Mytx21 g12 U1 Ut p1 Test Ewd

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Name: Date:
Unit 1 Test—Part 1
Reading
DIRECTIONS: The following passage is the basis for the accompanying items. Read the
passage, and select the best answer to each item.
Protecting Astronauts
SPACE SCIENCE: This passage examines the challenges of keeping astronauts healthy in
space.
Unlike those who took short missions in the past, astronauts today live and work in space
for extended periods of time. Currently, the average stay on the International
Space Station is about six months. These longer missions afford greater
research opportunities, but they can have harmful effects on the human body.
5 To protect astronauts during long missions, scientists are researching new
ways to counteract the physiological effects of space on human health.
Away from Earth’s surface and the protection of its atmosphere, astronauts
are exposed to electromagnetic radiation that can damage DNA and increase
the risk of cancer. Weightless conditions can deplete muscle and bone mass.
10 In fact, astronauts lose more than one percent of their bone mass per month.
Space travel also inhibits the body’s immune system and its ability to heal
wounds. Due to health problems such as these, scientists are under growing
pressure to identify more effective ways to protect astronauts during extended
stays in space. The long-term health of astronauts depends on their success.
15 Scientists in many fields are investigating solutions. Physiologists are

researching new exercise routines, such as specialized interval training, that
could better reduce bone and muscle loss. Engineers are developing
machines that could offset the harmful effects of weightlessness, such as
equipment that produces a force similar to gravity as astronauts pedal a bike
20 around a circular track. Researchers are also producing radiation-blocking
materials that can be used as shields for spacecraft and vests for astronauts.
Viable solutions to health problems are essential to sustain astronauts if the

amount of time they spend in space continues to increase. In addition,
proposals for long-distance space travel to Mars will only be feasible if
25 human health can be maintained. The future of space travel relies on
scientific research and new advances in astronaut health safety.
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GRADE 12 • UNIT 1 TEST (PART 1)
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1. The word afford in line 3 of the selection means:
“be able to pay for.”

A
“provide in the course of things.”
B
“be able to manage the expense of.”
C
“endure without problems.”
D
2. Which statement provides the most accurate paraphrase of the author’s statement in
lines 5–6?
Scientists are investigating ways to protect astronauts from health

F
problems caused by living in space for long periods of time.
Scientists are looking for ways to prevent the health problems associated
G
with living on the International Space Station.
Scientists are developing ways to sustain the health of astronauts so they
H
can conduct research over long periods of time in space.
Scientists are identifying many harmful effects of space travel on the
J
human body by conducting research on the health of astronauts.
3. Critique of lines 7–14: How well do they support the controlling idea of the
selection?
They effectively support the controlling idea by offering commentary on

A
the current state of medical science.
They effectively support the controlling idea by summarizing the
B
adverse effects of space travel on human health.
They do not effectively support the controlling idea, because they do not
C
help readers understand the reasons why space travel is necessary.
They do not effectively support the controlling idea, because they do not
D
connect negative health effects to the author’s point about medical
research.
4. Which answer best explains whether the author’s conclusion successfully reinforces
the main ideas presented in the article?
The conclusion is successful because it restates the health problems that

F
scientists are trying to solve through their research.
The conclusion is not successful, because it does not summarize the
G
benefits that scientific research has had for astronauts’ health.
The conclusion is successful because it reinforces the idea that medical
H
research is needed by showing its importance for new missions.

3
J The conclusion is not successful, because it introduces new ideas about
space travel that are unrelated to the main ideas of the article.

4
DIRECTIONS: The following passage is the basis for the accompanying items. Read the passage,
and select the best answer to each item.
from The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,

by Samuel Taylor Coleridge
NARRATIVE POEM: This excerpt is from The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Samuel Taylor Coleridge,
in which an old sailor tells a wedding guest of his fateful experiences on a ship when he was a younger
man.
PART THE FIRST.
It is an ancient Mariner,
And he stoppeth one of three.
“By thy long grey beard and glittering eye,
Now wherefore stopp’st thou me?
5 “The Bridegroom’s doors are opened wide,

And I am next of kin;
The guests are met, the feast is set:
May’st hear the merry din.”1
He holds him with his skinny hand,

10 “There was a ship,” quoth he.
“Hold off! unhand me, grey-beard loon!”
Eftsoons his hand dropt he.
He holds him with his glittering eye—

The Wedding-Guest stood still,
15 And listens like a three years child:
The Mariner hath his will.
The Wedding-Guest sat on a stone:

He cannot chuse but hear;
And thus spake on that ancient man,
20 The bright-eyed Mariner.
“The ship was cheered, the harbour cleared,

Merrily did we drop
Below the kirk,2 below the hill,
Below the light-house top.
25 The Sun came up upon the left,

Out of the sea came he!
And he shone bright, and on the right

5
Went down into the sea.
Higher and higher every day,

30 Till over the mast at noon—”
The Wedding-Guest here beat his breast,
For he heard the loud bassoon.
The bride hath paced into the hall,

Red as a rose is she;
35 Nodding their heads before her goes
The merry minstrelsy.3
The Wedding-Guest he beat his breast,

Yet he cannot chuse but hear;
And thus spake on that ancient man,
40 The bright-eyed Mariner.
“And now the STORM-BLAST came, and he

Was tyrannous and strong:
He struck with his o’ertaking wings,
And chased south along.
45 With sloping masts and dipping prow,4

As who pursued with yell and blow
Still treads the shadow of his foe
And forward bends his head,
The ship drove fast, loud roared the blast,
50 And southward aye we fled.
And now there came both mist and snow,

And it grew wondrous cold:
And ice, mast-high, came floating by,
As green as emerald.
55 And through the drifts the snowy clifts

Did send a dismal sheen:
Nor shapes of men nor beasts we ken5—
The ice was all between.
The ice was here, the ice was there,

60 The ice was all around:
It cracked and growled, and roared and howled,
Like noises in a swound!6
At length did cross an Albatross:

6
Thorough the fog it came;
65 As if it had been a Christian soul,
We hailed it in God’s name.
It ate the food it ne’er had eat,
And round and round it flew.
The ice did split with a thunder-fit;
70 The helmsman steered us through!
And a good south wind sprung up behind;

The Albatross did follow,
And every day, for food or play,
Came to the mariners’ hollo!
75 In mist or cloud, on mast or shroud,

It perched for vespers nine;7
Whiles all the night, through fog-smoke white,
Glimmered the white Moon-shine.”
“God save thee, ancient Mariner!

80 From the fiends, that plague thee thus!—
Why look’st thou so?”— “With my cross-bow
I shot the ALBATROSS.”
PART THE SECOND.
“The Sun now rose upon the right:

Out of the sea came he,
85 Still hid in mist, and on the left
Went down into the sea.
And the good south wind still blew behind

But no sweet bird did follow,
Nor any day for food or play
90 Came to the mariners’ hollo!
And I had done an hellish thing,

And it would work ‘em woe:
For all averred,8 I had killed the bird
That made the breeze to blow.
95 Ah wretch! said they, the bird to slay
That made the breeze to blow!
Nor dim nor red, like God’s own head,

The glorious Sun uprist:
Then all averred, I had killed the bird

7
100 That brought the fog and mist.
‘Twas right, said they, such birds to slay,
That bring the fog and mist.
The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,

The furrow followed free:
105 We were the first that ever burst
Into that silent sea.
Down dropt the breeze, the sails dropt down,

‘Twas sad as sad could be;
And we did speak only to break
110 The silence of the sea!
All in a hot and copper sky,

The bloody Sun, at noon,
Right up above the mast did stand,
No bigger than the Moon.
115 Day after day, day after day,

We stuck, nor breath nor motion;
As idle as a painted ship
Upon a painted ocean.
Water, water, every where,

120 And all the boards did shrink;
Water, water, every where,
Nor any drop to drink.
The very deep did rot: O Christ!

That ever this should be!
125 Yea, slimy things did crawl with legs
Upon the slimy sea.
About, about, in reel and rout9

The death-fires danced at night;
The water, like a witch’s oils,
130 Burnt green, and blue and white.
And some in dreams assured were

Of the spirit that plagued us so:
Nine fathom deep he had followed us
From the land of mist and snow.
135 And every tongue, through utter drought,

8
Was withered at the root;
We could not speak, no more than if
We had been choked with soot.

9
Ah! well a-day! what evil looks
140 Had I from old and young!
Instead of the cross, the Albatross
About my neck was hung.
1. May’st hear the merry din You can hear the happy sounds
2. kirk church
3. minstrelsy group of musical entertainers
4. prow the bow, or front, of a ship
5. ken saw
6. swound swoon
7. It perched for vespers nine The bird perched for nine evenings. (Vespers is
an evening prayer service.)
8. averred declared
9. in reel and rout in a reeling, or whirling, and wildly confused way

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5. Based on context clues in the poem, which of the following conclusions accurately
identifies the meaning of the archaic word eftsoons in line 12?
The Mariner holds the Wedding-Guest with “his skinny hand,” so

A
eftsoons means “slender.”
The Mariner is discouraged that the Wedding-Guest says “Hold off!”
B
and does not want to hear about the ship, so eftsoons means “defiantly.”
The Wedding-Guest tells the Mariner to “unhand me,” and a moment
C
later the Mariner drops his hand, so eftsoons means “soon after.”
The Wedding-Guest calls the Mariner a “grey-beard loon,” and the
D
Mariner then holds him with his gaze instead of his hand, so eftsoons
means “crazy.”
6. Which choice best describes the sound device used in the fifteenth stanza
(lines 59–62) and its effect in the poem?
Sound Device: alliteration

F
Effect: The repeating initial letters of stressed words create a passive
mood that highlights the mariner’s despair.
Sound Device: irregular meter
G
Effect: The changing patterns of strong and weak beats create a
staggering and unbalanced feeling.
Sound Device: consonance
H
Effect: The pleasing combinations of sounds create a gentle and
soothing effect.
Sound Device: rhyme
J
Effect: The repeating end sounds of words create a hypnotic, sing-song
quality.
7. Which statement best explains the effect of the poet’s use of dramatic structure in
lines 79–82?
The frame story clarifies the mariner’s narrative by having the Wedding-
A
Guest explain why the mariner shot the albatross.
The archetypal plot pattern suggests that the mariner will not stop telling
B
his story until the Wedding-Guest forgives him.
The frame story intensifies the mariner’s narrative by showing reactions
C
to the narrative from the Wedding-Guest’s point of view.
The archetypal plot pattern suggests that the mariner will soon be
D
revealed as the Wedding-Guest’s long-lost father.

11
8. Which choice provides the most accurate evaluation of how the poet’s diction
contributes to tone in lines 127–130?
Diction: formal, ornate language

F
Evaluation: The diction creates a fanciful tone that effectively echoes
the stately, dance-like swaying of the sea.
Diction: descriptive, sensory language
G
Evaluation: The diction creates an eerie tone that effectively projects a
sense of wickedness onto the movement and color of the sea.
Diction: simple, traditional language
H
Evaluation: The diction creates a casual tone that is ineffective in
conveying the urgent danger presented by the drought.
Diction: informal, ironic language
J
Evaluation: The diction creates a harsh tone that is ineffective in
conveying the sailors’ true feelings about the sea.
9. Which conclusion about the nuanced meaning of the word plagued in line 132 is
best supported by context clues in the poem?
Plagued implies that someone was being routinely inconvenienced.

A
Plagued implies that someone was being occasionally threatened.
B
Plagued implies that someone was being constantly tormented.
C
Plagued implies that someone was being frequently annoyed.
D

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DIRECTIONS: The following passages are the basis for the accompanying items. Read the
passages, and select the best answer to each item.
from The Epic of Gilgamesh
POETRY: Selection 1 is an excerpt from The Epic of Gilgamesh, an epic poem from Sumeria, an ancient
civilization of the Middle East. The hero, Gilgamesh, the king of the city-state Uruk, is part human and
part divine. When his best friend Enkidu dies, Gilgamesh searches for Utnapishtim, survivor of a great
flood, in order to learn how to escape death. In this excerpt, Utnapishtim sets a challenge for Gilgamesh.
When Gilgamesh at last finds Utnapishtim,

he cries out to him,
“I searched the world,
tramped over every mountain,
5 descended into every valley,
and sailed across every sea.
I feel every footfall of the journey,
my muscles are throbbing.
Pains keep me awake.
10 I have found Urshanabi the ferryman,
and I have forded the river of death.”
Utnapishtim replies to him,

“Who is Gilgamesh that the gods should gather on your behalf
and grant you the immortal life that you seek?
15 Yet will I set you a challenge: Guard against sleep for six days and seven nights.”
Yet even as Gilgamesh crouches, on his guard against slumber,
sleep, like a strand of sheep’s wool wafting in the breeze, comes to rest upon him.
Utnapishtim speaks to his wife,
“Behold the mighty warrior now, he who seeks to defeat merciless death
20 has fallen captive to gentle sleep.”
The wife of Utnapishtim beseeches him,

“Wake the poor man now, he who is in turmoil,
so that he may again go home,
his heart at ease, with his mind at ease.”
25 Utnapishtim says to her,
“No mortal man is trustworthy.
Beware, for Gilgamesh will try to trick you.”
Thus he instructs her,
“Every morning bake one loaf of bread, and place it next to his head,
30 and carve a mark for each day that Gilgamesh dreams.”
So every morning she bakes a loaf of bread,
and places it next to his head,
and carves a mark for each day that Gilgamesh dreams.

13
When Utnapishtim brushes against Gilgamesh, he awakens and says,
35 “Scarcely had you brushed against me when I awoke.”
Utnapishtim replies,
“Regard how many loaves of bread are here,
one for each day you have slumbered.
The bread of your first day is like stone,
40 the bread of your second day is like animal hide,
the bread of your third day is like mud,
the bread of your fourth day is moldy,
the bread of your fifth day is damp,
the bread of your sixth day is soft,
45 the bread of your seventh day is fresh.”
Then speaks Gilgamesh,

“O Utnapishtim, what more can I do,
what hope of victory have I now?
I who sought to conquer my greatest enemy, death,
50 the ruler of mortal man and beast?
Already I feel my defeat,
how death makes of me its battlefield and its victory prize.”
from Gilgamesh, a Graphic Novel

GRAPHIC NOVEL: Selection 2 is a panel from a graphic novel based on The Epic of Gilgamesh.

14

15
Gareth and Lynette, by Alfred, Lord Tennyson
POETRY: Selection 3 is an excerpt from “Gareth and Lynette,” part of Tennyson’s retelling of the Arthurian
legends, Idylls of the King. In this poem, Gareth, son of a king, disguises himself as a kitchen-knave, or
servant, and works at King Arthur’s castle to fulfill a vow. When the maiden Lynette comes to Arthur to get help
for her sister, Lyonors, Arthur sends Gareth, whose identity Arthur has since learned. Lynette is displeased at
being assigned a kitchen-knave. Still, the two travel to Lyonors’s castle, where Lyonors is being held captive
by a knight who calls himself Death. Along the way, Gareth and Lynette must cross three bridges, each of
which is guarded by one of Death’s brothers. In this excerpt, they meet the first brother, named Morning-Star.
The excerpt opens as Gareth faces Morning-Star on the bridge he guards.
And he that bore

1
The star, when mounted, cried from o’er the bridge,
“A kitchen-knave, and sent in scorn of me!
Such fight not I, but answer scorn with scorn.
5 For this were shame to do him further wrong
Than set him on his feet, and take his horse
And arms, and so return him to the King.
Come, therefore, leave thy lady lightly, knave.
Avoid: for it beseemeth not a knave
10 To ride with such a lady.”
“Dog, thou liest.

I spring from loftier lineage than thine own.”
He spake;2 and all at fiery speed the two
Shocked on the central bridge, and either spear
15 Bent but not brake, and either knight at once,
Hurled as a stone from out of a catapult
Beyond his horse’s crupper3 and the bridge,
Fell, as if dead; but quickly rose and drew,
And Gareth lashed so fiercely with his brand
20 He drave his enemy backward down the bridge,
The damsel crying, “Well-stricken, kitchen-knave!”
Till Gareth’s shield was cloven;4 but one stroke
Laid him that clove it grovelling on the ground.
Then cried the fallen, “Take not my life: I yield.”

25 And Gareth, “So this damsel ask it of me
Good—I accord it easily as a grace.”
She reddening, “Insolent scullion:5 I of thee?
I bound to thee for any favor asked!”
“Then he shall die.” And Gareth there unlaced
30 His helmet as to slay him, but she shrieked,
“Be not so hardy, scullion, as to slay
One nobler than thyself.” “Damsel, thy charge
Is an abounding pleasure to me. Knight,
Thy life is thine at her command. Arise

16
35 And quickly pass to Arthur’s hall, and say
His kitchen-knave hath sent thee. See thou crave
His pardon for thy breaking of his laws.
Myself, when I return, will plead for thee.
Thy shield is mine—farewell; and, damsel, thou,
40 Lead, and I follow.”
And fast away she fled.

Then when he came upon her, spake, “Methought,
Knave, when I watched thee striking on the bridge
The savour of thy kitchen came upon me
45 A little faintlier: but the wind hath changed:
I scent it twenty-fold.” And then she sang,
“‘O morning star’ (not that tall felon there
Whom thou by sorcery or unhappiness
Or some device, hast foully overthrown),
50 ‘O morning star that smilest in the blue,
O star, my morning dream hath proven true,
Smile sweetly, thou! my love hath smiled on me.’
“But thou begone, take counsel, and away,

For hard by here is one that guards a ford—
55 The second brother in their fool’s parable6—
Will pay thee all thy wages, and to boot.
Care not for shame: thou art not knight but knave.”
To whom Sir Gareth answered, laughingly,

“Parables? Hear a parable of the knave.
60 When I was kitchen-knave among the rest
Fierce was the hearth, and one of my co-mates
Owned a rough dog, to whom he cast his coat,
‘Guard it,’ and there was none to meddle with it.
And such a coat art thou, and thee the King
65 Gave me to guard, and such a dog am I,
To worry, and not to flee—and—knight or knave—
The knave that doth thee service as full knight
Is all as good, meseems, as any knight
Toward thy sister’s freeing.”
1. he that bore / The star Sir Morning-Star, the first of the four brothers Gareth will face
2. He spake Gareth spoke
3. crupper a leather loop passing under a horse’s tail and buckled to the saddle
4. cloven cut in two
5. scullion kitchen helper
6. The second brother in their fool’s parable Lynette refers to the second brother whom Gareth will
face. A parable is a story that expresses a message symbolically. The four brothers have taken the
names Morning-Star, Noonday Sun, Star of Evening, and Night or Death, as if they are characters

17
in such a story.

18
10. Which choice correctly identifies an epic structure in The Epic of Gilgamesh and
best analyzes its effect?
Archetypal Plot Pattern: battle between good and evil

F
Effect: creates sympathy in the reader for Utnapishtim’s wife
Episodic Structure: the tale of Gilgamesh and Utnapishtim is one of
G several making up the story
Effect: creates the expectation that Gilgamesh and Utnapishtim will
become friends
Archetypal Plot Pattern: quest
H
Effect: increases suspense as Gilgamesh encounters an obstacle that he
is unable to immediately overcome
Extreme Conflict: the conflict concerns humanity’s struggle with death
J
Effect: foreshadows a great battle scene between Gilgamesh and
Utnapishtim that will determine the survival of the Mesopotamians
11. The syntax in the final stanza (lines 46–52) of the excerpt from The Epic of
Gilgamesh is effective because the poet uses apposition to:
identify the relationship between Gilgamesh and Utnapishtim.

A
express Gilgamesh’s continued hope to overcome death.
B
show the sequence of events in Gilgamesh’s battle.
C
clarify the way Gilgamesh views death.
D
12. Which prediction about the story of Gilgamesh is most clearly supported by the
genre characteristics of epic poetry?
Because of the episodic structure of epics, it is likely that Gilgamesh

F
will have another adventure after his enounter with Utnapishtim.
Because of the episodic structure of epics, it is likely that the epic will
G
conclude when Gilgamesh has resolved his conflict with Utnapishtim.
Because of the archetypal plot patterns in epics, it is likely that
H
Gilgamesh will begin questioning whether the heroic life is worth
pursuing.
Because of the archetypal plot patterns in epics, it is likely that
J
Gilgamesh will begin training young warriors to undertake their own
quests.

19
13. The panel from the graphic novel Gilgamesh illustrates the poem The Epic of
Gilgamesh and highlights:
Gilgamesh’s success in finding Urshanabi and crossing the river of

A
death.
Gilgamesh’s inability to gain Utnapishtim’s trust and overcome the
B
challenge to resist sleep.
the duration of time that Gilgamesh sleeps under the careful watch of
C
Utnapishtim and his wife.
the reason that Utnapishtim’s wife baked bread for Gilgamesh and asked
D
Utnapishtim to wake him.
14. Which statement best explains the extended simile used in lines 60–66 of “Gareth
and Lynette” and analyzes its effect?
Meaning: Having served in King Arthur’s kitchen, Gareth knows the

F
value of loyalty and will obey Lynette faithfully.
Effect: to establish Gareth’s naïveté. Gareth compares himself to a loyal
dog, and he clearly does not understand the price he may pay for his
loyalty. He compares Lynette to a valuable object—but Lynette clearly
has her own agenda.
Meaning: Having served in King Arthur’s kitchen, Gareth knows the
G
value of loyalty and will obey Lynette faithfully.
Effect: to establish Gareth’s virtue. Gareth compares himself to a loyal
dog, and he clearly wishes to serve. He compares Lynette to an object of
value—she is vulnerable and needs to be guarded.
Meaning: Having been commanded by the king to guard Lynette,
H
Gareth will do so zealously.
Effect: to establish Gareth’s overconfidence. Gareth compares himself
to a fierce dog, but he is clearly vulnerable. He compares Lynette to an
inanimate object—but Lynette clearly has a mind of her own.
Meaning: Having been commanded by the king to guard Lynette,
J
Gareth will do so zealously.
Effect: to slyly contradict Lynette’s assumptions of her own superiority.
Gareth compares himself to a lowly dog—but he does so to demonstrate
his valuable loyalty. He compares Lynette to something even lesser—a
mere object to be guarded.

20
15. Which is the most reasonable evaluation of the hero-in-disguise plot structure in
“Gareth and Lynette”?
It is unsuccessful—
A
It makes it difficult for readers to sympathize with Gareth, who is acting
deceptively. It makes his victory over Morning-Star seem unfair because
he has a secret advantage.
It is successful—
B
It establishes that the snobbish Lynette is the villain of the poem. It adds
drama to the battle because Lynette does not know that Morning-Star is
battling the son of a king.
It is successful—
C
It establishes a humorous conflict between Gareth and Lynette. It adds
drama to the battle because Lynette and Morning-Star do not expect
Gareth to fight well.
It is unsuccessful—
D
It makes it difficult for readers to believe that Lynette is taken in by
Gareth’s ruse. It casts doubt on Arthur’s good judgment in giving Gareth
this mission.
16. Which choice best describes the diction in lines 32–40 of “Gareth and Lynette” and
how it contributes to the effectiveness of the poem?
Diction: formal, old-fashioned language

F
Effect: The formal diction effectively emphasizes the serious rules
governing a knight’s treatment of a vanquished opponent.
Diction: refined, educated language
G
Effect: The refined diction effectively highlights the difference between
Gareth’s and Sir Morning-Star’s social status.
Diction: emotional, sensory language
H
Effect: The emotional diction effectively conveys Gareth’s admiration
of Lynette and his scorn for Sir Morning-Star.
Diction: common, casual language
J
Effect: The informal diction effectively reflects how kitchen servants
speak and serves as part of Gareth’s disguise.

21
17. Which of the following statements most accurately compares the effects of
archetypal plot elements in the poetry selections, The Epic of Gilgamesh and
“Gareth and Lynette”?
Archetypal Plot Structure: Gilgamesh features a battle between good

A
and evil; in “Gareth and Lynette” events occur in threes.
Effect: Both Gilgamesh and “Gareth and Lynette” suggest that
civilization depends on people’s acceptance of human mortality and
conflict.
Archetypal Plot Structure: Gilgamesh features a battle between good
B
and evil; in “Gareth and Lynette” events occur in threes.
Effect: In Gilgamesh, the structure emphasizes the virtues of heroes. In
“Gareth and Lynnette,” the basic structure is given a twist when it is
used to support a claim about the virtues of the lower classes.
Archetypal Plot Structure: Both feature a quest.
C
Effect: In Gilgamesh, the structure supports a simple, fairy-tale like
story. In “Gareth and Lynette,” the basic structure allows the poet to
elaborate with individual characterization and humor.
Archetypal Plot Structure: Both feature a quest.
D
Effect: Both Gilgamesh and “Gareth and Lynnette” suggest that
civilization depends on people’s commitment to regular patterns in life.

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DIRECTIONS: The following passage is the basis for the accompanying items. Read the passage,
and select the best answer to each item.
Newburgh Address, by George Washington
HISTORY: This passage is an excerpt from a speech given by George Washington to the troops of the
American Revolution on March 15, 1783, when he was still a general. At the time of the speech, the
young United States Congress owed the soldiers back pay and pensions for their service during the war.
General Washington gave the Newburgh Address in response to an anonymous letter that was circulated
among the troops calling for mutiny, or rebellion. The speech placated his officers and troops, reviving
their support for the new nation.
If my conduct heretofore, has not evinced1 to you, that I have been a faithful
friend to the Army, my declaration of it at this moment would be equally
unavailing and improper. But as I was among the first who embarked in the
cause of our common Country. As I have never left your side one moment,
5 but when called from you on public duty. As I have been the constant
companion and witness of your Distresses, and not among the last to feel,
and acknowledge your Merits. As I have ever considered my own Military
reputation as inseparably connected with that of the Army. As my Heart has
ever expanded with joy, when I have heard its praises, and my indignation
10 has arisen, when the mouth of detraction has been opened against it, it can
scarcely be supposed, at this late stage of the War, that I am indifferent to its
interests.
But, how are they to be promoted? The way is plain, says the anonymous
Addresser.2 If War continues, remove into the unsettled Country; there
15 establish yourselves, and leave an ungrateful Country to defend itself. But
who are they to defend? Our Wives, our Children, our Farms, and other
property which we leave behind us. Or, in this state of hostile separation, are
we to take the two first (the latter cannot be removed), to perish in a
Wilderness, with hunger, cold and nakedness? If Peace takes place, never
20 sheath your Swords says he until you have obtained full and ample justice;
this dreadful alternative, of either deserting our Country in the extremest
hour of her distress, or turning our Arms against it, (which is the apparent
object, unless Congress can be compelled into instant compliance) has
something so shocking in it, that humanity revolts at the idea. My God! What
25 can this writer have in view, by recommending such measures? Can he be a
friend to the Army? Can he be a friend to this Country? Rather, is he not an
insidious Foe? Some Emissary, perhaps from New York, plotting the ruin of
both, by sowing the seeds of discord and separation between the Civil and
Military powers of the Continent? And what a Compliment does he pay to
30 our understandings, when he recommends measures in either alternative,
impracticable in their Nature?

23
But here, Gentlemen, I will drop the curtain,3 because it would be as

imprudent in me to assign my reasons for this opinion, as it would be
insulting to your conception, to suppose you stood in need of them. A
35 moment’s reflection will convince every dispassionate Mind of the physical
impossibility of carrying either proposal into execution.
1. evinced provided evidence

2. the anonymous Addresser the writer of the anonymous letter calling for mutiny, to which
Washington is responding
3. drop the curtain conclude

24
18. In the selection, Washington uses the repetition of the phrase “As I have . . .” in
lines 4, 5, and 7 to:
list several examples of what the military has done for the troops to
F
convince his audience the military will not abandon them.
emphasize his dedication and experience as a fellow soldier to show that
G
he is not indifferent to the concerns of his audience.
gain sympathy from the audience, because he has suffered for a
H
good cause.
highlight his military accomplishments in order to earn the respect and
J
trust of his audience.
19. Which of the following conclusions accurately identifies the nuance of the word
indignation in line 9 of the selection?
Because the sentence states “it can scarcely be supposed,” the word
A
indignation probably expresses confusion and means “bewildered.”
Because the sentence contrasts joy with indignation, the word
B
indignation probably expresses an emotion, opposite to joy but with a
similar intensity, and means “a consuming feeling of offense.”
Because it is followed by the phrase “when the mouth of detraction has
C
been opened against it,” the word indignation probably expresses pride
and means “upstanding public service.”
Because the sentence contrasts a heart “expanded with joy” with the
D
“indignation that has arisen,” the word indignation likely contrasts with
growth and means “shrinking feeling of disappointment.”
20. Which identifies an instance of parallelism in the passage, and what is its effect?
Parallelism: “the cause of our common Country”

F
Effect: to reinforce a sense of shared patriotism
Parallelism: “there establish yourselves, and leave an ungrateful
G
Country to defend itself”
Effect: to show sympathy with the troops’ feelings of resentment
Parallelism: “Can he be a friend to the Army? Can he be a friend to this
H
Country?”
Effect: to reinforce doubts about the letter-writer’s intentions
Parallelism: “But here, Gentlemen, I will drop the curtain”
J
Effect: to leave listeners with a memorable image

25
21. Lines 15–24 effectively strengthen Washington’s argument because:
they are a rebuttal of the letter-writer’s proposals, showing why they are
A
impractical and immoral.
they are a rebuttal of the letter-writer’s proposals, showing why they are
B
superficially appealing but ultimately flawed.
they are a concession to the letter-writer’s arguments, showing that
C
Washington appreciates the reasons for the troops’ discontent.
they are a concession to the letter-writer’s arguments, showing that
D
Washington strongly rejects the letter-writer’s treasonous suggestions.
22. Read this digital dictionary entry.
insidious \in-′si-dē-əs\ adj. 1. having a gradual and growing effect 2. developing

slowly enough to go unnoticed 3. entrapping 4. alluring but actually harmful
Which definition best fits the meaning of the word insidious as it is used in line 27?
Definition 1
F
Definition 2
G
Definition 3
H
Definition 4
J
23. The reader can infer from Washington’s appeals that members of his identifiable
audience:
value logical reasoning over sentiment.

A
believe that patriotism is its own reward.
B
have a deep mistrust for politicians’ schemes.
C
care deeply about their families, homes, and country.
D
24. Which statement best connects Washington’s speech with ideas in today’s society?
Many people today agree with the letter-writer’s argument that soldiers
F
should desert the military and leave the country.
Washington’s point that a leader must lead by example and not through
G
an anonymous letter is as relevant today as it was in the past.
Many members of Congress today agree that the members of the
H

26
military who won the American Revolution should have been better
paid.
Like Washington, leaders today must communicate effectively to
J
address people’s frustrations and concerns when they experience
hardships.


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15 Scientists in many fields are investigating solutions. Physiologists are

Viable solutions to health problems are essential to sustain astronauts if the

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“be able to pay for.”

Scientists are investigating ways to protect astronauts from health

They effectively support the controlling idea by offering commentary on

The conclusion is successful because it restates the health problems that

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from The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,

PART THE FIRST.

5 “The Bridegroom’s doors are opened wide,

He holds him with his skinny hand,

He holds him with his glittering eye—

The Wedding-Guest sat on a stone:

“The ship was cheered, the harbour cleared,

25 The Sun came up upon the left,

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Higher and higher every day,

The bride hath paced into the hall,

The Wedding-Guest he beat his breast,

“And now the STORM-BLAST came, and he

45 With sloping masts and dipping prow,4

And now there came both mist and snow,

55 And through the drifts the snowy clifts

The ice was here, the ice was there,

At length did cross an Albatross:

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And a good south wind sprung up behind;

75 In mist or cloud, on mast or shroud,

“God save thee, ancient Mariner!

PART THE SECOND.

“The Sun now rose upon the right:

And the good south wind still blew behind

And I had done an hellish thing,

Nor dim nor red, like God’s own head,

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The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,

Down dropt the breeze, the sails dropt down,

All in a hot and copper sky,

115 Day after day, day after day,

Water, water, every where,

The very deep did rot: O Christ!

About, about, in reel and rout9

And some in dreams assured were

135 And every tongue, through utter drought,

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© by Savvas Learning Company LLC. All Rights Reserved.

The Mariner holds the Wedding-Guest with “his skinny hand,” so

Sound Device: alliteration

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Diction: formal, ornate language

Plagued implies that someone was being routinely inconvenienced.

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from The Epic of Gilgamesh