Further development of the derivative

(with 100% scaffolding)

by

Nihil Obstat

(This work is in the public domain. No rights are reserved.)

 Section 1 Title

equivalence of (y - x) and h

(Berthelot’s Tasks)
 Berthelot's Task I
a review question, from 'Introduction to the derivative':

Suppose that f is a function and x is an element of the domain of f. Then what

is the following limit (if the limit exists)?

li m {. (rrh) - [,*

h-+ o h
 Berthelot’s Task 2

Prove the following theorem.

Theorem. If x and y are numbers, and h = y - x, then y = x + h.

 Berthelot's Task 3

Suppose that f is a function and x is an element of the domain of f.

Let h = y - x. Then the limit, as h goes to 0 is equal to the limit as
y goes to x. Use that fact to re-write the following limit in such a
way that the variable y does not appear.

ilil
-[
I fr -

I+T f a x
 Berthelot's Task 4

Suppose that f is a function and x is an element of the domain of f.

Then what is the following limit (if the limit exists)?

irt [/
J)
*,I
y+)l r - x
 Section 2 Title

abstract difference in function values

(Sutton’s Tasks)
 Sutton’s Task 1

Suppose that x and y are numbers.

Suppose that f.x = 1.
What is f.y - f.x?
 Sutton’s Task 2

Suppose that x and y are numbers.

Suppose that f.x = x.
What is f.y - f.x?
 Sutton’s Task 3

Suppose that x and y are numbers.

Suppose that f.x = x + 5.
What is f.y - f.x?
 Sutton’s Task 4

Suppose that x and y are numbers.

Suppose that f.x = x + 7.
What is f.y - f.x?
 Sutton’s Task 5

Suppose that x and y are numbers.

Suppose that f.x = 3x.
What is f.y - f.x?
 Sutton’s Task 6

Suppose that x and y are numbers.

Suppose that f.x = 8x.
What is f.y - f.x?
 Sutton’s Task 7

Suppose that x and y are numbers.

Suppose that f.x = 4x + 1.
What is f.y - f.x?
 Sutton’s Task 8

Suppose that x and y are numbers.

Suppose that f.x = 9x + 1.
What is f.y - f.x?
 Sutton’s Task 9

Suppose that x and y are numbers.

Suppose that f.x = x2.
What is f.y - f.x?
 Sutton’s Task 10

Suppose that x and y are numbers.

Suppose that f.x = x2 + x.
What is f.y - f.x?
(Write your answer without using parentheses.)
 Sutton’s Task 11

Suppose that x and y are numbers.

Suppose that f.x = x2 + x + 5.
What is f.y - f.x?
(Write your answer without using parentheses.)
 Sutton’s Task 12

Suppose that x and y are numbers.

Suppose that f.x = x2 + x + 7.
What is f.y - f.x?
(Write your answer without using parentheses.)
 Sutton’s Task 13

Suppose that x and y are numbers.

Suppose that f.x = x2 + 3x.
What is f.y- f.x?
(Write your answer without using parentheses.)
 Sutton’s Task 14

Suppose that x and y are numbers.

Suppose that f.x = x2 + 8x.
What is f.y - f.x?
(Write your answer without using parentheses.)
 Sutton’s Task 15

Suppose that x and y are numbers.

Suppose that f.x = x2 + 4x + 1.
What is f.y - f.x?
(Write your answer without using parentheses.)
 Sutton’s Task 16

Suppose that x and y are numbers.

Suppose that f.x = x2 + 9x + 1.
What is f.y - f.x?
(Write your answer without using parentheses.)
 Sutton’s Task 17

Suppose that x and y are numbers.

Suppose that f.x = x3.
What is f.y - f.x?
 Sutton’s Task 18

Suppose that x and y are numbers.

Suppose that f.x = x3 + x2.
What is f.y - f.x?
(Write your answer without using parentheses.)
 Sutton’s Task 19

Suppose that x and y are numbers.

Suppose that f.x = x3 + x2 + x.
What is f.y - f.x?
(Write your answer without using parentheses.)
 Sutton’s Task 20

Suppose that x and y are numbers.

Suppose that f.x = x3 + x2 + x + 5.
What is f.y - f.x?
(Write your answer without using parentheses.)
 Sutton’s Task 21

Suppose that x and y are numbers.

Suppose that f.x = x3 + x2 + x + 7.
What is f.y - f.x?
(Write your answer without using parentheses.)
 Sutton’s Task 22

Suppose that x and y are numbers.

Suppose that f.x = x3 + x2 + 3x.
What is f.y - f.x?
(Write your answer without using parentheses.)
 Sutton’s Task 23

Suppose that x and y are numbers.

Suppose that f.x = x3 + x2 + 8x.
What is f.y - f.x?
(Write your answer without using parentheses.)
 Sutton’s Task 24

Suppose that x and y are numbers.

Suppose that f.x = x3 + x2 + 4x + 1.
What is f.y - f.x?
(Write your answer without using parentheses.)
 Sutton’s Task 25

Suppose that x and y are numbers.

Suppose that f.x = x3 + x2 + 9x + 1.
What is f.y - f.x?
(Write your answer without using parentheses.)
 Sutton’s Task 26

Suppose that x and y are positive numbers.

Suppose that f.x = 1/x.
What is f.y - f.x?
 Sutton’s Task 27

Suppose that x and y are positive numbers.

Suppose that f.x = √𝐱.
What is f.y - f.x?
 Sutton’s Task 28

Suppose that x and y are positive numbers.

Suppose that f.x = x-2.
What is f.y - f.x?
 Sutton’s Task 29

Suppose that x and y are numbers.

Suppose that each of f and g is a function whose domain is R.
What is (f + g).y - (f + g).x, in simplest form?
 Section 3 Title

average rate of change symbolic

(Ragnarsson’s Tasks)
 Ragnarsson’s Task 1

Suppose that f.x = 1.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the value of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x), in simplest terms.
 Ragnarsson’s Task 2

Suppose that f.x = x.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the value of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x), in simplest terms.
 Ragnarsson’s Task 3

Suppose that f.x = x + 5.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the value of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Ragnarsson’s Task 4

Suppose that f.x = x + 7.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the value of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Ragnarsson’s Task 5

Suppose that f.x = 3x.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
Using the fact that 3y - 3x = 3(y - x), state the value of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x),
in lowest terms.
 Ragnarsson’s Task 6

Suppose that f.x = 8x.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
Using the fact that 8y - 8x = 8(y - x), state the value of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x),
in lowest terms.
 Ragnarsson’s Task 7

Suppose that f.x = 4x + 1.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the value of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Ragnarsson’s Task 8

Suppose that f.x = 9x + 1.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the value of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Ragnarsson’s Task 9

Suppose that f.x = x2.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
Using the fact that y2 - x2 = (y - x)(y + x), state the value of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Ragnarsson’s Task 10

Suppose that f.x = x2 + x.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
Using the fact that y2 - x2 = (y - x)(y + x), state the value of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Ragnarsson’s Task 11

Suppose that f.x = x2 + x + 5.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the value of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Ragnarsson’s Task 12

Suppose that f.x = x2 + x + 7.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the value of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Ragnarsson’s Task 13

Suppose that f.x = x2 + 3x.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the value of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Ragnarsson’s Task 14

Suppose that f.x = x2 + 8x.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the value of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Ragnarsson’s Task 15

Suppose that f.x = x2 + 4x + 1.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the value of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Ragnarsson’s Task 16

Suppose that f.x = x2 + 9x + 1.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the value of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Ragnarsson’s Task 17

Suppose that f.x = x3.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
Using the fact that y3 - x3 = (y - x)(y2 + yx + x2), state the value
of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Ragnarsson’s Task 18

Suppose that f.x = x3 + x2.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the value of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Ragnarsson’s Task 19

Suppose that f.x = x3 + x2 + x.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the value of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Ragnarsson’s Task 20

Suppose that f.x = x3 + x2 + x + 5.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the value of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Ragnarsson’s Task 21

Suppose that f.x = x3 + x2 + x + 7.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the value of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Ragnarsson’s Task 22

Suppose that f.x = x3 + x2 + 3x.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the value of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Ragnarsson’s Task 23

Suppose that f.x = x3 + x2 + 8x.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the value of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Ragnarsson’s Task 24

Suppose that f.x = x3 + x2 + 4x + 1.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the value of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Ragnarsson’s Task 25

Suppose that f.x = x3 + x2 + 9x + 1.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the value of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Ragnarsson’s Task 26

Suppose that f.x = 1/x.

Suppose that x and y are distinct positive numbers.
State the value of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Ragnarsson’s Task 27

Suppose that f.x = √𝐱.

Suppose that x and y are distinct positive numbers.
State the value of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Ragnarsson’s Task 28

Suppose that f.x = x-2.

Suppose that x and y are distinct positive numbers.
State the value of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Section 4 Title

taking the (y - x) limit

(Camacho’s Tasks)
 Camacho’s Task 1

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.

The limit, of an expression involving the quantity y - x, as y goes to x, is the
result of setting y to x at the first opportunity.

I have read this material. initials: _____

 Camacho’s Task 2

State the limit, as y goes to x, of the following expression:

(2x(y - x) + (y - x)2)/(y - x)
 Camacho’s Task 3

State the limit, as y goes to x, of the following expression:

(3x2(y - x) + 3x(y - x)2 + (y - x)3)/(y - x)

 Camacho's Task 4

State the limit, as y goes to x, of the following expression:

I I

7 x
Y
€
x
 Camacho's Task 5

State the limit, as y goes to x, of the following expression:

I €
x
v) /
+ x
 Camacho's Task 6

State the limit, as y goes to x, of the following expression:

I ,
I
a t
Y x
-

Y - 2c
 Section 5 Title

instantaneous rate of change via (y - x)

(Engholm’s Tasks)
 Engholm’s Task 1

Suppose that f.x = 1.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the limit, as y goes to x, of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Engholm’s Task 2

Suppose that f.x = x.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the limit, as y goes to x, of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Engholm’s Task 3

Suppose that f.x = x + 5.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the limit, as y goes to x, of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Engholm’s Task 4

Suppose that f.x = x + 7.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the limit, as y goes to x, of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Engholm’s Task 5

Suppose that f.x = 3x.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
Using the fact that 3y - 3x = 3(y - x), state the limit,
as y goes to x, of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Engholm’s Task 6

Suppose that f.x = 8x.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
Using the fact that 8y - 8x = 8(y - x), state the limit,
as y goes to x, of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Engholm’s Task 7

Suppose that f.x = 4x + 1.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the limit, as y goes to x, of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Engholm’s Task 8

Suppose that f.x = 9x + 1.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the limit, as y goes to x, of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Engholm’s Task 9

Suppose that f.x = x2.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the limit, as y goes to x, of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Engholm’s Task 10

Suppose that f.x = x2 + x.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the limit, as y goes to x, of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Engholm’s Task 11

Suppose that f.x = x2 + x + 5.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the limit, as y goes to x, of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Engholm’s Task 12

Suppose that f.x = x2 + x + 7.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the limit, as y goes to x, of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Engholm’s Task 13

Suppose that f.x = x2 + 3x.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the limit, as y goes to x, of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Engholm’s Task 14

Suppose that f.x = x2 + 8x.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the limit, as y goes to x, of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Engholm’s Task 15

Suppose that f.x = x2 + 4x + 1.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the limit, as y goes to x, of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Engholm’s Task 16

Suppose that f.x = x2 + 9x + 1.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the limit, as y goes to x, of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Engholm’s Task 17

Suppose that f.x = x3.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the limit, as y goes to x, of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Engholm’s Task 18

Suppose that f.x = x3 + x2.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the limit, as y goes to x, of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Engholm’s Task 19

Suppose that f.x = x3 + x2 + x.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the limit, as y goes to x, of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Engholm’s Task 20

Suppose that f.x = x3 + x2 + x + 5.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the limit, as y goes to x, of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Engholm’s Task 21

Suppose that f.x = x3 + x2 + x + 7.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the limit, as y goes to x, of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Engholm’s Task 22

Suppose that f.x = x3 + x2 + 3x.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the limit, as y goes to x, of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Engholm’s Task 23

Suppose that f.x = x3 + x2 + 8x.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the limit, as y goes to x, of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Engholm’s Task 24

Suppose that f.x = x3 + x2 + 4x + 1.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the limit, as y goes to x, of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Engholm’s Task 25

Suppose that f.x = x3 + x2 + 9x + 1.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the limit, as y goes to x, of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Engholm’s Task 26

Suppose that f.x = 1/x.

Suppose that x and y are distinct numbers.
State the limit, as y goes to x, of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Engholm’s Task 27

Suppose that f.x = √𝐱.

Suppose that x is a positive number and y is a number > x.
State the limit, as y goes to x, of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Engholm’s Task 28

Suppose that f.x = x-2.

Suppose that x and y are distinct positive numbers.
State the limit, as y goes to x, of (f.y - f.x)/(y - x).
 Section 6 Title

delta notation for change in a variable

(Faulhaber’s Tasks)
 Faulhaber's Task 1

A difference in values of a given variable, especially the difference between the

beginning and ending values in a given situation, is called the change in the
variable. Upper-case Greek letter delta (that is, 'A') is used as an abbreviation
for 'change in'. So, the change in x is denoted by Ax, and the change in y is
denoted by Ay.

Given that y: f.x, then in the expression

r, Y €
f.* )

Y rr rr
Ay: f.y - f.x, and Ax: y - x.

Therefore, the above expression is customarily abbreviated as

A t
A r
When we take the limit, 'A' gets changed to od':

Iin d ^l )y t
AX ->o
J-rrt
AX =
ex
So, for example, we can write

t (xr) exr
T
I have read this material. initials:
ItI'
 Faulhaber's Task 2

What is J

J (x1 ZI
ex
 Faulhaber's Task 3

What is I

I
r-
)
(
x 7t
) x
 endnote

Congratulations.

You have made an in-road

on the continent of Calculus.