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Review Jurnal Kelompok 3
Review Jurnal Kelompok 3
Review Jurnal Kelompok 3
A. JURNAL INTERNASIONAL
Title : An Investigation Into the Characteristics and Drug Release
Properties of Multiple W/O/W Emulsion Systems Containing
Low Concentration of Lipophilic Polymeric Emulsifier
Purpose : The objective of this study was to formulate and characterize
W/O/W emulsions with low concentrations of primary
polymeric emulsifier (PEG 30-dipolyhydroxystearate, PDHS)
containing diclofenac diethylamine as a model drug.
Method : The first method used is to prepare the ingredients and
composition, namely polymer surfactants with the materials
used, namely PHS/PEO/PHS block copolymer and ethoxylated
propylene oxide copolymer. The other substances used were
propylene glycole and purified water. Diclofenac dethylamine
was a kind gift of Hemofarm, A.D As a reference preparation
for in vitro drug release study commercially available
Voltaren® Emulgel® was used. Both, primary and multiple
emulsions were prepared with high content of inner phase (1=2
= 0.8). The compositions of the primary emulsions (PE1–PE3),
as well as the multiple emulsions (ME1–ME3). Sample
preparation is the first to make W / O primer (PE) emulsion by
adding additives water phase (containing the drug) preheated
to 80 ± 2 ◦C to the oil phase (containing the polymeric
lipophilic surfactant) preheated to the same temperature. In
order to solubilize the drug, propylene glycole was added to
the inner water phase. The stirring was performed by
laboratory mixer (Heidolph RZR 2020, Heidolph Elektro
GmbH & Co., KG, Kelheim, Germany) at 1000 and 1500 rpm
until the emulsion temperature which was approximately 25◦C.
In the second step, the primary emulsion was added slowly
while the system was stirred at 500 rpm at room
temperature. After comple te introduction of the primary
emulsion the stirring was continued for 20 min. The
concentration of DDA in the final, multiple emulsions ME1–
ME3 was 1.16%, being equal to the DDA content in the brand
preparation Voltaren® Emulgel®. Prepared samples were kept
on the ambiental temperature over the 90 days time interval and
re-examined with regards to rheological behaviour and
microscopic analysis 48 h after preparation as well as after 30
and 90 days of storage. Then do the evaluation technique, the
first step namely stability studies, stability studies were carried
out for phase separation that is, carred out at room temperature
(22±2 ◦C) centrifugation test was performed at 1500×g using
laboratory centrifuge samples were inspected for eventual phase
separation after 15 and 30 min of centrifugation. Then the
second step namely rheological measurements, Rheological
measurements were performed on rotational and oscillatory
rheometer Rheolab MC 120 (Paar Physica, Stuttgart, Germany),
coupled with cone and plate measuring device MK 22 (diameter
50 mm, 1◦C angle, gap 50_m) for rotational and MK 24
(diameter 75 mm, 1◦ angle, gap 50_m) for oscillatory
measurements, at 20±0.2 ◦C. In the steady-state measurements,
the shear stress was measured as a function of the shear rate.
Values of apparent viscosity (at shear rate 10.5 s−1) were used
for characterization of the samples for flow analysis. Oscillatory
measurements were performed in order to determine viscoelastic
region of the samples (amplitude sweep). After the linear
viscoelastic region was determined, the frequency sweep
procedure performed, at the constant strain within frequency
range 0.1–10.0 Hz. Values of storage modulus (G’), loss
modulus (G’’) and loss angle (δ) were used for characterization
of the samples in oscillatory measurements. Then the third step,
namely in vitro drug release study, by carrying out the
dissolution cell filled with the 2 g sample and covered with a
regenerated cellulose membrane (surface area 4.906 cm2). The
cell was capped and placed in the dissolution vessel containing
500 ml of the receptor medium (pH 7.4 phosphate buffer) The
receptor mediumwas maintained at a constant temperature of 32
◦C. The paddle rotation speed was 100 rpm. At fixed time
intervals (30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, and 360 min), 4ml samples
were withdrawn and were immediately replaced by fresh buffer
solution. All samples were filtered using 0.2 m membrane filter
and assayed for DDA. DDA concentration was determined
spectrophotometrically at 275 nm The vehicle without drug
substance, treated the same way as the investigated samples was
used as the blank. The dissolution experiments were carried out
in triplicate, and data results were expressed as mean value±S.D.
The obtained drug release data were fitted to Eq. (2), in order to
determine the diffusion coefficient (D) of the investigated
samples: where Q is the amount of drug released per unit area,
C0 the initial drug concentration, D the effective (apparent)
diffusion coefficient and t is the time. The effective diffusion
coefficients, for each formulation, were calculated from the
slope of the cumulative amount of drug released versus square
root of time plot. Flux was calculated as the slope of the
cumulative amount of drug released per unit area versus time.
Both parameters were calculated from the drug release data
obtained after 60 and 360 min of investigation.
Results : The characteristics of the multiple emulsions namely after
Immediately after processing, multiple emulsions ME2 and
ME3 were apparently white, soft and homogenous creams. The
sample ME1 was particularly soft and homogenous. The
samples did not show any changes in appearance,
homogeneity and consistency over the investigation time
period at room temperature. The consistency and homogeneity
were also preserved after centrifugation of the samples after 48 h,
30 and 90 days storage, as no phase separation could be detected.
Photomicrographs for multiple emulsions 48 h after the preparation
are given in Fig. 1. Multiple emulsion drops with a large number of
small internal droplets can be observed. With the increased
concentration of PDHS in the oil phase, considerable reduction of
both the inner dispersed water droplets and the multiple droplets
size appeared. When the concentration of lipophilic emulsifier was
increased to 2.4% , very fine inner aqueous droplets formed. The
size of inner droplets was about 1.7, 1.0 and 0.7m for the samples
ME1–ME3, respectively, but the size of the droplets that were in
contact could not be determined accurately. In the case of samples
ME1 and ME2, the minor change in droplets diameter noticed 30
days after the preparation probably may be explained with of drug
across oily membrane during this interval. Steady-state rheological
measurements revealed that all the investigated samples exhibited
non-Newtonian plastic flow behaviour as it is demonstrated by the
stress–shear curves given in Fig. It can be observed that the
download curve is below the upward curve, indicating some
thixotropy in the systems. The values of apparent viscosity of the
samples ME1–ME3, 48 h, 30 and 90 days after preparation are
given in Table 3. The observed trend towards the gradual decrease
of apparent viscosities of the samples with aging, could be
attributed to the coalescence of inner water droplets with the
external water phase as discussed by Jiao and Burgess . The
subsequent increase in the volume of the external water phase of
W/O/W emulsions may lead to the decrease of apparent viscosity.
The storage modulus G and loss angle provide a quantitative
characterization of the balance between the viscous and elastic
properties of the multiple emulsion. The loss angle is a very precise
indicator of this balance. The lower the value, the more
pronounced the elastic character, and vice versa. The values of the
basic viscoelastic parameters of the investigated samples are given
in Table 3. The observed increase in the storage modulus values
with an increase in the concentration of the primary emulsifier was
accompanied by decrease in the mean droplet diameter. It was
reported that, as the diameter of the multiple emulsion droplets
becomes smaller, the number of contact points between them
increases leading to the increase in storage modulus values. Certain
decrease in the storage modulus values with ageing were observed
in the case of samples ME1 and ME2. It was recognized that any
small change in the volume fraction may cause a large change in
the modulus value. In this case it appears that during time, water
may penetrate from the outer water phase to the inner one by virtue
osmotic pressure difference, following the droplet swelling. DDA
release profiles from investigated multiple emulsions and reference
preparation are shown in Fig. 4. The cumulative percent of drug
released after 6 h was 17.890.41, 17.090.49, 10.580.13 and
26.120.63 for samples ME1–ME3 and reference preparation,
respectively. Parameters describing drug release kinetics from
investigated samples are presented in Table 4. The obtained results
indicate that DDA release from investigated formulations could be
described by the diffusional model, and, that rate-controlling step
in the release process is diffusion of the dissolved drug through the
vehicle. The values of diffusion coefficients calculated from the
entire dissolon profiles did not correlate well with percentage of
drug released. The obtained diffusion coefficients for ME1 and
ME2 were close to that obtained for reference preparation. The
obtained values of diffusion coefficients indicate that highest drug
release rate was achieved in the case of Voltaren Emulgel, while in
the case of sample ME3 sustained drug release was accomplished.
Sample ME3 exhibited the highest viscosity, and in this case the
diffusion of the drug may be suppressed. The first one consists in
an increase of the rigidity of the second interface by the
progressive migration of the lipophilic surfactant. During the
second step of multiple emulsion preparation, lipophlic surfactant
molecules can diffuse from the first to second interface, were they
produce a synergistic effect resulting in membrane strengthening.
In course of swelling of the oil globule, the lipophilic surfactant
molecules, which are in excess in oily phase, can diffuse to the first
interface to fill up free spaces caused by swelling, when required.
The results of this study indicate that sample ME3 exhibited the
highest swelling capacity of the oil globule which lead to a more
sustained drug release. Such interaction is probably more
pronounced at the higher content of lipophilic emulsifier, as drug
release profiles obtained in the case of samples ME1 and ME2
were almost superimposable.
B. JURNAL LOKAL
Judul : Pengembangan Formulasi Mikroemulsi Minyak Sereh
(Cymbopogon Nardus) Menggunakan Emulgator Surfaktan
Nonionik
Tujuan : Tujuan dari ini Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk merumuskan
minyak sitronella dalam bentuk mikroemulsi stabil
menggunakan surfaktan nonionik.
Tabel Hasil pengukuran viskositas dari sediaan mikroemulsi minyak sereh pada
suhu kamar dan freeze-thaw dengan kecepatan 50 rpm
Viskositas
Kondisi Replikasi Suhu kamar (270C) Freeze-Thaw
A1 A2 A3 A1 A2 A3
Sebelum 1 0,144 0,133 0,144 0,144 0,133 0,144
2 0,145 0,133 0,142 0,145 0,133 0,142
3 0,145 0,134 0,145 0,145 0,134 0,145
Setelah 1 0,185 0,174 0,196 0,187 0,211 0,211
2 0,182 0,175 0,197 0,188 0,208 0,21
3 0,185 0,176 0,2 0,191 0,209 0,208
Perbandingan Antara Jurnal Internasional, Nasional dan Lokal
Menurut saya jika dilihat dari judul, judul dari jurnal internasional terlalu
berat dibandingkan dengan judul dari jurnal nasional dan jurnal lokal. Hal ini
karena pada judul jurnal internasional mengandung istilah-istilah ilmiah yang
terlalu berat. Sedangkan pada judul yang digunakan oleh penulis pada jurnal
nasional dan lokal menggunakan kata-kata yang lebih sederhana dan mudah
dipahami akan dibawa kemana pembahasan penelitian.
Jika dilihat tujuan dari ketiga jurnal diatas, menurut saya tujuan dari
jurnal internasional tidak terlepas dari judul yang sudah diberikan oleh penulis.
Begitupun pada jurnal nasional. Akan tetapi tujuan dari jurnal nasional ini sedikit
meluas karena pada judul dari jurnal nasional ini tidak memberikan pernyataan
mengenai cara pembuatan formulasi sedangkan dalam tujuan dikatakan bahwa
tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui bagaimana cara membuat formulasi.
Sedangkan pada jurnal lokal tujuan dan judul yang diberikan penulis menurut
saya kurang sinkron dan sedikit melebar karena pada judul jurnal tersebut
mengatakan “Pengembangan Formulasi Mikroemulsi Minyak Sereh
(Cymbopogon Nardus) Menggunakan Emulgator Surfaktan Nonionik” sedangkan
tujuan dari penelitian tersebut dilakukan untuk merumuskan minyak sitronella
dalam bentuk mikroemulsi stabil menggunakan surfaktan nonionik. Intinya pada
tujuan dari jurnal ini tidak menyinggung pengembangan yang sudah diberikan
dalam judul penelitian. Akan tetapi menggunakan kata “merumuskan” yang
menurut KBBI adalah menyatakan sesuatu.
Kemudian jika dilihat dari metode yang sudah di review oleh kawan
kerja saya, metode pada jurnal internasional kali ini tidak langsung merujuk pada
metode keseluruhan akan tetapi dalam menjelaskan metode, penulis masih
menjelaskan juga mengenai teori yang dirasa perlu dilampirkan oleh penulis.
Sedangkan metode yang ada pada jurnal nasional kali ini tidak terlalu melebar
pada teori melainkan langsung menjelaskan cara kerja dan metode yang
digunakan saat penelitian. Hal ini sama halnya pada metode jurnal lokal yang
sudah di review oleh kawan kerja saya.
Yang terakahir jika dilihat dari hasil penelitian. Pada hasil penelitian
jurnal interansional, antara hasil dan pembahasan sudah digabungkan oleh penulis.
Pada jurnal internasional juga melampirkan gambar, tabel serta grafik serta
melampirkan semua hasil sesuai dengan metode yang ada. Sama halnya denga
jurnal nasional antara hasil dan pembahasan penelitian sudah digabungkan. Selain
itu jurnal nasional juga melampirkan gambar hasil penelitian dan grafik yang
perlu untuk dilampirkan oleh penulis. Akan tetapi pada jurnal internasional
menjabarkan hasil sesuai dengan sub bab dalam metode penelitian. Sedangkan
pada jurnal nasional ada sub bab yang sudah dijelaskan atau digabungkan oleh
penulis dalam 1 sub bab lainnya. Contohnya pada metode jurnal internasional ada
3 sub bab metode yang dibahas, yang dilampirkan dalam hasil dan diskusi pun ada
3 sub bab. Sedangkan pada jurnal nasional ada 9 sub bab metode akan tetapi
hanya 2 sub bab yang dijelaskan dalam hasil dan diskusi. Sedangkan pada jurnal
lokal mengikuti jurnal internasional akan tetapi penulis tidak melampirkan
gambar-gambar atau grafik yang diperlukan dalam hasil penelitian.
Review Jurnal Nasional
A. Pengantar
Judul : Formulasi Emulsi Ganda Air dalam Minyak dalam Air
(A/M/A) dengan Variasi Konsentrasi Carboxymethyl
Cellulose Sodium.
Tahun : 2020
Halaman : 286-295
Apa yang menarik? : Yang menarik dari penelitian ini adalah penulis
menambahkan gambar-gambar hasil penelitian
yang memperjelas pembahasan dari penilitian.
Contohnya seperti adanya gambar mikroskopi
emulsi air dalam minyak (A/M) dengan
emulgator span 80 dengan berbagai konsentrasi
yang sudah ditetapkan serta menambahkan
gambar mikroskopi emulsi ganda air-dalam-
minyak-dalam-air (A/M/A) dengan CMC Na
konsentrasi 1%, 2% dan 3% dengan perbesaran
mikroskopi 150 kali.
Mengutip penelitian terkini?: Ya. Jurnal ini mengutip penelitian terkini karena
tidak menggunakan referensi lebih dari 10 tahun
terakhir bahkan ada referensi yang dikutip pada 2
tahun terakhir.
C. Body (Analisis)
Apa yang dilakukan : Yang mereka lakukan pada penelitian ini yaitu
yang pertama membuat emulsi tipe air
dalam minyak (A/M), kemudian membuat
emulsi tipe air dalam minyak dalam air
(A/M/A), mendeterminasi tipe emulsi,
mengevaluasi viskositas emulsi,
mengevaluasi stabilitas emulsi dengan uji
heating-cooling cycle, mengevaluasi ukuran
droplet, pelepasan zat warna serta
menganalisis statistic.
Apa yang dipelajari : Pada jurnal ini banyak yang dapat saya pelajari
mengenai emulsi. Mulai dari perbedaan antara
emulsi sederhana (A/M) dan emulsi ganda (A/M/A),
faktor dan konsentrasi yang dapat menstabilkan
emulsi, faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi pemisahan
emulsi serta dapat melihat seperti apa bentuk emulsi
secara mikroskopi.
www.journal.ugm.ac.id/v3/JFPS
J.Food Pharm.Sci 2020, 8(2),286- 287
295
potensi penggunaan emulsi ganda ini sebagai sistem penghantaran lepas lambat.
Emulsi ganda A/M/A pada semua konsentrasi CMC Na tidak memisah setelah
uji stabilitas dengan metode heating-cooling cycle.
1. PENDAHULUAN
Formula (%b/b)
Bahan
I II III
Air 16 16 16
Emulsi primer Ponceau 0,4 0,4 0,4
A/M 4R
Span 80 6 6 6
Parafin 17,6 17,6 17,
cair 6
CMC Na 1 2 3
Fase eksternal
Air 59 58 57
2.4.
2.5. Determinasi tipe emulsi
Determinasi tipe emulsi dilakukan dengan uji konduktivitas. Alat uji
dihubungkan ke sumber listrik kemudian elektroda dicelupkan pada emulsi yang
telah dibuat. Emulsi dengan medium pendispersi air akan memiliki sifat konduktif
2.6. Evaluasi viskositas emulsi
Sampel dimasukkan ke dalam wadah dan spindle dipastikan tercelup ke
dalam wadah (menggunakan viskosimeter Brookfield). Waktu dan kecepatan putar
spindle (spindle nomor 4 untuk emulsi A/M dan spindle nomor 5 untuk emulsi
A/M/A) diatur sebesar 10 detik dan 100 rpm.
2.7. Evaluasi stabilitas emulsi dengan uji heating-cooling cycle
Emulsi ganda A/M/A disimpan dalam suhu 4 ± 0,5 0C selama 24 jam
kemudian dipindahkan ke dalam oven (suhu 40 ± 0,5 0C) selama 24 jam [10].
Siklus diulangi sampai mencapai tiga siklus. Untuk emulsi A/M juga diamati
pemisahan fasenya pada suhu ruang (28 ± 0,5 0C) selama 30 hari. Pemisahan
diamati pada masing-masing emulsi [11]. Pemisahan fase (F) dihitung dengan
membandingkan tinggi akhir emulsi setelah pengamatan dibagi dengan tinggi awal
emulsi.
C D
Gambar 1. Mikroskopi emulsi air dalam minyak (A/M) dengan emulgator span 80
konsentrasi 5 (A), 10 (B), 15 (C), dan 20% (D) (dengan perbesaran mikroskop
150x)
600
Viskositas
400
200
0
5% 10% 15% 20%
A
Konsentrasi span 80
Rasio pemisahan
1.00
0.80 pengamatan
dengan
0.60
cycling
0.40
0.20
pengamata
0.00 n pada suhu
5% 10% 15% ruang hari
20% ke- 28
Konsentrasi span 80
B
A B
Tabel 3. Persentase pelepasan zat warna Ponceau 4R dari emulsi A/M dan A/M/A
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1% 2% 3%
Konsentrasi CMC Na A
1.00
Rasio pemisahan
0.80 0.40
0.60
Pengamatan
dengan
cycling
0.20
0.00
1% 2% 3% B
Konsentrasi CMC Na
Gambar 4. Grafik viskositas (A) dan rasio pemisahan (B) emulsi ganda A/M/A
pada masing-masing konsentrasi CMC Na
Uji stabilitas bertujuan untuk mendapatkan informasi mengenai kualitas
produk dalam penyimpanan dengan adanya pengaruh lingkungan seperti suhu,
kelembaban, atau cahaya [11, 19]. Pemisahan fase emulsi ganda A/M/A pada
berbagai konsentrasi CMC Na setelah siklus heating cooling cycling dapat diamati
pada Gambar 4B. Emulsi A/M/A memiliki stabilitas yang lebih baik daripada
emulsi A/M. Emulsi ganda A/M/A mempunyai viskositas yang lebih tinggi
daripada emulsi primer A/M sehingga memiliki laju pemisahan yang lebih kecil
[20]. Emulsi ganda dengan konsentrasi CMC Na 3% memiliki viskositas paling
tinggi sehingga pemisahan fasenya lebih kecil
dibandingkan emulsi dengan konsentrasi CMC Na 1% dan 2%. Meskipun
demikian rasio pemisahan emulsi ganda dengan konsentrasi CMC Na yang berbeda
tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan (p>0,05). CMC Na meningkatkan
viskositas fase air eksternal sehingga dapat mengurangi koalesensi droplet minyak
[2].
4. KESIMPULAN
Emulsi ganda A/M/A dapat dibuat menggunakan CMC Na sebagai stabilisator
emulsi. Emulsi primer A/M dengan konsentrasi span 80 sebesar 15% menghasilkan
emulsi primer yang paling stabil, droplet air fase internal yang nampak kecil dan
viskositas yang tertinggi. Emulsifikasi emulsi primer A/M ini ke dalam fase air
dengan variasi konsentrasi CMC Na 1, 2, dan 3% menghasilkan emulsi ganda
A/M/A dengan stabilitas yang tidak berbeda bermakna. Viskositas emulsi ganda
A/M/A meningkat secara signifikan pada emulsi ganda dengan 3% CMC Na.
Semua emulsi ganda A/M/A menghasilkan pelepasan model zat warna larut air
(Ponceau 4R) yang kecil setelah 6 jam dan
mengindikasikan kegunaan emulsi ini untuk penghantaran lepas lambat. Emulsi
ganda A/M/A memiliki stabilitas fisik yang baik setelah uji heating-cooling cycle.
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