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Galilean Cordinate Transformation (a quick reminder)

y x
vt
x’
x

x x‘
S S’

Lorentz Transformation

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Lorentz Transformation

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Example: Show that the phenomenon of time dilation is contained in Lorentz transformation.
A light located at (x0,y0,z0) is turned abruptly on at t1 and turned off at t2 in a frame S
a) For what time interval is the light measured to be on in S’ frame (moving with v wrt S)?
b) What is the distance between where the light is turned on and off as measured by S’.

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Momentum is conserved if it is expressed as

𝑚𝑣Ԧ
𝑃=
2
1−𝑣 ൗ 2
𝑐

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Mass and Energy:

𝑥
𝑑𝑃 𝑑(𝛾𝑚𝑣)
𝐹= = 𝑊 = 𝐾𝐸 = න 𝐹 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑜

𝑚𝑐 2
𝐾𝐸 = − 𝑚𝑐 2
2
𝑥 𝑣 1−𝑣 ൗ 2
𝑑(𝛾𝑚𝑣) 𝑐
𝐾𝐸 = න 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑣 𝑑(𝛾𝑚𝑣)
𝑜 𝑑𝑡 𝑜

𝐾𝐸 = 𝐸 − 𝐸0
𝑣
𝑚𝑣
𝐾𝐸 = න 𝑣 𝑑
2
𝑜
1−𝑣 ൗ 2
𝑐
𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸 + 𝐸0

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Mass and Energy:

𝐾𝐸 = 𝐸 − 𝐸0 = 𝛾𝑚𝑐 2 − 𝑚𝑐 2

𝐾𝐸 = 𝛾 − 1 𝑚𝑐 2

Kinetic Energy at low speeds

𝐾𝐸 = (𝛾 − 1)𝑚𝑐 2

1 𝑣2 2 − 𝑚𝑐 2
𝐾𝐸 ≈ 1 + 𝑚𝑐
2 𝑐2
At low speeds, we have
1 1 1 𝑣2
𝐾𝐸 ≈ 𝑚𝑣 2 𝛾=
1−𝑣 ൗ 2
2
≈1+
2 𝑐2 𝑣≪𝑐
2 𝑐

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Total Energy:

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Total Energy:

Total Energy:

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Total Energy: Example: An electron is said to have a speed of 0.85c. Find its
total energy and kinetic energy in eV.

Example: The total energy of a proton is three times its rest energy. Total Energy:
a) Determine the proton’s rest energy
b) Determine the kinetic energy
c) Determine the speed
d) Determine the momentum

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Mass is a measure of Energy:

A particle with mass m has energy

𝑚𝑐 2
𝐸=
2
1−𝑣 ൗ 2
𝑐

For a collection of particles, energy of the ith mass

𝑚𝑖 𝑐 2
𝐸𝑖 =
𝑣𝑖2൘
1−
𝑐2

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Mass is a measure of Energy:

𝐸before = 𝐸after

In the laboratory frame

2𝑚
𝑚𝑐 2
𝑚𝑐 2 𝑀=
+ = 𝑀𝑐 2 2
1−𝑣 ൗ 2
1−𝑣 ൗ 2
2
1−𝑣 ൗ 2
2 𝑐
𝑐 𝑐

2𝐾𝐸
∆𝑀 = 𝑀 − 2𝑚 =
𝑐2

Consider a heavy nuclei with mass M, which decay into several smaller fission particles

𝑚1 𝑐 2 𝑚2 𝑐 2 𝑚3 𝑐 2
𝑀𝑐 2 = + +
𝑣12൘ 𝑣22൘ 𝑣32൘
1− 1− 1−
𝑐2 𝑐2 𝑐2

Disintegration energy released per fission

Q = 𝑀 − 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 + 𝑚3 𝑐 2 = ∆𝑚𝑐 2

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Fusion reaction :two deuterium nuclei combine to form a helium nucleus

2
1𝐻 + 21𝐻 ՜ 42He + 23.9 MeV

𝑛
Bound systems : 𝑀𝑐 2 + 𝐵𝐸 = ෍ 𝑚𝑖 𝑐 2
𝑖=1

Energy and Momentum: Summary

Total energy and momentum are conserved in an isolated system, and
the rest energy of a particle is invariant.

𝑚𝑐 2
Total Energy: 𝐸 = 𝛾 𝑚𝑐 =2
2
1−𝑣 ൗ 2
𝑐

𝑚𝑣
Momentum: 𝑝 = 𝛾 𝑚𝑣 =
2 For a massless particle
1−𝑣 ൗ 2
𝑐
𝐸 = 𝑝𝑐
Total Energy: 𝐸= 𝑚2 𝑐 4 + 𝑝2 𝑐 2

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Q-1) Bird of Prey (Klingon flagship) has a docking platform of 100-meter long. Crew of a shuttle (travelling from the spaceship
Enterprise paying a visit for an agreement) measures this length as 80 meters -as they are approaching the platform. What is the
ratio of speed of the shuttle to that of light as measured by the Klingons?

Q-2) Two warbird heavy cruisers (of Romulan Empire) with rest length L0 (actually 603 m) are approaching the spaceship
Enterprise (which is standing still due to malfunction of its engines) from opposite directions at velocities ±c/2. How long does one
of them appear to the other?

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Q-3) A rocket cruising in space fires its thrusters; as a result, its speed doubles and momentum quadruples. What was the initial
speed in units of c?

Q-4) A particle X at rest is a sphere of rest-mass m and radius r and has a proper lifetime τ. If the particle is moving with speed
√3/2 c with respect to the lab frame (c is the speed of light):

a) Determine the total energy of the particle in the lab frame

b) The average distance the particle travels in the lab before decaying
c) Sketch the shape and dimensions of the particle when viewed perpendicular to its motion in the lab frame, include an arrow to
indicate its direction of motion on your sketch.

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Q-5) The kinetic energy and the momentum of a particle deduced from measurements on its track in nuclear photographic
emulsions are 250 MeV and 368 MeV/c, respectively. Determine the mass of the particle in terms of electron mass.

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