ADVANCED LIGHTING SYSTEM TO VEHICLES FOR ROAD SAFETY

Sundeep.Siddula1 ,M.Mallika2, Y.Vignesh3, Ch.Srujan4,Y.Sai Surya5

Graduate student, Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Hyderabad2,4
Associate Professor, Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Hyderabad1
Graduate student, Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology, Hyderabad3,5
sundeep.siddula@gmail.com1

ABSTRACT
An Advanced lighting system need to be used in order to prevent road accidents. Road accidents
are the most unfortunate things to happen for road users. This road accidents takes place when a
vehicle gets collided with another vehicle, pedestrian,animal, or other stationary obstruction,
such as a tree,or building. While road safety is improving day by day ,the procedure debris
moderate and misaligned with enacted targets , this moderate development is partly due to the
active and complicated nature of road traffic and safety performance. This article aims at design
and implementation of automatic road reflectors which in turn reduces eye strain to the road
users and the road accidents. This suggests to automate the traditional road reflectors so that it
senses the intensity of ambient light and work accordingly.
Keywords - Road Reflectors,Ambient Light,Enacted Targets,Eye Strain.
1.INTRODUCTION
In the world Road accidents are one of the leading causes of death[1]. Across 199 countries India
ranks first in the number of road accident deaths and accounts for almost 11% of the accident-
related deaths in the World. As per the Road Accident Report for 2019, a total number of
449,002 accidents took place in the country during the calendar year 2019 leading to 151,113
deaths and 451,361. However, road safety is improving across many countries, the progress
remains slow and misaligned with established targets.
From Table 1, In 2019, the time interval between 18:00 - 21:00 hrs(Night) reported the
maximum number of road accidents, accounting for 19.3 percent of the total accidents in India
and this is in line with the pattern seen over the past five years. These road accidents mostly
include accidents due to the high intensity of light in the surroundings due to the high power
lights of the vehicles. Because of these high power lights, when vehicles travel in the opposite
direction due to the reflection of light the path of the road is not visible clearly, and because of
direct reflection of light into the driver's eyes as a natural reflex,they tend to close there eyes
which leads to a high probability of accidents happening[2]. So, in order to minimize the no of
road accidents happening to some extent and To provide a solution to this problem all the high
power lights of the vehicles are replaced with the automatic road safety reflector light. This
Automatic Road Safety Reflector Light is an electrical device that measures the intensity of light
and works according. The simple function of this device is when there is a high intensity of light
in the surroundings it decreases its light intensity and if there is low intensity of light in the
surroundings it increases its intensity of light.Thus, By maintaining a balanced amount of light
on the roads during dark, so that the drivers can comfortably focus on the roads and drive
safe[3].
Table 1. Number of road accidents by time interval of day during 2015- 2019 in India.

2.CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS
The basic block diagram is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1.Block Diagram of Automatic Road Safety Reflector Light.

Battery:
A battery is a device that converts chemical energy directly to electrical energy,An electrical
battery is a combination of one or more electrochemical cells. As shown in Figure 2, Battery
used in the Automatic Road Safety Reflector Light is a 9V battery. This battery provides the
necessary power supply to the device.

Figure 2. Battery
Diode:
A Diode as shown in Figure 3, is a semiconductor device that essentially acts as a one-way
switch for current. It allows current to flow easily in one direction but restricts current from
flowing in opposite direction acting as a switch. The Diode takes input from battery through
anode and cathode of the Diode is connected to the Voltage regulator.

Figure 3. Diode
Voltage Regulator:
A voltage regulator as shown in Figure 4,is a component of the power supply unit that ensures a
steady constant voltage supply through all operational conditions. It regulates voltage during
power fluctuations and variations in loads. Electronic circuits require voltage regulators due to
their requirement of a stable voltage supply to avoid damage. The voltage regulator gets input
from cathode of diode and the output of the voltage regulator is given to LDR.

Figure 4. Voltage Regulator

LDR:
The Light Dependent Resistor(LDR) as shown in Figure 5, is an electronic component used in
different electric circuits.LDR works on the principle of photoconductivity. Photoconductivity is
the technique in which the conductivity of the material depends on the intensity of the light. LDR
is a photo-conductive material that provides a large change in resistance to changes in light level.
It is also called a photo-resistor. Due to their dependence on light intensity, they are also called
light-sensitive devices. The LDR is used as a sensor in this Automatic Road Safety Reflector
Light to sense the light intensity available and work accordingly. The voltage regulator output is
given as input to the LDR.

Figure 5. Light Dependent Resistor(LDR)

IC555 Timer:
An IC555 timer converts Analog to Digital signals and consists of 8 pins where each pin has its
function. The IC555 timer generates pulses and It is a highly stable controller which is capable of
producing accurate timing pulses. It is mainly used for alarm generations, time
delays,and oscillator applications, etc.
The IC 555 Timer we use is a 8 pin 555 Timer as shown in Figure 6,

Figure 6. Pin Diagram of IC 555 Timer.

The internal structure of IC 555 Timer made up resistors and transistors but those can be broken
up into various components. Figure 7, shows the various components os IC 555 timer. It consist
of two comparators, flip-flop, inverter, two transistors and a voltage divider.
The voltage divider is made up of three five-kilo ohms resistors connected in series. The
voltage divider is connected to power(Vcc) and ground which is pin no 8 and 1 respectively. The
voltage divider divides the supply voltage and feeds the two comparator. Since, The resistors are
all the same value the supply voltage or Vcc is divided with the negative input of comparator 1
getting 2/3rd of supply voltage and the positive input of comparator 2 getting 1/3 rd of supply
voltage. The positive input of comparator 1 is connected to pin 6 which is Threshold and the
negative input of the comparator 2 is connected to pin 2 which is Trigger. The comparators
provide input to the flip-flop. The flip-flop we use is a SR flip-flop as shown in Figure 7. The not
Q is connected to a transistor and inverter which in turn conected to pin 7 and 3 i.e., Discharge
and Output respectively. Pin 7 is the Discharge pic which is connected to transistor, when not Q
is high the transistor gets ON which connects the capacitor to ground allowing for quick
discharge. Pin 5 is control voltage which controls the negative input of comparator 1. Pin 4 is
connected to the base of a transistor which is connected to the flip-flop and it performs the Reset
operations.
 Figure 7. Internal Structure of IC 555 Timer
LED:
The Light Emitting Diode(LED) as shown in Figure 8, is a semiconductor device that emits
infrared or visible light when provided with an electric current. The LEDs are used as the final
output in Automatic Road Safety Reflector Light. The working of the LED depends upon the
light intensity in its surroundings[4]. LED function depend upon the output of the IC 555 Timer.

Figure 8. Light Emitting Diode(LED)

Buzzer:
The Buzzer as shown in Figure 9, consists of an outside case with two pins to attach it to power
and ground. It consists of a central ceramic disc surrounded by a metal vibration disc. When
current flows through the buzzer which causes the ceramic disk to contract or expand. Due to
this, the surrounding disc gets vibrated and the sound is produced. By changing the frequency of
the buzzer, the speed of the vibrations changes, which changes the pitch of the resulting sound.

Figure 9. Buzzer
3.WORKING/OPERATION
The Automatic Road Safety Reflector LightingSystem works on the principle of
photoconductivity. When two vehicles traveling on roads in opposite directions approach each
other during the nighttime with their automatic road safety reflector lighting system ON, the
excess amount of light in the surroundings is sensed by the LDR. Now the LDR produces a
voltage greater than 2/3rd of the supply voltage which is given as input to the IC 555 Timer. As
the IC 555 Timer is connected with the LED which in turn reduces the intensity of light(as
shown in Figure B) of the vehicles. And when there is low or dim or less light available in the
surroundings the LDR senses the intensity of that light and produces a voltage less than 1/3 rd of
the supply voltage as input to the IC 555 Timer. Due to which the intensity of light increases(as
shown in Figure C) in the vehicles. Thus, The Automatic Road Safety Reflector light installed in
the vehicles compromises its light intensity depending upon the available light in its
surroundings, So that the drivers driving the vehicles during nights can comfortably view the
vehicles approaching in opposite directions and pass over without any trouble. In such a way by
using The Automatic Road Safety Reflector Lighting System road safety can be provided and
road accidents can be reduced to some extend.
4.HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

Figure A.Circuit with no supply

(circuit when in off state)

Figure B. Circuit with excess surrounding light.

(when excess surrounding light is sensed by LDR the device decreses its light intensity.)

Figure C. Circuit with low intensity of surroundings light.

(when low intensity of surrounding light is sensed by LDR the device increases its intensity)
5.CONCLUSION
This paper concludes that by executing Automatic road reflectors,road users are able to drive
safely by mitigating accidents. Ultimately this can also be used for security purpose as it indicate
an alarm sound in the case of low intensity of light i.e., when there is a possibility of accidents
due to uneven roads and no light situations. conversely when there is a excess light this
automatic road reflector decreases the intensity which in turn reduces the eye strain for the road
users and hence mitigates the accidents. Thus, it can be concluded that by implementing the
Automatic road reflectors, some count of the road accidents are reduced and it also provides
security.
6.APPENDIX

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