axis will pass through focus. For a convex lens

Rule 2 - Ray passing through focus will become parallel to principal axis. For a
convex lens,
Rule 3 - Ray passing through Optical Center will emerge without deviation.

Location of the Image or (di) = The image will always between f and the lens, behind the
lens.
Orientation: always erect and upright
Size: diminished
Type of Image: Virtual Image (formed by diverging)

Location of the Image or (di) = Between f and 2f

Orientation: Inverted
Size: Diminished or smaller than the object
Type of Image: Real (formed by converging rays)

Activity 1:
DEEPEN Angle of Incidence vs. Angle of Reflection

Objectives:
 1. Compare the angle of reflection and the angle of incidence.
2. State one of the Laws of Reflection.
Procedure:
Examine the figure below. Give a statement on the angle of incidence and angle of
reflection. Remember that the angle of incidence is the angle between the normal line and
the incident ray. The angle of reflection is the angle between the normal line and the
reflected ray. The normal line is a line drawn perpendicular to the mirror.

Note: If, you have an available plane mirror at home, an ordinary laser light and a protractor,
you may try doing the activity given below. It would be an exciting learning experience.
Simply follow the set-up shown on the figure.
Caution: Be careful in handling the mirror and laser light. Never focus the laser to your
eyes or to anybody’s eyes as it may cause damage to the eyes.
Guide Questions:
3. How does the angle of incidence compare with angle of reflection?
Activity 2:

Answer Worksheet No. 10 Mirror (Refer to page 49-53 of Science

Workbook 10)
Activity 3:
Supply the table below, by identifying the type of image, orientation, size, and location of the
image using ray diagraming. Show your ray diagraming on a separate sheet.

Image
Size
Location of Type
Orientation (Same,
Object Locatio (Real
(Erect/Upright Reduced
n or
or Inverted) or
Virtual)
Enlarged)
Concave Lens

Beyond 2F

At the Focal
Point

<f (between f
and lens)

Activity 4:
Supply the table below, by identifying the type of image, orientation, size, and location of the
image using ray diagraming. Show your ray diagraming on a separate sheet.
 Image

Location of Size
Object Orientation (Same,
Location (Erect/Upright Reduced Type (Real or Virtual)
or Inverted) or
Enlarged)
Convex Lens

At the focal
point

Between 2f
and f

<f (between f
and lens)

Activity 5:

Answer Worksheet No. 11 Lenses (Refer to page 55-60 of Science

Workbook 10)

Test Yourself!

TRANSFER A. Read and understand the questions carefully. Encircle the letter of the correct
answer.
1. The lens which diverges light from a single point.
a. convex lens
b. concave lens
c. biconvex lens
d. all of the above

2. As light passes from air to water, its speed decreases. Describe the refracted ray.
a. It is reflected
b. It travels at the normal line
c. It is bent towards the normal
d. It is bent away from the normal

3. Sun’s rays are observed to focus at a point behind the fishbowl near the window. The
fishbowl act as what type of lens?
a. Converging lens
b. Diverging lens
c. Focusing lens
d. None of the above

4. A person’s legs appear to be shorter when standing waist deep in a swimming pool due
to:
a. Diffraction
b. Refraction
 c. Reflection
d. Polarization

5. From which part of the lens the ray of light passes without deviation?
a. Pole
b. Focus
d. Optical center
d. Center of curvature

6. What kind of image is created by a concave lens?

a. upright and smaller
b. inverted and smaller
c. inverted and larger
d. upright and smaller

7. What kind of image is formed by a concave lens irrespective of the position of the object?
a. real, upright, diminished
b. real, inverted and magnified
c. virtual, upright and magnified
d. virtual, upright and diminished

8. Different objects at different distances are seen by the eye. The parameter that remains
constant is
a. the focal length of the eye lens
b. the object distance from the eye lens
c. the radii of curvature of the eye lens
d. the image distance from the eye lens

B. Critical Thinking
9. A concave lens is also called diverging lens. Why? (5pts)
10. A convex lens as also called converging lens. Why? Explain. (5 pts.)
11. Try to go out early in the morning to find morning water droplets on the leaves of plants.
Look at an image formed by the water droplets. Explain. What kind of lens does it represent?
Prepared by: Recommending Approval:

SARAH H. FRANCISCO, LPT CYNTHIA A. ORAA, MAT

Adviser JHS - Asst. Principal

Approved:

EVELETH C. GAMBOA, Ph.D.

Principal- Basic Education Unit