Meaning, Memory and Recognation

Asked to Fulfill Structured Assignment of Psycholinguistics

Lecturer : Dr. Hj. Huriyah Saleh, M.Pd.

Arranged by Group 13:

Indah Rinjani (1908103166)

Nisa Nur ‘Aisyah (1908103061)

Wahdi Alif Syahbana (1908103117)

TBI 5D

ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING DEPARTMENT

TARBIYAH AND TEACHER TRAINING FACULTY

THE STATE INSTITUTE OF ISLAMIC STUDIES SYEKH NURJATI

CIREBON

2021/2022
 FORWARD

Praise and thankfulness to Allah SWT for His abundant grace and for allowing
us to finish this work. Sholawat and greetings are always appropriate for our great
prophet, Prophet Muhammad SAW, who has shown us all the way in the form of
excellent Islamic teachings and has become the greatest gift to the entire universe.
The author is glad for the opportunity to finish a paper that became a collective
project titled "Meaning, Memory and Recognation." In addition, we would like to
express our gratitude to Mrs. Dr. Hj. Huriyah Saleh, M.Pd, who has entrusted us with
this responsibility so that we can gain information and broaden our perspectives.
So that we may transmit, we hope that readers will find this paper useful. On this
paper, we expect feedback and suggestions so that we can improve it in the future.
Because we are aware that this paper we have made still has many shortcomings.

Cirebon, 06 December 2021

Author
TABLE OF CONTENT
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of Study

B. Question of Problem
1. What is meaning, memory and recognation?
2. What is words and morpheme as unit?
3. What is categories of object?
4. What is word meaning decomposed?
5. How dictionaries define words?
6. What is semantic markers?
7. What is connotative meaning?
8. What is word meaning in context and ambiguous words?

C. Objectives
1. To know about meaning, memory and recognation.
2. To know about words and morpheme as unit.
3. To know about categories of object.
4. To know about word meaning decomposed.
5. To know about dictionaries define words.
6. To know about semantic markers.
7. To know about connotative meaning.
8. To know about word meaning in context and ambiguous words.
 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. Meaning, Memory and Recognation

a. Words Meaning

Word meaning has played a somewhat marginal role in early contemporary

philosophy of language, which was primarily concerned with the structural features of
sentence meaning and showed less interest in the nature of the word-level input to
compositional processes. Nowadays, it is well-established that the study of word meaning
is crucial to the inquiry into the fundamental properties of human language. This entry
provides an overview of the way issues related to word meaning have been explored in
analytic philosophy and a summary of relevant research on the subject in neighboring
scientific domains. Though the main focus will be on philosophical problems,
contributions from linguistics, psychology, neuroscience and artificial intelligence will
also be considered, since research on word meaning is highly interdisciplinary.

b. Words Memory

Humans are born with a complicated, interconnected system for categorizing and
storing every event they encounter throughout their lives, as we all know. There is an
integration of aural, visual, sensory, and emotional data, resulting in images that are
related to lexical items as experiences. These are saved in the computer's memory.
Because different sorts of events are stored in different regions of memory depending on
their significance, not all knowledge is equally easy to recall. The most current and
widely accepted memory model consists of three general stages: sensory (events that
occur in real time), short term (which holds a limited amount of information for a limited
time period), and long term (which stores events and is composed of layers of levels,
depending on the nature of the input).

c. Words Recognition

Word recognition is a part of the linguistic process. Word recognition is the process of
converting written and spoken words into linguistic representations. Word recognition
used to be synonymous with lexical decision performance. In lexical decision, participants
 determine whether letter strings presented individually spell words (with respect to a target
language). In the study of psycholinguistics, this is referred to as spoken word recognition.

The study of how lexical representations are obtained from phonological patterns in
speech signals is known as Spoken Word Recognition. Spoken word recognition refers to
all of the processes that go into identifying spoken words in and out of context.

B. Words and Morpheme as Unit

A word is a free form with a meaning, as we've already established. However, you've
surely observed that there are additional forms with meaning, some of which appear to be
smaller than entire words. A morpheme is the tiniest unit of meaning. Some morphemes are
unrestricted, meaning they can appear on their own. (Some words are also morphemes as a
result of this.) Bound morphemes, on the other hand, are morphemes that can only emerge
when they're related to something else. For example this simple sentence,

Daniel kicked some balls

It’s quite straightforward to say that this sentence has four words in it. We can make the
observations we just discussed above to check for isolation, moveability, and inseparability to
provide evidence that each of Daniel, Kicked, some, and Balls is a word. But there are more
than four units of meaning in the sentence.

Daniel kick-ed some Ball-s

The word Kicked is made up of the word kick plus another small form that tells us that the
kicking happened in the past. And the word balls is made up of ball plus a bit that tells us
that there’s more than one Ball.

C. Categories of Object

Harely (2005) states that the main object of research in the psycholinguistics field is
the study of the cognitive process that underlies the comphrehension and production of
language and the cultural environment interacts with these two. In addition,
psycholinguistics areas are divided into spoken word recognition, sentence
comphrehension, sentence production, message construction, memory limitations, and
cross-linguistic comparisona.
D. Word Meaning Decomposed

E. How Dictionaries Define Words

F. Semantic Markers

Semantic markers are important cohesive devices that serve as “signposts” to connect
ideas in any piece of writing (Michael, 2009). Some broad categories of semantic markers
and their functions are:

a. List of points (firstly, secondly, finally).

b. Time relationships (next, then, eventually).
c. Illustration (for example, for instance).
d. Rephrasing (in other words).
e. Emphasis (a crucial point is, importantly).
f. Expressing a condition (if, unless, until).
g. Counter-arguments or contrasts (but, however, on the other hand).
h. Summary or conclusion (to sum up, the gist of it is).
The Function of semantic makers :
1. In Context. The context of a word can be either physical or linguistic. The physical context
refers to the real-world situation in which the word is used, as in “horrible weather” (i.e.,
bad weather — when it’s raining heavily). The linguistic context refers to the words or
sentences surrounding the word that help to make its meaning clear,
Example : “I don’t know what’s happening to me... I seem to be making mistakes all the
time! It’s horrible! I think I need to take a break” (horrible here referring to some unhappy
circumstances).
2. In Narative. A written text that may be a fictional or factual account of an event described
in chronological order. A narrative usually has a clear beginning, middle and end, and
includes descriptions, dialogues and comments.
 Example : As in Novels, short stories, travelogues and biographies are some examples of
narratives.
3. In Collocational restrictions. When two words cannot be used together to make a
meaningful unit, we say that they have collocational restrictions.
For example : the collocation married spinster is unacceptable, as are the phrases smiling
computer or manicured hair. These combinations ignore collocational restrictions on
grammar and meaning. A spinster is an unmarried woman, a computer is inanimate and
hence cannot smile, and unlike nails or gardens, hair cannot be manicured. Collocation
therefore refers to the appropriate use of a combination of words

G. Connotative Meaning

Language is the system of sound and word used by human for interaction each other.
Actually, it is called communication. Communication is basically a social process. Laswell
(1948) Connotative has implicit meaning. What people think about two words and find
whether it is possible or impossible for the word to have two different meanings from its
denotative meaning.

Connotation can implied meaning of a word that make the word have more than one
meaning. It appears based on people’s thought. The words that used connotative meaning
also related to feeling, either positive nor negative feeling.

Connotative meaning is a term commonly used in linguistics; it is also used to

beautifully a sentence expression in a word. The connotative meaning is influenced by the
values and norms held by society. This results in differences in the social function of words
with almost the same meaning, because they are related to the value of taste.

Connotative meaning is the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what

it refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content. It will be clear if we are talking
about connotation, we are in fact talking about the “real word experience”. It was also
relatively unstable as it varies according to culture, historical periods and experience of the
individual. Connotative meaning was indeterminate and open ended.

H. Word Meaning in Context and Ambiguous Words

Word Meaning in Context

According to the Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI) the meaning of the word context is
part of a description or sentence that can support or add clarity to meaning. Knowing a lot of
vocabulary can make it easier for you to communicate and express the opinion you want to
convey to certain people. Such is the explanation of the true definition of the word context.

Ambiguous Words

Ambiguous is a word or sentence that has two or more meanings. Ambiguity

sometimes makes a word or sentence have doubts, ambiguity, ambiguity, and so on. Meaning
is a grammatical construction that has more than one usage.

One word has multiple interpretations and have different meanings dependent upon
one's perspective. What one source describes as a 'war', may be described as an 'invasion' by
the other side. Use of such words tends to be seen as advocating the views of one side over
the other, unless they are clearly attributed to the correct side. Rather than "this is a war",
state that it is viewed as a war, and who views it as such, providing suitable references. For
complete neutrality, the opposing view should also be mentioned and cited, with
due weight given to each side.
CHAPTER III

CONCLUSION
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Harley, T. (2005): The Psychology of Language. From Data to Theory, New York,
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Michael J. (2009). Study Skills in English (Second Edition). Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press.

Sari, A., & Kusumawardhani, P. (2016). Denotative and Connotative Meaning in One
direction’s Songs Lyric: A Semantic Perspective. ELT-Lectura, 3(2).

Sabardila, A. (2014). Analysis of Differences and Characteristics of the Passive Form.

Muhammadiyah University Press.