TOPIC 3.

2: HEALTHCARE – MIDTERMS

Top 10 Causes of Death in the

Philippines

TOP 10 CAUSES OF DEATH IN THE PH

1 Heart Disease
2 Stroke 3. CANCER
3 Cancer - 50,000 cancer cases recorded in PH
4 Pneumonia ➢ Increasing by 5% every year
5 Accidents ➢ 16% death cases due to BREAST CANCER
- DOH Programs:
6 Tuberculosis
• Anti-Smoking Campaign
7 Chronic lower respiratory disease • Cancer Awareness Campaign
8 Diabetes - SMOKING remains the top preventable cause of
9 Kidney failure cancer in all sexes in all ages
10 Perinatal conditions
4. PNEUMONIA
- Caused by BACTERIA or VIRUSES
1. HEART DISEASE - Usually starts when you breathe the pathogens into
- Problem that affects your lungs
one or more - More likely to get pneumonia after having cold or flu
components of the ➢ makes it hard for your lungs to fight infection
human heart - COMMON SYMPTOMS:
- Causes: • Fever
• Narrowing • Shortness of breath
• Blockage • Cough
➢ of arteries in the heart, leading to HEART • Fatigue
ATTACK • Lack of strength
- INCREASE in # of heart attacks happen every YULETIDE - PH ranks 48th in terms of DEATH in this disease
SEASON - Rate of 51 deaths per 100,000 Filipinos
- Advice:
• Go easy in eating & drinking
5. ACCIDENTS
• Quit smoking
- Major bus crashes happened in Benguet and Cebu
• Healthier food choices
because of narrow roads and reckless driving,
• Enough rest - 1.2 million people worldwide die from road accidents
• Regular exercise according to the World Health Organization (WHO)
- Death from accidents are on the rise. The data is largely
➔ It is estimated that around 170,000 FILIPINOS WILL DIE on the ages 10 to 24 age group which shows increase in
EACH YEAR of this disease traffic-accident-related deaths, a sideeffect of
➔ PH ranks 79 in terms of RATE OF DEATH in this disease urbanization. Other causes of death are drowning-
related and occupational-related
2. STROKE
- also Cerebrovascular disease 6. TUBERCULOSIS
- Happens SUDDENLY - An infectious disease that is caused by a bacterium
- Prevention: called Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
• Early diagnosis - TB primarily affects the lungs, but it can also affect organs
• Treatment in the central nervous system, lymphatic system, and
of HYPERTENSION or HIGH LEVEL OF circulatory system among others.
CHOLESTEROL - When a person becomes infected with tuberculosis, the
bacteria in the lungs multiply and cause:
➔ ISCHEMIC STROKE – blood is not supplied to some • pneumonia along with chest pain
parts of brain due to blockage • coughing up blood
➔ HEMORRHAGIC STROKE – bursting of a blood vessel • prolonged cough.
in the body • lymph nodes near the heart and lungs become
enlarged
- can strike both elderly and young persons - PH ranks 34th out of nearly 200 countries in DEATH

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 8. DIABETES
- Blood glucose (sugar levels) are too HIGH based on the
food we eat
- Health complications:
➢ Heart disease
➢ Stroke
➢ Kidney failure
- Estimated 4 MILLION FILIPINOS suffers from diabetes
- Early diagnosis prevents it from getting worse
- According to estimates, 6 MILLION FILIPINOS will
acquire diabetes by 2030
- There are already CHILDREN aged 5 y/o diagnosed with
type 2 diabetes
- It is expected that PH will soon join the top 10 nations w/
diabetes by 2030
TB DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment, Short course) - Symptoms:
- TB control strategy recommended by WHO, implemented ➢ 3PS : polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
by the Department of Health ➢ Unexplained weight loss
➢ Extreme tiredness
7. CHRONIC LOWER RESPIRATORY DISEASES
➢ Irritability
- Called CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY
➢ Blurred vision
DISEASE (COPD) before 1999
➢ Slow healing cuts
- Comprises of three major diseases
1. Chronic bronchitis
2. Emphysema
3. Asthma
➢ All characterized by shortness of breath caused by
airway obstruction

• CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
→ inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that
carry air to your lungs
→ The inflamed bronchi produce a lot of mucus. This leads
to cough and difficulty getting air in and out of the 9. KIDNEY FAILURE
lungs - ONE OF THE MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF KIDNEY →
→ CIGARETTE SMOKING is the most common cause clean waste material from the blood
→ Inhalation of fumes and dusts over a long period of time ➢ If kidney is not working properly = KIDNEY FAILURE
may also cause - STAGE 5 kidney failure patients requires dialysis but
→ TREATMENT ONLY HELPS W/ SYMPTOMS. ➢ Only 50% may be healthy enough to undergo kidney
o Chronic bronchitis is long-term and will relapse, or transplant
never goes away completely ➢ Only 20% can afford the costly life-saving operation
• EMPHYSEMA - Major causes of kidney disease or failure
→ damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs ➢ diabetes
➢ body does not get the oxygen it needs ➢ hypertension.
➢ makes it hard to catch your breath - Another reason for death with kidney disease is that
➢ chronic cough millions of Filipinos cannot afford treatment as kidney
➢ trouble breathing during exercise treatment is very expensive
→ CIGARETTE SMOKING – most common cause
→ TREATMENT:
10. PERINATAL CONDITIONS
- The Philippines is one of the 42 countries that
o Inhalers
contributes to 90% of global under-five deaths at a
o Oxygen
ratio of 34 per 1,000 live births
o Medications
➢ 47% is identified as deaths of infants LESS THAN 28
o Surgery
DAYS OLD
• ASTHMA
- Leading causes of perinatal deaths:
→ chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the
➢ Diarrhea
airways (tubes that carry air into and out of your lungs)
➢ Pneumonia
→ asthma causes:
➢ Sepsis
➢ wheezing (whistling sound when you breathe)
➢ Asphyxia
➢ chest tightness
➢ shortness of breath
➢ coughing (often at night/early in the morning)

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TOPIC 4: HEALTHCARE – MIDTERMS “BROAD STREET PUMP”

Epidemiology - 1854 - Cholera epidemic in

→ Derived from Greek words:
➢ Epi – upon/among
➢ Demos – people/district
➢ Logos – study/knowledge of
→ From such origin, epidemiology is literally defined as
study of what is upon the people
→ Mausner & Kramer: “the study of the distribution and
determinants of diseases and injuries in human
populations”
→ GOAL: limit disease, injury and death in a community by
intervening to prevent or limit outbreaks or epidemics of
disease and injury
→ John M. Last: “study of the distribution and determinants
of health-related states or events in specified
populations and the application of this study to the control
of health problems”
BRIEF HISTORY
HIPPOCRATES (460 B.C. – 375 B.C.)
- Classical Father of Epidemiology
- because he was the first person known to have examined the
relationships between disease occurrence and
environmental influences
- coined two important terms:
➢ epidemic
➢ endemic
London
- Cholera death rate
- Geographical mapping
• Where do cases live?
• Where do cases work?
- Water source
IGNAZ SEMMELWEIS
- In 1847, brought down INFANT MORTALITY at a VIENNA
hospital by instituting hand washing procedures
- “Father of Handwashing”
- Handwashing is the single most important measure to reduce
disease transmission from one person to another
JOSEPH LISTER
- In 1865, he discovered the ASEPTIQUE/ASEPTIC (from
asepsis – meaning without infection) TECHNIQUE
➢ prevention of microorganisms from reaching
susceptible areas thereby preventing the spread of
disease
AIMS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY (International
Epidemiological Association)
1. To describe the distribution & magnitude of health &
disease problems in human populations
2. To identify the etiology (cause of disease) & the risk factors
associated with the pathogenicity of disease
3. To provide the data necessary for planning, implementation,
and evaluation of services for the prevention, control, and
treatment of disease and to the setting up of priorities among
these services

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL METHODS
1. DESCRIPTIVE
- The first phase of any investigation
- Protocol includes:
GIROLAMO FRACASTORO (16TH CENTURY) a. Population to be studied is defined.
- famous Italian doctor b. Disease to be studied is defined.
- very first to propose THEORY that very small, unseeable c. Time, place and personal factors are collected.
LIVE particles CAUSE DISEASE and able to spread via diff. d. Disease is measured using various statistical methods
modes of transmission → cause epidemics e. Cause of disease is investigated and reported
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1675) 2. ANALYTICAL
- proved Fracastoro’s theory through invention of microscope - use of case studies
DR. JOHN SNOW 3. EXPERIMENTAL
- in 1854 → outbreak of CHOLERA in London’s - use of laboratory animals and different study designs to
Soho District identify disease association
- mapped out clusters of cholera cases →
deduced PUBLIC WATER PUMP SYSTEM as
cause of outbreak
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TERMS
➢ outbreak declined → no more incidence of cholera • COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
➢ MAJOR EVENT IN THE HISTORY OF PUBLIC - the disease is transmissible from one human to
HEALTH another. (person-person transmission)
➢ FOUNDING EVENT OF THE SCIENCE OF • CONTAGIOUS DISEASE
EPIDEMIOLOGY - a communicable disease that is EASILY transmitted
- Thus, he is regarded as “MODERN FATHER OF from one person to another
EPIDEMIOLOGY”
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!!! NOT ALL COMMUNICABLE DISEASES ARE CONTAGIOUS!!! IMPORTANCE / SIGNIFICANCE
But ALL CONTAGIOUS DISEASES ARE COMMUNICABLE
1. Establish cause of disease
• ZOONOTIC DISEASES (ZOONOSES) 2. Help in community diagnosis
- infectious diseases that humans acquire from animal 3. Gives clinical picture of disease
sources 4. Provides list distribution of disease
5. Helps in the investigation of an epidemic
• INCIDENCE 6. It helps in the identification of risk factors.
- the number of NEW cases of a particular disease in a 7. It establishes disease prevention, treatment and control
defined population during a specific time period methods
- e.g. the number of new cases of tuberculosis in the
Philippines for the year 2014

• PREVALENCE
- the TOTAL number of cases of a disease existing in a
given population
➢ PERIOD PREVALENCE → # of cases of a specific
disease existing in a given population during a
specific time period (e.g. there are 119 cases of
gonorrhea in Batangas province during 2007)
➢ POINT PREVALENCE → # of cases of a specific
disease existing in a given population at a particular
moment in time (e.g. there are 201 cases of acute
respiratory infection in Batangas province at this
moment)

• MORBIDITY RATE (DISEASE RATE)

- NUMERICAL expression of the # of disease cases that
occur during a specific time period per a specifically
defined population

• MORTALITY RATE (DEATH RATE)

- Refers to the # of people who died of a particular disease
during a specific time period per a specifically defined
population

• EPIDEMIC DISEASES (OUTBREAK DISEASES)

- defined as GREATER THAN USUAL NUMBER OF
CASES of a disease in a particular region usually for a
short period of time (e.g. 1976 (USA) Legionnaire’s
disease; 1992-1993 Epidemic involving E. coli)

• ENDEMIC DISEASES
- refer to diseases that are ALWAYS PRESENT within the
population of a particular geographic area. The number of
cases may fluctuate over time but the disease never dies
out completely. (e.g. MALARIA in Palawan; African
Trypanosomiasis)

• SPORADIC DISEASES
- refer to diseases that only occurs OCCASIONALLY within
the population of a particular geographic area (e.g.
botulism, tetanus, gas gangrene)

• PANDEMIC DISEASES
- diseases occurring in epidemic proportions in many
countries simultaneously WORLDWIDE (e.g. AIDS;
Tuberculosis; Malaria, Influenza, COVID-19)