A

SEMINAR REPORT

on

DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

in partial fulfillment

of

Bachelor of Technology

in

Computer Science & Engineering

Guided by Submitted by

Mr. Tarun Kumar RAJKUMAR SAINI

(Astt. Prof. CSE/IT Dept) (Roll No. 0822910062

Department of

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

VIDYA COLLGE OF ENGINEERING, MEERUT
Certificate

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 Acknowledgement

I feel pleasure in expressing my deep, hearty & profound sense of

gratitude to honorable Mr. Tarun Kumar (Assistance professor CS/IT
department) VCE, MEERUT, Miss Anshu Garg (Assistance professor CS/IT
department) VCE, MEERUT and Miss Dipti Goyal (Assistance professor CS/IT
department) VCE, MEERUT for their valuable suggestion and whole heart
support for the successful completion of my seminar report. The goal of new
ideas and development can only be obtained by hard working. It is the only key to
success. Work without faith & prayer is like as artificial flower that has no
fragrance. For, one to achieve success, the best way is suggestion and guidance
provided by one’s mention.

We acknowledge our inner most gratitude to Mr. Raman Chaddha

(professor CS/IT department) for his best co-operation and kind assistance during
framing of this seminar report. We are also indebted to friends without whom it
could not be possible for us to complete the seminar report.

Finally we would like to convey my heartiest thanks to my parents and my

family for their blessings co-operation throughout our study. They boost me up to
work with a new and high spirit.

Rajkumar Saini
CSE-6th semester
0822910062

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 Table of content

Certificate i
Acknowledgement ii
Abstract iii
List of figures iv
List of Symbols, Abbreviations and Nomenclature
v

Chapter 1. Image 1
1.1 Image: Definition 9
1.2 Image models 9
1.2.1 RGB image model 9
1.2.2 CMY or CMYK image model
11
1.2.3 Gray image model
12
1.2.4 Binary image model
13

Chapter 2. Digital image processing

14
1.3.1 Digital Image Processing: Definition
14
1.3.2 Fundamental steps in digital image processing
14
1.3.2.1 Image Acquisition and Preprocessing
14

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 1.3.2.2 Image Enhancement
14
1.3.2.2.1 Blurring
15
1.3.2.2.2 Sharpening
15
1.3.2.2.3 Inversion
16
1.3.2.2.4 Contrast
16
1.3.2.2.5 Brightness
17

Chapter 3. Image Filtering-edge detection

18
1.3.2.3.1 Edge: Definition
18
1.3.2.3.2 D.C.T. filtering
18
1.3.2.3.3 Sobel filtering
19
1.3.2.3.4 Canny filtering
20
1.3.2.3.5 F.F.T. filtering
22
1.3.2.4 Image Segmentation
24
1.3.2.5 Image Description
24
1.3.2.6 Object Recognition and Interpretation
24

Chapter 4 Applications of image processing

25

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Chapter 5. Conclusion
27
References 28
Abstract

The Digital Image processing deals with the process in which the
given image is processed using the techniques such as Image
Acquisition, Preprocessing, and Segmentation and so on. These
elements of image processing are dealt in order to be in pace with
the new developments in image-processing hardware and software.
Firstly, in the processing flow the Image Acquisition plays a
prominent role. In this process acquiring of the images is done in
order to process it. After absorbing the image, it is preprocessed. I.e.
the image is Enhanced, Restored and then Compressed. While
Enhancing the image or during image enhancement, several
techniques are adopted such as gray- scale mappings for image
negatives, contrast stretching, gray-level slicing and so on.

After enhancing the required image, it is restored whose ultimate

goal is to improve an image or to reconstruct an image that has been
degraded by using some priori knowledge of the degradation
phenomenon. Then comes the turn of Compression in which the
amount of data required to represent a digital image is compressed.
Image compression plays a crucial role in many important and
diverse applications, including telex video conferencing, remote

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sensing, FAX etc, In the next process, which is the Segmentation
process, the image is divided into several parts or segments.

After segmentation, Representation and Description comes

into picture. Choosing a representation scheme, however, is only
part of the task of making the data useful to the computer. The next
task is to describe the region based on chosen representation. Next
comes- recognition and interpretation, which is a process in which
the acquired image is recognized and also interpreted to get a final
image of high resolution and clear picture clarity.

The image processing techniques are described and this is

found in almost all the present communication systems such as
remote sensing, and it has also found its applications in area like
FORENSIC DEPARTMENTS, SPACE SERVICES, MEDICINE, and
many more.

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 List of figures

S.No. Figure No. Description Page No

1 Figure: 1.2.1(a) Schematic of RGB color cube 10
2 Figure: 1.2.1(b) Constituent R,G & B color images & 10
complete RGB image
3 Figure: 1.2.1(c) RGB image taken for image processing 10
4 Figure: 1.2.1(d) 24-bit RGB color cube 11
5 Figure: 1.2.2(a) Conversion formula from RGB to CMY 11
6 Figure: 1.2.2(b) Constituent C,M,Y & K color images & 12
complete CMYK image
7 Figure: 1.2.3 Grayscale image 12
8 Figure: 1.2.4 Binary image 13
9 Figure: 1.3.2.2.1 Noisy image and corresponding Blurred 15
image
10 Figure: 1.3.2.2.2 RGB image and corresponding Sharp image 15
11 Figure: 1.3.2.2.3 RGB image and corresponding inverted image 16
12 Figure: 1.3.2.2.4 Grayscale image and corresponding contrast 17
image
13 Figure:1.3.2.2.5(a) Brightness scale 17
14 Figure:1.3.2.2.5(b) RGB image and corresponding bright image 17
15 Figure:1.3.2.3.2(a) DCT cosine matrix formula 18
16 Figure:1.3.2.3.2(b) Grayscale image and corresponding DCT 19
filtered image
17 Figure:1.3.2.3.3(a) Sobel Gradient measurement 19
18 Figure:1.3.2.3.3(b) Two convolution masks for both x &y 20
direction
19 Figure:1.3.2.3.3(c) Grayscale image and corresponding Sobel 20
filtered image
20 Figure:1.3.2.3.4(a) Canny gradient & derivatives 21
21 Figure:1.3.2.3.4(b) Grayscale image and corresponding Canny 22
filtered image
22 Figure:1.3.2.3.5(a) Fourier series and Euler formula 22
23 Figure:1.3.2.3.5(b) Fourier transformation integration formula 23

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24 Figure:1.3.2.3.5(c) FFT coefficient and their binary tree 23
25 Figure:1.3.2.3.5(d) Butterfly operation 23
26 Figure:1.3.2.3.5(e) Grayscale image and corresponding FFT 24
filtered image

List of Symbols, Abbreviations and Nomenclature

S.No. Item Description

1 DIP Digital Image Processing

2 RGB Red Green Blue

3 CMYK Cyan Magenta Yellow Key (or black)

4 DCT Discrete Cosine Transformation

5 FFT Fast Fourier Transformation

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