ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS

A Look Back in History:

In 1819, Hans Christian Oersted (ˈƏr-stəd), a professor in the University of Copenhagen,
discovered during a class demonstration that a current carrying wire caused a nearby
magnetized compass needle to deflect.This observation fired up tremendous research on
electromagnetism. As a result, the effect on the motion of conductors placed within a magnetic
field (such as in the operation of electric motors) was also experimented much and paved the
way for practical electricity.
Twelve years after this discovery, Michael Faraday (ˈFer-ə-dā) conducted his famous induction
ring experiment showing that current can be produced by sources of changing magnetic fields.
This is the key principle to practical generation of electricity.

FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING WIRE IN A MAGNETIC FIELD

A non-magnetic current-carrying wire within a strong magnetic field, like copper for instance, will
experience a magnetic force as indicated by the wire’s movement relative to the magnetic field.
This turning effect on a coil is used in ammeters and motors that use permanent magnets and
electromagnets.

THE ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS TOGETHER

 Accelerating electrons produce electromagnetic waves. These waves are a combination of
electric and magnetic fields. A changing magnetic field produces an electric field and a
changing electric field produces a magnetic field. As accelerated electrons produce an
electric field of a wave, the varying electric field produces the wave’s magnetic field. Both
the electric field and the magnetic field oscillate perpendicular to each other and to the
direction of the propagating wave.
 All electromagnetic waves can travel through a medium but unlike other types of waves,
they can also travel in vacuum. They travel in vacuum at a speed of 3X108 m/s and denoted
as c, the speed of light. The wave speed, frequency, and wavelength are related by the
following equation: v=λf where v is the wave speed, or c (speed of light) expressed in meters
per second, the frequency f is expressed in Hertz and the wavelength λ is expressed in
meters.
 Since all the EM waves have the same speed and that is equal to the speed of light, as
wavelength decreases, the frequency of the wave increases.
 Through the years, the advancement on the knowledge about electromagnetic waves led us
to a modern technological world.

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

 The electromagnetic spectrum is a continuum of electromagnetic waves arranged according
to frequency and wavelength. It is a gradual progression from the waves of lowest
frequencies to the waves of highest frequencies. According to increasing frequency, the EM
spectrum includes: radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and
gamma rays. These waves do not have exact dividing region.
 The different types of electromagnetic waves are defined by the amount of energy carried
by/possessed by the photons. Photons are bundles of wave energy. The energy of a photon
is given by the equation: E=hf where h is the Planck’s Constant and f is the frequency of the
EM wave. The value of the Planck’s constant is 6.63 x 10-34 joules per second.
 From among the EM waves, the gamma rays have photons of high energies while radio
waves have photons with the lowest energies.
 With regards to wavelength, radio waves can be likened to the size of a football field while
gamma rays are as small as the nuclei of an atom.

RADIO WAVES
Radio waves have the longest wavelength in the electromagnetic spectrum. They are
produced by making electrons vibrate in an antenna. They are used to transmit sound and
picture information over long distances. Radio waves have a very wide range of
wavelengths. The whole region of the radio waves is divided into smaller regions or
wavebands. Each waveband is allocated by law to a specific radio service.

MICROWAVES
 Microwaves have smaller wavelengths than radio waves. They are used in satellite
communications, radar, television transmission and cooking.

Applications of Microwaves
Satellite Communications. Microwaves can penetrate the atmosphere of the earth. This is the
reason why they are used for satellite communications. Communication satellites travel around
the earth at an altitude of 35, 000 km above the equator. They move at a speed of 11 300 km/h
and revolve around the earth every 24 hours, the same rate as the rotation of the earth. This
makes them appear to be stationary when seen on Earth. Antennae are mounted to point in
fixed directions towards these satellites. Microwaves signals are transmitted by an antenna to a
satellite which amplifies and re-transmits the signal to an antenna in other parts of the world.
This is how we communicate with the rest of the world.

Radar. Microwaves have short wavelengths and are reflected by small objects. This property is
used in radars. Radar is the acronym of radio detection and ranging. A radar system is
consisting of an antenna, transmitter, and a receiver. The antenna whirls around continuously to
scan the surrounding area. The transmitter sends out a narrow beam of microwaves in short
pulses. A distant object reflects some of the signal back to the receiver. The direction to which
the signal was received gives the direction of the object. The distance of the object can be
calculated from the time lag between the transmitted pulse and the reflected pulse.

Terrestrial Communication. Microwaves are used to transmit television news coverage from
mobile broadcast vehicles back to the station. The news crew can also set up a small antenna
to send signals to a communication satellite. This is how news are broadcasted and watched
live around the world.

Microwave oven. In a microwave oven, foods absorb certain microwave frequencies very
strongly. The microwaves penetrate the food being heated. It will agitate the water molecules
within the food, thus creating molecular friction which then produces heat that will cook it.

INFRARED
 Infrared radiation lies beyond the red end of the visible light. It is emitted by all objects. The
amount and wavelength of radiation depend on temperature. Below 500oC, an object emits
only infrared radiation. Above 500oC, an object glows and emits both infrared and some
visible light.
 Our bodies radiate infrared and under infrared camera or a night vision goggle, our images
appear in variety of colors. The differences in color determine the differences in
temperature. For example, shades of blue and green indicate regions of colder temperature;
and red and yellow indicate warmer temperature.

The following are some useful applications of IR radiation:

1. Infrared photographs taken from a satellite with special films provide useful details of
the vegetation on the Earth’s surface.
2. Infrared scanners are used to show the temperature variation of the body. This can be
used for medical diagnosis.
3. Infrared remote controls are used in TVs, video, cassette recorders, and other
electronic appliances.
4. Some night-vision goggles use IR.
5. Some autofocus cameras have transmitter that sends out infrared pulses. The pulses
are reflected by the object to be photographed back to the camera. The distance of the
object is calculated by the time lag between the sending and receiving of pulses. The
lens is then driven by a built-in motor to adjust to get the correct focus of the object.

THE VISIBLE SPECTRUM

 When white light passes through a prism, it is separated into its constituent colors: the red,
orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. These colors do not distinctly separate but
they continuously change from red to violet. Red color has the longest wavelength from
among these colors and violet has the shortest.
 Our eyes are sensitive to electromagnetic waves of wavelengths that ranges from 4x10-7 m
to 7x10-7 m. This is the range of wavelengths of white light. Thus, the spectrum of white
light is therefore called the visible spectrum. Table 3 shows the wavelengths of the different
colors that constitute the white light.

COLOR WAVELENGHT (nm)

Violet - Indigo 390 to 455
Blue 455 to 492
Green 492 to 577
Yellow 577 to 597
Orange 597 to 622
Red 622 to 700

ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
Ultraviolet radiation lies just beyond the violet end of the visible spectrum. Ultraviolet waves
have shorter wavelengths than the visible light and carry more energy.

Some Uses of UV Radiation

 The sun is our main source of ultraviolet radiation but there are also artificial sources of UV
light. Ultraviolet radiation in UV lamps are used by banks to check the signature on a
passbook. The signature is marked on the passbook with fluorescent ink. It becomes visible
when viewed under an ultraviolet lamp. These lamps are also used to identify fake
banknotes.
 Ultraviolet radiation is also used in sterilizing water from drinking fountains. Some washing
powder also contains fluorescent chemicals which glow in sunlight. This makes your shirt
look whiter than white in daylight.
 Ultraviolet radiation in sunlight produces vitamin D in the skin and gives us tanning effect.
But since UV rays have high energy, it could be harmful to some extent. It could burn the
skin and hurt our eyes. Overexposure to UV radiation may cause skin cancer. Suntan or
sunscreen lotions serve as filters to protect the body from ultraviolet radiation.
 X-rays come just after the ultraviolet rays. They are of shorter wavelength but carries higher
energy than the UV. X-rays are produced using an X-ray tube. They are emitted when fast
moving electrons hit a metal target. X-rays were discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen in
1895. Long wavelength X-rays can penetrate the flesh but not the bones. They are used in
X-ray photography to help doctors look inside the body. They are useful in diagnosing bone
fractures and tumors. Short wavelength X-rays can penetrate even through metals. They are
used in industry to inspect welded joints for faults.

All X-rays are dangerous because they can damage healthy living cells of the body. This is the
Allreason
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should healthyToo
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 GAMMA RAYS
 Gamma rays lie at the other end of the electromagnetic spectrum. They are shortest in
wavelength and highest in frequency. They carry the highest amount of energy, thus, they
are more dangerous. Gamma rays are emitted by stars and some radioactive substances.
They can only be blocked with lead and thick concrete.
 Gamma rays are very strong that they can kill living cells. Gamma rays are used to treat
cancer through the process called radiotherapy. They are also used for sterilization of
drinking water.

CURVED MIRRORS
TYPES

CONCAVE OR CONVERGING MIRRORS CONVEX OR DIVERGING MIRROR

 It is a curved mirror in which the
reflective surface bulges away from the
light source.
 It is called Converging Mirror
because the parallel incident rays
converge or meet/intersect at a focal
point after reflection.
 It is a curved mirror in which the reflective
surface bulges towards the light source.
 It is called Diverging Mirror because the
parallel incident rays diverge after
reflection. When extending the reflected
rays behind the mirror, the rays converge
at the focus behind the mirror.

TERMINOLOGY
 Curved mirror is part of an imaginary sphere.
 CENTER OF CURVATURE (C) – the center of the sphere.
 VERTEX (V) – point where the C meets the center of the mirror; it is the physical
center of the mirror.
 PRINCIPAL AXIS (P) – line between the C and V, forms a right angle with the
mirror.
 FOCAL POINT/ FOCUS (F) – the point between the center of the curvature and
vertex.
 FOCAL LENGTH (f) – the distance from the mirror to the focus.

IMAGES FORMED BY CURVED MIRROR

CONVERGING MIRRORS (Concave)

 Reflecting surface is curved inward.
 eg. make-up/shaving mirrors
 all light rays parallel to principal axis converge (meet) at one point (focus)
 Focus (F) – is halfway between V and C.
 Principal axis

Center of Vertex
curvature

Reflection is the bouncing off of light rays when it hits a surface like a plane mirror. In the
activity, you used plane mirrors and located the object distance, p and the image distance, q
and found out that p is equal to q. In plane mirrors, the image appears as if it is behind the
mirror but actually not, so the image is virtual. The value therefore of image distance, q is
negative. The height of the image, h’ in plane mirrors is always the same as the height of the
object, thus its magnification, M is 1. The magnification formula is written below:

Incident Ray. The ray of light approaching the mirror represented by an arrow approaching an
optical element like mirrors.
Reflected Ray. The ray of light which leaves the mirror and is represented by an arrow pointing
away from the mirror.
Normal Line. An imaginary line that can be drawn perpendicular to the surface of the mirror at
the point of incidence where the ray strikes the mirror.

TYPES OF REFLECTION:
1. Specular/ Regular Reflection. This is a reflection of light on smooth surfaces such as
mirrors or a calm body of water.
2. Diffused/Irregular Reflection. This is a reflection of light on rough surfaces such as
clothing, paper, wavy water, and the asphalt roadway.

REFLECTION ON SPHERICAL MIRRORS

A curved mirror is a reflecting surface in which its surface is a section of sphere. There are two
kinds of curved mirrors, the concave and the convex mirrors. A spoon is a kind of a curved
mirror with both concave and convex surfaces.
Two Kinds of Spherical Mirrors:
1. The Concave Mirror. It is a curved mirror in which the reflective surface bulges away
from the light source. It is called Converging Mirror because the parallel incident rays
converge or meet/intersect at a focal point after reflection.
2. The Convex Mirror. It is a curved mirror in which the reflective surface bulges towards
the light source. It is called Diverging Mirror because the parallel incident rays diverge
after reflection. When extending the reflected rays behind the mirror, the rays converge
at the focus behind the mirror.
 DIVERGING MIRRORS (Convex)
 Reflecting surface is curved outward.
 Show a wide area (eg. store security mirrors)
 Light rays diverge (spread apart) after they hit the mirror.

FOUR PRINCIPAL RAYS’ IN CURVED MIRRORS

 Images formed in a curved mirror can be located and described through ray diagramming.
The P – F ray, F – P ray, C – C ray, and the V ray are the ‘Four Principal Rays’ in curve
mirrors. These rays, applied for concave and convex mirrors.

CONCAVE MIRRORS (Converging Mirror)

1. P – F RAY. A ray of light parallel to the principal axis is reflected passing through the
principal focus, F.

Centre of Curvature Focus

Object

• •
F Principal axis

2. F – P RAY. A ray of light passing through the focus, F is reflected parallel to the principal
axis.

Object

• •
F
Principal axis

3. C – C RAY. A ray of light passing through the center of curvature, C reflects back along
its own path.
 Object
• •
F
Principal axis

3. V RAY. A ray of light directed to the vertex reflects at equal angle from the principal axis.

Object
• • •
F V

Principal axis

Drawing Ray Diagrams for Converging Mirrors

An image forms when the rays come together at F if they do not converge (meet) there is no
image
There are 4 rules to locating objects in converging mirrors:

CONVEX MIRRORS (Diverging Mirror)

1. P – F RAY. A ray of light parallel to the principal axis is reflected as if passing through
the principal focus.
actual
reflected ray

imaginary
extension of the
reflected ray
2. F – P RAY. A ray of light directed towards the focus, F is reflected parallel to the principal
axis.

imaginary
extension of the
reflected ray

actual
reflected
ray

3. C – C RAY. A ray of light directed towards the center of curvature, C reflects back along
its own path.

actual
reflected
ray imaginary
extension of the
reflected ray

4. V RAY. A ray of light directed to the vertex reflects at equal angle from the principal axis.

imaginary
extension of the
reflected ray

actual
reflected
ray
 APPLICATIONS OF CONVERGING MIRRORS
 Show things up closely (makeup/shaving mirrors).
 Solar Cookers – focuses rays on one point in order to cook food.
 Early Reflecting Telescopes – capture light from outer space to meet at F.
USES OF CONCAVE MIRRORS
 Used as reflectors in torches, headlights of cars, scooters, etc.
 Used by dentists to see enlarged images of teeth.
 Used by doctors for examining eyes, ears, nose and throat.
USES OF CONVEX MIRRORS
 Convex mirrors show a wide range of view with their smaller virtual image.
 Used in:
 Security mirrors
 Side-view mirrors in cars

THE MIRROR EQUATION

 Ray diagrams provide useful information about the image formed, yet fail to provide the
information in a quantitative form. Ray diagrams will help you determine the approximate
location and size of the image, but it will not provide you with the numerical information
about image distance and object size. To determine the exact location and size of the image
formed in a curved mirror, an equation is needed.

where: f = focal length or distance from Mirror Equation:

the mirror and the focal point, F.
p = distance of the object from the
mirror.
q = distance of the image from the mirror.

 The equation above, called mirror equation, applies to both concave and convex mirrors.
However, for all location of objects in front of the convex mirror, the image always appears
as if it is located behind the mirror. It is therefore considered that the value of image
distance, q is negative. In the same manner, the focus, F in a convex mirror is located on
the other side of the mirror (behind the mirror), thus, the focal length, f is also negative.

Sample Problem:
A 5.00 cm tall light bulb is placed at a distance of 45.0 cm from a concave mirror
having a focal length of 10.5 cm. Determine the image distance and the image size.
Given: Find:
Height of the object, h= 5.00 cm distance of the image, q=?
Distance of the object, p= 45.0 cm height of the image, h=?
Focal point, f= 10.5 cm

Solution:
Sample Problem:
What is the focal length of a convex mirror that produces an image that appears 15.0 cm
behind the mirror when the object is 27.5 cm from the mirror?

Given: q = -15.0 cm p = 27.5 cm Find: f =?

Solution:

The Sign Conventions for Mirror

• f is positive (+) if the mirror is a concave mirror.
• f is negative (-) if the mirror is a convex mirror.
• q is (+) if the image is a real image and located on the object’s side of the mirror.
• q is (-) if the image is a virtual image and located behind the mirror.
• h’ is (+) if the image is an upright image.
• h’ is (-) if the image an inverted image.

REFRACTION OF LIGHT IN LENSES

Types of Lenses:
1. Convex Lens
 It is thicker in the center than edges.
 It forms real images and virtual images depending on position of the object.
 It is also called Converging Lens because the light that passes through it tends to
converge at a particular point called the focal point.

2. Concave Lens
 It is thicker at the edges and thinner in the center.
 It forms upright and reduced images.
 It is also called Diverging Lens because the light that passes through it tends to diverge
at a particular point called the focal point.
 Images Formed by Lenses
• Vertex, V – The geometric center of the lens.
• Focal point/ Focus, F – A point where light rays converge (or appears to converge) when
parallel light rays pass through a lens. Its distance from the vertex is called the focal length.

THE ‘THREE MOST USEFUL RAYS’ IN LENSES

 Images formed in a lens can be located and described through ray diagramming.

THE LENS EQUATION

Ray diagram does not provide exact location and numerical information about the image formed
in lenses, as in the image formed in curved mirrors through ray diagram. To determine the exact
location and size of the image formed in lenses, a lens equation is needed. The following
derivation shows the lens equation using the results from ray diagram.

where: LENS EQUATION:

 f = focal length or distance from
the mirror and the focal point, F.
p = distance of the object from the
lens.
q = distance of the image from the lens.

Sample Problem:
What is the image distance and image size if a 5.00- cm tall light bulb is placed a
distance of 45.5 cm from a convex lens having a focal length of 15.14 cm?
Given: Find:
h = 5.00 cm d=?
p = 45.5 cm q=?
f = 15.4 cm
Solution:

Sample Problem:
What is the image distance and image size if a 3.00-cm tall light bulb is placed a
distance of 30.5 cm from a diverging lens having a focal length of -10.2 cm?

Given: Find:
h = 3.00 cm q=?
p = 30.5 cm h’=?
f = -10.2 cm

Solution:
 The Sign Conventions for Lenses
• f is + if the lens is a double convex lens (converging lens).
• f is - if the lens is a double concave lens (diverging lens).
• q is + if the image is a real image and located behind the lens.
• q is - if the image is a virtual image and located on the object’s side of the lens.
• h’ is + if the image is an upright image (and therefore, also virtual).
• h’ is - if the image an inverted image (and therefore, also real).

Modyul 2: Mga Isyung Pang-ekonomiya

GLOBALISASYON- proseso ng mabilisang pagdaloy o paggalaw ng mga tao, bagay,

impormasyon at produkto sa iba’t ibang direksiyon na nararanasan sa iba’t ibang panig ng
daigdig.
- Itinuturing din ito bilang proseso ng interaksyon at integrasyon sa
pagitan ng mga tao, kompanya, bansa o maging ng mga samahang pandaigdig na pinabibilis
ng kalakalang panlabas at pamumuhunan sa tulong ng teknolohiya at impormasyon.
- Ito rin ang tawag sa malaya at malawakang pakikipag-ugnayan ng mga
bansa sa daigdig sa mga gawaing pampolitika, pang-ekonomiya, panlipunan, panteknolohiya, at
pangkultural.

Mga pangyayari at salik sa pag-usbong ng globalisasyon

1. Pagkakaroon ng 2. Paglago ng 3. Pag-unlad ng mga

pandaigdigang pamilihan pandaigdigang makabagong
transaksiyon pandaigdigang
4. Paglawak ng kalakalan ng transportasyon at
transnational corporations 5. Pagdami ng foreign komunikasyon
direct investments sa
Pinagmulan ng iba’t ibang bansa Globalisasyon
6. Ang paglaganap ng
SILK ROAD- malaki ang naging kontribusyon nitomakabagong
sa ideya at
pagpapalawak sa pagpapalitan ng mga ideya at kaalaman ng mga tao kasama na ang mga teknolohiya.
kalakal tulad ng seda, porselana, mga sangkap o spices at iba pang kayamanan mula sa
silangan.

PANANAKOP NI ALEXANDER THE GREAT- si Alexander the Great ang nagdala ng kultura
ng Ancient Greek sa Timog Kanlurang Asya, North Africa, at Southern Europe.
-Si Alexander the Great ang nagdala ng kultura ng Ancient
Greek sa Timog Kanlurang Asya, North Africa, at Southern Europe.

PANANAKOP NG MGA KANLURANIN- ang pananakop at pagtatatag ng mga bansang

Europeo ng mga kolonya sa iba’t ibang bahagi ng mundo ay isa rin sa nagpalakas ng
globalisasyon.

SUEZ CANAL- nagbukas noong 1869.

-nagsilbing short cut ng mga barko mula Europa at Asia.
-Transportation Revolution (Steam Engine, Steam Ships.
-dahil sa TR bumaba rin ang halaga ng pag-aangkat ng mga produkto.

Pagsulong ng Globalisasyon- simula ng taong 1950 halimbawa, ang volume ng

pandaigdigang kalakalan ay tumaas ng 20 ulit at mula taong 1997 hanggang 1999 ang
dayuhang pamumuhunan ay dumoble mula sa $468 bilyon patungong $827 bilyon.
-Kung ihahambing sa nagdaang panahon, ang globalisasyon sa kasalukuyan ay
higit na malawak, mabilis, mura, at malalim- ayon kay Thomas Friedman.
 -Upang mas maunawaan natin ang globalisasyon makatutulong kung masasagutan
natin ang mga tanong na ito:

1. Ano-anong produkto at 2. Sino-sinong tao ang 3. Anong uri ng impormasyon

bagay ang mabilis na tinutukoy rito? Manggagawa ang mabilisang dumadaloy?
dumadaloy o gumagalaw? ba tulad ng skilled workers at Balita, scientific findings and
Electronic gadgets, makina o propesyunal gaya ng guro, breakthroughs, entertainment
produktong agrikultural? engineer, nurse o caregiver? o opinyon?

4. Paano dumadaloy ang mga
ito? Kalakalan, Media o iba
pang paraan?
5. Saan madalas nagmumula 6. Mayroon bang nagdidikta
at saan patungo ang ng kalakalang ito? Sino? US,
pagdaloy na ito? Mula sa China, Germany, Japan,
mauunlad na bansa Argentina, Kenya o Pilipinas?
patungong mahihirap na
bansa o ang kabaliktaran
nito?

-Sa mga kaisipang nabanggit, ang globalisasyon ay tinitingnan bilang isang

pangmalawakang integrasiyon o pagsasanib ng iba’t ibang prosesong pandaigdig. Ngunit hindi
nangyayari ito sa lahat ng pagkakataon sapagkat may mga pangyayaring nakapagpapabagal
nito. Halimbawa: Terorismo.

Maituturing na panlipunang isyu ang

Bakit maituturing na globalisasyon sapagkat tuwiran nitong binago,
isang isyu ang binabago at hinahamon ang pamumuhay at
Globalisasyon? mga perennial institution na matagal nang
naitatag.

Perspektibo o pananaw tungkol sa kasaysayan at simula ng Globalisasyon

UNANG PERSPEKTIBO- Ang paniniwalang ang ‘globalisasyon’ ay taal o nakaugat sa bawat
isa.
-Ayon kay Nayan Chanda (2007), manipestasyon ito ng paghahangad ng tao sa
maalwan o maayos na pamumuhay na nagtulak sa kaniyang makipagkalakalan, magpakalat ng
pananampalataya, mandigma’t manakop at maging adbenturero o manlalakbay.

PANGALAWANG PERSPEKTIBO- Ang globalisasyon ay isang mahabang siklo (cycle) ng

pagbabago.
-Ayon kay Scholte (2005), maraming ‘globalisasyon’ na ang dumaan sa mga nakalipas
na panahon at ang kasalukuyang globalisasyon ay makabago at higit na mataas na anyo na
maaaring magtapos sa hinaharap.

PANGATLONG PANANAW- Naniniwalang may anim na ‘wave’ o epoch o panahon na siyang

binigyang-diin ni Therborn (2005). Para sa kanya, may tiyak na simula ang globalisasyon.
 PANAHON KATANGIAN

Globalisasyon ng Relihiyon (Pagkalat ng

Ika-4 hanggang ika-5 siglo (4th-5th Islam at Kristiyanismo
Century)
Huling bahagi ng ika-15 siglo (late 15th Pananakop ng mga Europeo
century)
Huling bahagi ng ika-18 siglo hanggang
unang bahagi ng ika-19 na siglo (late 18th- Digmaan sa pagitan ng mga bansa sa
early 19th century) Europa na nagbigay-daan sa globalisasyon

Gitnang bahagi ng ika-19 na siglo

hanggang 1918 Rurok ng Imperyalismong Kanluranin

Pagkakahati ng daigdig sa dalawang

Post-World War II puwersang ideolohikal partikular ang
komunismo at kapitalismo.

Pananaig ng kapitalismo bilang sistemang

pang-ekonomiya. Nagbigay-daan sa mabilis
Post-Cold War na pagdaloy ng mga produkto, serbisyo,
ideya, teknolohiya at iba pa sa pangunguna
ng United States.

IKAAPAT NA PANANAW- Ang simula ng globalisasyon ay mauugat sa ispesipikong

pangyayaring naganap sa kasaysayan. Sa katunayan, posibleng maraming pinag-ugatan ang
globalisasyon.
Ilan dito ang sumusunod:

Pananakop ng mga Pag-usbong at paglaganap Paglalakbay ng mga Vikings

Romano bago man ng Kristyanismo matapos mula Europe patungong
maipanganak si Kristo ang pagbagsak ng Iceland, Greenland at Hilagang
(Gibbon 1998) Imperyong Roman America

Paglaganap ng Islam noong Kalakalan sa Pagsisimula ng pagbabangko

ikapitong siglo Mediterranean noong sa mga siyudad-estado sa
Gitnang Panahon Italya noong ika-12 siglo

IKALIMANG PANANAW- Nagsasaad na ang globalisasyon ay penomenong nagsimula sa

kalagitnaan ng ika-20 siglo.

Tatlo sa mga pagbabagong naganap sa daigdig na sinasabing may tuwirang kinalaman

sa pag-usbong ng globalisasyon ay ang mga sumusunod:

1. Pag-usbong ng Estados Unidos bilang global power matapos ang Ikalawang Digmaang
Pandaigdig.
2. Paglitaw ng mga multinational at transnational corporations (MNcs and TNCs).
3. Pagbagsak ng Soviet Union at ang pagtatapos ng Cold War.
 IBA’T-IBANG KATANGIAN NG GLOBALISASYON:

INTEGRATION
 Tumutukoy sa pagsasama-sama ng iba’t-ibang elemento upang maging isang bagay.
Ito ay pagsasama ng mga bansang may nagkakaisang hangarin upang bumuo ng
iisang pangkat ng mga bansa na magsusulong makamit ang hangaring ito.
 Halimbawa nito ay ang EUROPEAN UNION at ASEAN

DE-LOCALIZATION
 Ay ang pagbabawas ng mga gawaing lokal at pag-usbong ng mga gawaing
pandaigdigan bilang kapalit nito. Maraming mga gawain ang dati’y kailangan
makaharap ng isang tao upang maisagawa ang kailangan gawin, ngunit ngayon, higit
na nabago ito habang lumalawak at dumarami ang mga ugnayang pandaigdigan.
 Halimbawa nito ay ang mga BPO at pamimili ng mga produkto

PAGSULONG NG TEKNOLOHIYA
 Ang mga pagsulong sa teknolohiya sa larangan ng life science at digital technology ay
nagbubukas ng daan sa mas maraming posibilidad ng kalakan at paggawa.
 Mas napapadali ang globalisasyon sa pagkakaroon ng mga makabagong teknolohiya
ng komunikasyon sa mga malalayo at liblib na lugar.
 Sa tulong na rin ng teknolohiya, lumaganap ang mga trabahong may kinalaman sa
kaalaman o knowledge. Umususbong ang “knowledge economy”.

PAG-USBONG NG MGA MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION

 Ito ay isang kompanyang nagmamamay-ari ng mga assets o capital sa mga bansa
maliban pa sa bansang pinagmulan nito.

MABILIS NA PAGHAHATID NG MGA PRODUKTO AT SERBISYO

 Isang katangian ng globalisasyon ay ang pagkakaroon ng mabilils na paghahatid ng
mga produkto at serbsyo sa mga tao.

MABILIS NA PAGHAHATID NG MGA PRODUKTO AT SERBISYO

 MOBILITY - ay tumutukoy sa paraan ng paggalaw ng mga serbisyo, produkto, tao,
komunikasyon at transportasyon upang mas maging maginhawa at mabilis ang
paggamit ng mga ito.
 Natutulungan ng mga ito ang pagpapabilis sa daloy ng komersyo sa isang pook.

Anyo ng Globalisasyon
1. GLOBALISASYONG EKONOMIKO- Ang sentro sa isyung globalisasyon ay ang
ekonomiya na umiinog sa kalakalan ng mga produkto at serbisyo. Mabilis na nagbago
ang paraan ng palitan ng mga produkto at serbisyo sa pagitan ng mga bansa sa daigdig
sa nagdaang siglo.

MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES (MNCs) TRANSNATIONAL COMPANIES (TNCs)

- pangkalahatang katawagan na tumutukoy
sa mga namumuhunang kompanya sa ibang
bansa ngunit ang mga produkto o serbisyong
ipinagbibili ay hindi nakabatay sa
pangangailangang lokal ng pamilihan.
Hal: Unilever, Proctor & Gamble, Coca-Cola,
Google, UBER, Starbucks, Seven-Eleven,
Toyota Motor, Dutch Shell, Microsoft, Apple
Inc. at iba pa.
- tumutukoy sa mga kompanya o
negosyong nagtatatag ng pasilidad sa
ibang bansa. Ang kanilang serbisyong
ipinagbibili ay batay sa pangangailangang
lokal.
Hal: ang kompanyang Shell, Accenture,
TELUS International Phils., at Glaxo-Smith
Klein (halimbawang produkto ay
sensodyne at panadol).
 >Manipestasyon ng Globalisasyon

OUTSOURCING- pagkuha ng isang kompanya ng serbisyo mula sa isang kompanya na may

kaukulang bayad. Pangunahing layunin nito na mapagaan ang gawain ng isang kompanya
upang mapagtuunan nila ng pansin ang sa palagay nila ay higit na mahalaga.

URI NG OUTSOURCING BATAY SA IBINIBIGAY NA SERBISYO

1. Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) -tumutugon sa prosesong pangnegosyo ng
isang kompanya.
2. Knowledge Process Outsourcing (KPO)
OUTSOURCING BATAY SA LAYO O DISTANSYA
1. Offshoring- pagkuha ng serbisyo ng isang kompanya mula sa ibang bansa na
naniningil ng mas mababang bayad.
2. Nearshoring- tumutukoy sa pagkuha ng serbisyo mula sa kompanya sa kalapit na
bansa.
3. Onshoring- tinatawag ding domestic outsourcing na nangangahulugan ng pagkuha ng
serbisyo sa isang kompanyang mula din sa loob ng bansa na nagbubunga ng higit na
mababang gastusin sa operasyon.
-Ayon sa Tholons, isang investment firm, sa kanilang Top 100 Outsourcing Destinations for
2016, ang Manila ay pangalawa sa mga siyudad sa buong mundo na destinasyon ng BPO.
Kasama rin sa listahan ang Cebu City (7th), Davao City (66th), Sta. Rosa City (81st), Iloilo (90th),
Dumaguete City (93rd), Baguio City (94th) at Metro Clark (97th).
>OFW Bilang Manipestasyon ng Globalisasyon- tinatayang may 11 milyong OFW ang nasa
iba’t ibang panig ng mundo.
Mga Ahensya/Organisasyon na may kaugnayan sa Globalisasyon

1. World Trade Organization (WTO)- isang pandaigdigang organisasyon na may

tungkuling bumuo ng mga patakaran sa kalakalan sa pagitan ng mga bansa.

2. World Bank- layunin nitong tulungan ang mga papaunlad na bansa at itaas ang antas
ng pamumuhay ng tao.

3. International Monetary Fund (IMF)- nagpapautang upang mapanatili ng mga bansa

ang halaga ng kanilang salapi at mabayaran ang kanilang utang panlabas.

2. GLOBALISASYONG TEKNOLOHIKAL AT SOSYO-KULTURAL- Mabilis na binago at

binabago ng mobile phone ang buhay ng maraming gumagamit nito.Higit na pagbabago
ang dinala ng computer at internet sa nakararami. Ang mabilis na pagdaloy ng mga ideya
at konsepto patungo sa iba’t ibang panig ng mundo dahil ang mga ito ay nasa digitized
form.
Gamit ng Computer at Internet
a. Pagbibigay ng iba’t ibang uri ng serbisyo tulad ng e-mail
b. Napabibilis ang pag-aaplay sa mga kompanya
c. Pag-alam sa resulta ng pagsusulit sa kolehiyo at Pamantasan.
d. Pagkuha ng mga impormasyon at balita,pagbili ng produkto at serbisyo na mas kilala sa
tawag na e-commerce.

Negatibong Dulot
• Pagkalat ng iba’t ibang computer viruses
• Intellectual dishonesty
• Banta sa pambansang seguridad
 3. GLOBALISASYONG PULITIKAL- Maituturing ang mabilisang ugnayan sa pagitan ng
mga bansa, samahang rehiyunal at maging ng pandaigdigang organisasyon na
kinakatawan ng kani-kanilang pamahalaan.
-Ang mga kasunduang bilateral at multilateral sa pagitan ng mga bansa ay nagbigay
daan sa epektibo at episyenteng ugnayan ng mga bansa na nagdulot naman ng mabilis na
palitan ng mga produkto, ideya, kahusayang teknikal at maging ng migrasyon ng kani-kanilang
mamamayan.
-Kaugnay sa globalisasyong politikal ay ang gampanin ng mga pandaigdigang
institusyon sa pamamahala ng mga bansa.

POSITIBONG EPEKTO NG NEGATIBONG EPEKTO NG

GLOBALISASYON GLOBALISASYON

• Pag-unlad ng kalakalan sa pagitan ng • Pagbaba ng kapital ng mga lokal na

iba’t ibang bansa sa daigdig. industriya

• Pagtaas ng antas ng kahirapan dahil

• Paglago ng pandaigdigang sa mataas na antas ng kawalan ng
transaksiyon sa pananalapi. trabaho at mataas na antas ng
kompetisyon sa trabago sa merkado.

• Paglaki ng pamumuhunan ng mga

dayuhang mangangalakal na • Pagbaba ng halaga ng sahod ng mga
nakapagbibigay ng trabaho sa mga manggagawa.
mamamayan at paglaki ng
produksiyon na makatutugon sa
pangangailangan ng mga tao.

• Paglaki ng kakulangan sa mahuhusay

• Pagkakaroon ng pandaigdigang na manggagawa o brain drain sa
pamilihan. bansa dahil naakit ang mga tao sa
mataas na pasahod ng mga bansang
umaangkat ng mga manggagawa.

• Paglaganap ng teknolohiya at • Pagpasok at pagkalat ng mga

kaalaman sa tulong ng mabilis na nakahahawang sakit sa iba’t ibang
transportasyon at komunikasyon sa panig ng mundo.
iba’t ibang panig ng daigdig.

PAGHARAP SA HAMON NG GLOBALISASYON

Guarded Globalization Pagtulong sa ‘Bottom Billion’ Fair Trade

-Pakikialam ng pamahalaan sa
kalakalang panlabas na
naglalayong hikayatin ang mga
lokal na namumuhunan at
bigyang-proteksiyon ang mga ito
upang makasabay sa
kompetisyon laban sa
malalaking dayuhang
negosyante.
Hal: Taripa\Buwis
Subsidiya
-Binigyang-diin ni Paul Collier (2007) na-Layunin nito na mapanatili
kung mayroon mang dapat bigyang-pansin ang tamang presyo ng mga
sa suliraning pang-ekonomiyang produkto at serbisyo sa
kinahaharap ang daigdig, ito ay ang isangpamamagitan ng bukas na
bilyong pinakamahihirap mula sa mga negosasyon sa pagitan ng
bansa sa Asya lalo’t higit sa Africa. mga bumibili at nagbibili
upang sa gayon ay
mapangalagaan hindi lamang
ang interes ng mga
negosyante kundi pati na rin
ang kanilang kalagayang
ekolohikal at panlipunan.
 >Pag-agapay ng Ating Pamahalaan sa Globalisasyon

1. Pagtutulungan ng pampubliko at pribadong sektor.

Halimbawa:
a. iskemang build-operate-transfer at pagpaparenta ng mga pag-aari ng
gobyerno sa malalaking korporasyong dayuhan at lokal.

2. Pagpapatupad ng privatization ng mga korporasyong nasa pangangasiwa ng

pamahalaan upang mabigyan ng sapat na pondo ang mga korporasyong ito at
mapangasiwaan nang maayos ng mga ekspertong galing sa pribadong sector.

3. Pagsusulong ng mga ilang patakarang liberalisasyon at deregulasyon sa ekonomiya

upang makaakit ng mga dayuhang namumuhunan sa bansa.

4. Paglalaan ng malaking bahagi ng badyet para sa serbisyong panlipunan at pang-

ekonomiya para masuportahan ang mabilis, malawak, at tuloy-tuloy na pagpapaunlad
ng ating bansa

5. Pagpapatupad ng mga proyekto para sa pag-unlad ng agrikultura, turismo at

industriya.

6. Pagpapabuti ng relasyon at pakikipag-ugnayan sa iba’t ibang bansa.

>Mga Kailangan para makaagapay sa Globalisasyon

1. Malinaw at matatag na patakaran ng pamahalaan para magkaroon ng maayos na
lokal at dayuhang industriya at negosyo.

2. Matatag na ekonomiya upang makaakit ng mga lokal at dayuhang negosyante na

mamuhunan sa bansa.

3. Malayang kalakalan na nagbibigay ng pantay o mataas na priyoridad sa mga lokal na

produkto ng mga bansa nang sa gayon ay maging matatag sila sa kompetisyon.

4. Maayos at matatag na sistema sa palitan ng dayuhan at lokal na salapi.

5. Sapat na kaalaman at kasanayan ng mga tao upang makapagtatag ng mga

industriyang makaagapay sa mga kompetisyon ng mga produkto sa ibang bansa.

6. Maayos na patakaran tungkol sa relasyon sa paggawa upang masiguro ang pantay

na pagtingin at pagtrato ng mga negosyante sa mga empleyado.

7. Matatag na mga patakaran tungkol sa pag-aari ng lupa kung saan itatayo ang mga
industriya upang maproteksiyonan ang mga mamamayan at teritoryo ng bansa.

8. Sapat na imprastruktura at kagamitan sa transportasyon at komunikasyon para

mapabilis ang daloy ng mga produkto at serbisyo mula sa malalayong lugar patungo
sa mga pamilihan.

9. Mataas na kalidad ng mga produkto at serbisyo upang maging kompetitibo sa

pandaigdigang pamilihan.
 DATABASES, DATA, AND INFORMATION
 A database is a collection of data organized in a manner that allows access, retrieval,
and use of that data.
 Data is a collection of unprocessed items, which can include text, numbers, images,
audio, and video.
 Information is processed data; that is, it is organized, meaningful, and useful.
With database software, often called a database management system (DBMS), users create
a computerized database; add, modify, and delete data in the database; sort and retrieve data
from the database; and create forms and reports from the data in the database.
 A database management system (DBMS) is a software package designed to define,
manipulate, retrieve and manage data in a database.
 A DBMS generally manipulates the data itself, the data format, field names, record
structure and file structure.
HIERARCHY OF DATA
 Data is organized in layers. In the computer profession, data is classified in a hierarchy.
Each higher level of data consists of one or more items from the lower level. Depending
on the application and the user, different terms describe the various levels of the
hierarchy.
BITS/CHARACTERS
In the ASCII coding scheme, each byte represents a single character, which can be a
number (4), letter (R), space, punctuation mark (?), or other symbol (&).
 A bit is the smallest unit of data representation (value of a bit may be a 0 or 1). Eight bits
make a byte which can represent a character or a special symbol in a character code.
FIELDS
 A field is a combination of one or more related characters or bytes and is the smallest
unit of data a user accesses in a database table.
 A field name uniquely identifies each field. The field size defines the maximum number
of characters a field can contain.
 A field consists of a grouping of characters. A data field represents an attribute (a
characteristic or quality) of some entity (object, person, place, or event).

The data type specifies the kind of data a field can contain and how the field is used.
Common data types include:
 Text (also called alphanumeric) — letters, numbers, or special characters
 Numeric (also called number) — numbers only
 Auto Number — unique number automatically assigned by the DBMS to each added
record
 Currency — dollar and cent amounts or numbers containing decimal values
 Date (also called date/time) — month, day, year, and sometimes time
 Memo — lengthy text entries
 Yes/No — only the values Yes or No (or True or False)
  Hyperlink — E-mail address or Web address that links to a Web page on the Internet or
document on a local network
 Object — photo, audio, video, or a document created in other programs and stored as a
bitmap in the database
 Attachment — document or image that is attached to the field, which can be opened in
the program that created the document or image (functioning similarly to e-mail
attachments)
RECORDS
 A record is a group of related fields. For example, a student record includes a set of
fields about one student. A primary key is a field that uniquely identifies each record in a
file. In some tables, the primary key consists of multiple fields, called a composite key.

FILES
 A data file is a collection of related records stored on a storage medium such as a hard
disk or optical disc. A database includes a group of related data files.
Database - is an integrated collection of logically related records or files.

INFORMATION SYSTEM OVERVIEW

INFORMATION SYSTEM
 Is a set of interrelated components that collect, manipulate data, store and disseminate
information and provide a feedback mechanism to monitor performance.

1. Data Collection Process

2. Manipulation processes
3. Storage
4. Disseminate Information
Information Concepts
DATA VS INFORMATION
DATA
 Raw unorganized facts
INFORMATION
 A collection of facts organized in such a way that they have additional value beyond the
value of the facts themselves.
PROCESS
  A set of logically related tasks performed to achieve a defined outcome.
KNOWLEDGE
 An awareness and understanding of a set of information and ways that information can
be made useful to support a specific task or reach a decision.

VALUE OF INFORMATION
 Is the amount a decision maker would be willing to pay for information prior to making a
decision.
 The value of Information is directly linked to how it helps decision makers achieve their
organization’s goals.
SYSTEM
 A system is a set of elements or components that interact to accomplish goals.
COMPUTER-BASED INFORMATION SYSTEM (CBIS)
Hardware: Computer Equipment
Software: Computer Programs
Databases: An organized collections of facts
Telecommunications: Electronic transmission of signals for communication
 Networks: Distant electronic communication
 Internet: Interconnected Networks
 Intranet: Internal Corporate Network
 Extranet: Linked Intranets
 People:

 Procedures: Strategies, policies, methods, and rules for using a CBIS.

Business Information Systems
Electronic and Mobile Commerce
E-Commerce: Any business transaction executed electronically
M-Commerce: Transactions conducted anywhere, anytime
Relies on wireless communications
• Types of information system
• TPS and ERP
Transaction
 business related exchange
 Evidence of a business event
Transaction Processing System (TPS)
 A system which records completed business transactions
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
 A set of integrated programs for managing the entire business operations
Management Information System:
 A system used to provide routine information to managers and decision makers
Decision Support System:
 A system used to support problem-specific decision making
 Specialized Business I.S.
Artificial Intelligence (AI):
 A field in which the computer takes on the characteristics of human intelligence
Expert System:
 A system that gives a computer the ability to make suggestions and act like an
expert in a particular field.
Knowledge Base:
 The collection of data, rules, procedures, and relationships that must be followed
to achieve value or the proper outcome.
Virtual Reality:
 The simulation of a real or imagined environment that can be experienced
visually in three dimensions
Information System Activities
1. Input of Data Resources
2. Process Data into Information
3. Output of Information

• Input of Data Resources

• Data entry
• Machine readable
• Source documents
 Formal record of a transaction
• User interface
 How users interact with information system
 Optical scanning
• Process Data into Information
 Calculate
 Compare
 Sort
 Classify
 Summarize
The quality of the data must be maintained by a continual process of correcting and updating
activities
• Output of Information
• Transmit information to users
  Display; paper; audio
• Storage of data
 Data are retained in an organized manner
 Fields; records; files; data bases
• Control of system performance
 Feedback must be monitored and evaluated to determine if the information
system is meeting established performance standards