CAVITE MUTINY

Cavite Mutiny, (January 20, 1872), brief uprising of 200 Filipino troops and workers at the Cavite arsenal,
which became the excuse for Spanish repression of the embryonic Philippine nationalist movement.
Ironically, the harsh reaction of the Spanish authorities served ultimately to promote the nationalist
cause.

The mutiny was quickly crushed, but the Spanish regime under the reactionary governor Rafael de
Izquierdo magnified the incident and used it as an excuse to clamp down on those Filipinos who had
been calling for governmental reform. A number of Filipino intellectuals were seized and accused of
complicity with the mutineers. After a brief trial, three priests—José Burgos, Jacinto Zamora, and
Mariano Gómez—were publicly executed. The three subsequently became martyrs to the cause of
Philippine independence.

GOMBURZA
Gomburza or GOMBURZA is an acronym denoting the surnames of the priests Mariano Gómez,
José Apolonio Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, three Filipino priests who were executed on 17 February
1872 at Bagumbayan in Manila, Philippines by Spanish colonial authorities on charges of subversion
arising from the 1872 Cavite mutiny. Their execution left a profound effect on many Filipinos : José
Rizal, the national hero, dedicated his novel El Filibusterismo to their memory

Propaganda Movement
Propaganda Movement, reform and national consciousness movement that arose among young Filipino
expatriates in the late 19th century. Although its adherents expressed loyalty to the Spanish colonial
government, Spanish authorities harshly repressed the movement and executed its most prominent
member, José Rizal.

Public education did not arrive in the Philippines until the 1860s, and even then the Roman Catholic
Church controlled the curriculum. Because the Spanish friars made comparatively little effort to
inculcate a knowledge of Castilian, less than one-fifth of those who went to school could read and write
Spanish, and far fewer could speak it. The Filipino populace was thus kept apart from the colonial power
that had been ruling it for more than three centuries. After the construction of the Suez Canal in 1869,
sons of the wealthy were sent to Spain and other countries for study. At home and abroad, a growing
sense of Filipino identity had begun to manifest, and in 1872 this burgeoning nationalism spawned an
armed insurrection. About 200 Filipino soldiers at the Cavite arsenal revolted, killed their officers, and
shouted for independence. Plans for a similar demonstration in Manila failed. The rebellion was quickly
suppressed and led to wholesale arrests, life imprisonment, and the execution of, among others, three
Filipino priests, whose connection with the uprising was not satisfactorily explained.
In 1888 Filipino expatriate journalist Graciano López Jaena founded the newspaper La Solidaridad in
Barcelona. Throughout its course, La Solidaridad urged reforms in both religion and government in the
Philippines, and it served as the voice of what became known as the Propaganda Movement. One of the
foremost contributors to La Solidaridad was the precocious José Rizal y Mercado. Rizal wrote two
political novels—Noli me tangere (1887; Touch Me Not) and El filibusterismo (1891; The Reign of Greed)
—which had a wide impact in the Philippines. López Jaena, Rizal, and journalist Marcelo del Pilar
emerged as the three leading figures of the Propaganda Movement, and magazines, poetry, and
pamphleteering flourished.

While López Jaena and Pilar remained abroad, in 1892 Rizal returned home and founded the Liga
Filipina, a modest reform-minded society that was loyal to Spain and breathed no word of
independence. As with the Cavite mutiny, the Spanish authorities overreacted to a perceived threat to
their rule. They promptly arrested and exiled Rizal to a remote island in the south. Meanwhile, within
the Philippines there had developed a firm commitment to independence among the somewhat less
privileged class. Shocked by the arrest of Rizal, these activists formed the Katipunan under the
leadership of Andres Bonifacio, a self-educated warehouseman. The Katipunan was dedicated to the
expulsion of the Spanish from the islands, and preparations were made for armed revolt. There had
been many Filipino rebels throughout the history of Spanish rule, but now for the first time they were
inspired by nationalist ambitions and possessed the education needed to make success a real possibility.

On August 26, 1896, Bonifacio issued the Grito de Balintawak (“the Cry of Balintawak”), calling for an
armed uprising against the Spanish. The centre of the revolt was in Cavite province, where Filipino
independence leader Emilio Aguinaldo first came into prominence. Spain sent reinforcements until there
was an army of 28,000, along with a few loyal regiments of Filipino soldiers. A stiff campaign of 52 days
brought about the defeat of the insurgents, but the Spanish once again endeavoured to work against
their own interests. Although Rizal had no connection to the uprising or Katipunan, the Spanish military
arrested him and, after a farcical trial, found him guilty of sedition. He was executed by a firing squad in
Manila on December 30, 1896.

The execution of Rizal breathed new life into the insurrection, and the Philippine Revolution spread to
the provinces of Pangasinan, Zambales, and Ilocos. With the destruction of the U.S. battleship Maine on
February 15, 1898, in the harbour of Havana, Cuba, and the subsequent wave of public indignation,
hostilities erupted between Spain and the United States. The exiled Aguinaldo returned to the
Philippines on May 19 and announced renewal of the struggle with Spain. The Philippines declared
independence from Spain on June 12 and proclaimed a provisional republic with Aguinaldo as president.
With the conclusion of the Spanish-American War, the Philippines, along with Puerto Rico and Guam,
were ceded by Spain to the U.S. by the Treaty of Paris, on December 10, 1898. The Filipino struggle for
independence would continue through the Philippine-American War and would not be achieved until
after World War II.
Jose P. Rizal's Exile in dapitan
Born on June 19, 1861, this year marks the 160th birth anniversary of our national hero. In celebration, I
feature his admirable industry in his final years.

From July 17, 1892 to July 31, 1896 – a period of four years and 13 days –Jose Rizal lived the life of a
political exile in Dapitan, the northern Mindanao which today is part of the province of Zamboanga del
Norte, near Dipolog.

An accomplished young life. Jose Rizal was 31 years by the time he was put by the Spanish colonial
authorities into exile. At that age, he had essentially accomplished most of the works for which he would
be martyred as a hero.

The two important novels that would open the eyes of his countrymen to the many harsh realities of
Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines had already been published by then. These were two powerful
novels, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.

While he lived in Europe, He was considered a leader among his contemporaries who have also
contributed important writings in help of the propaganda movement criticizing Spanish colonial rule in
the country.

A busy life in exile. The authorities did not demand total control over Rizal’s activities while he was in
exile. Although his political rights were denied him, he was essentially free to do what he pleased to
undertake in the place of his exile in Dapitan.

Rizal had to be in good political behavior by reporting to his military supervisor regularly. Otherwise, he
was on his own. In general, Rizal developed a congenial relationship with the symbol of his political
impotence, the military commander to whom he reported.

Essentially, this relationship grew out of respect and amiability as they went through their routinary
meetings.

A learned and inquisitive mind could not be kept in cold storage for long. Given the learning and
superior knowledge that Jose Rizal earned in his studies and experience from his apprenticeships and his
travels, there were always ways to put his knowledge to good use, to personally survive as well as to
help the community in which he lived.

They took many dimensions, but primarily, he had to fend for himself. First he thought of engaging in
agricultural endeavors. He secured permission to plant fruit trees and coconuts on open land.

Leon Ma. Guerrero, in his landmark 1960 biography of Jose Rizal, The First Filipino, provides us a glimpse
of Rizal’s life through Rizal’s own personal correspondence, during this exile period. [pp. 345-347].

A stroke of improbably good luck happened. Rizal had bought, along with his military commander and
another local Spaniard, a lottery ticket in Manila that won the big, second prize. That brought in for him
a share of one-third from a P20,000 prize, or P6,200.
With proceeds from this pot, he “was not only able to buy 50 lanzones trees, 20 mango trees, macopa
trees, some 50 lanka trees, santol trees, balones, 18 mangosteens, and … planted some 1,400 coffee
trees and 200 cocoa seedlings.”

In several letters to Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt, his Austrian friend and scholar-correspondent, Jose Rizal
described his life in Dapitan.

Rizal wrote: “I have a square house, a six-sided house, and an eight-sided house. My mother, my sister
Trinidad, a nephew [who were then visiting] and I live in the square house; in the eight-sided house are
my boys [pupils] whom I am teaching figuring, Spanish and English …. My chickens live in the six-sided
house. … I get up early, at five o’clock, inspect my fields, feed the chickens, wake up my workers, and get
them to work. At half-past seven we breakfast… Then I examine and give treatment to my poor patients,
who come to see me, dress, and go to town…. I return at noon and have my luncheon… Afterwards I
teach my boys until four o’clock and spend the rest of the afternoon in the fields. At night I read and
study.”

This is another letter: “My life goes on peacefully and monotonously. To pass the time and help the local
people here a little, I have turned merchant. I buy hemp and ship it to Manila. I was lucky this month; I
made $200 at one blow…. My present life is is tranquil, peaceful, withdrawn and without glory, but I
think it is also useful. I am teaching some poor, but intelligent children how to read Spanish and English,
mathematics (including geometry), and how to behave like men…”

A third letter: “In six hours I must read many letters and answer them, load my hemp aboard ship, see
the local commander, make inquiries, ask about money for my business, etc., etc. The ship comes only
once a month and stays here only eight hours, sometimes less. I have to open cases, inspect
merchandize, visit my patients, give advice – sometimes my head is all awhirl. I have turned half-
physician and half-merchant. I have started a mercantile company here; I have taught the poor
inhabitants of Mindanao to unite in order to do business so that they can make themselves independent
and free themselves from the Chinese, and thus be less exploited….”

Finally, another. “Now we are going to make a reservoir on my lands. I have 14 boys whom I am teaching
languages, mathematics, and how to work; since we have nothing to work on, I have decided to build a
dike of stone, brick and cement so they may learn.”

Rizal tried his artistic skills to make sketches of Philippine fish and other fauna and collected some
specimens of these for German scholars in an effort to secure equipment and books for his use in
Dapitan. This endeavor succeeded momentarily, but was hampered by distance and supply logistics.

Exile and imprisonment ended in execution. His Dapitan exile was to end in exchange for transfer as
military doctor in Cuba. He was on board ship when the 1896 Revolution outbreak took place, and so
was sent instead to Barcelona, Spain for imprisonment. Eventually, he was returned to Manila for trial
and later execution in that year.
Foundation and the discovery of the KKK
Captured Katipunan members (also known as Katipuneros), who were also members of La Liga, revealed
to the Spanish colonial authorities that there was a difference of opinion among members of La Liga.
One group insisted on La Liga's principle of a peaceful reformation while the other espoused armed
revolution.[11]

On July 7, 1892, writer Jose Rizal was banished and exiled to Dapitan in Mindanao. That night Bonifacio,
a member of the La Liga Filipina; with Plata, Diwa, Diaz, Arellano, and Dizon, founded the Katipunan in a
house on Azcarraga St. (now Recto Avenue) near Elcano Street in San Nicolas, Manila.[12][13][14] They
established the Katipunan when anti-Spanish Filipinos had realized that societies such as the La Liga
Filipina would be suppressed by colonial authorities.[15] Despite their reservations about the peaceable
reformation that Rizal espoused, they named Rizal as honorary president, without his knowledge. The
Katipunan, established as a secret brotherhood organization, was known as the Kataas-taasang,
Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng̃ mg̃á Anak ng̃ Bayan (Supreme and Venerable Society of the Children
of the Nation).[16]

The Katipunan had four aims, namely:

to develop a strong alliance with each and every Katipunero

to unite Filipinos into one solid nation;

to win Philippine independence by means of an armed conflict (or revolution);[17]

to establish a republic after independence.[18]

The rise of the Katipunan signalled the end of the crusade to secure reforms from Spain by means of a
peaceful campaign. The Propaganda Movement led by Rizal, del Pilar, Jaena and others had failed its
mission; hence, Bonifacio started the militant movement for independence.

INTRODUCTION:
The Cry of Balintawak is an event in which the Filipino started their first staging act of revolution. The
“Cry” actually refers to the first clash between the Katipuneros showing their reform by tearing up their
cedulas into pieces, implicating that they have pronounced to refuse their enslavement and servitude
with the Spaniards. The whole story of how, what, and where the revolution really started will be
tackled in our presentation as we already studied the accounts. The Cry of Balintawak happened on
August 23, 1896, as proved by the testimonies of people who had witnessed the event, which means
that their versions are accurately detailed and show creadibility.
The name “ Pugad Lawin” came to be used in the twentieth century to refer not just to one of the
contending “Cry” sites, but to two. First one site, and then another. Today, The Pugad Lawin marker in
Bahay toro, where Juan Ramos had supposedly lived. But in previous decades, as will be discussed later,
Pugad Lawin was said to have been three kilometers or so to the northeast, where Ramo’s mother
Melchora Aquino (“Tandang Sora”) had lived near Pasong Tamo in barrio Banlat.

- The name “ Pugad Lawin” came to be used in the twentieth century to refer not just to one of the
contending “Cry” sites, but to two. First one site, and then another. Today, The Pugad Lawin marker in
Bahay toro, where Juan Ramos had supposedly lived. But in previous decades, as will be discussed later,
Pugad Lawin was said to have been three kilometers or so to the northeast, where Ramo’s mother
Melchora Aquino (“Tandang Sora”) had lived near Pasong Tamo in barrio Banlat.

Definition of "cry"
-pasya, pagpupunit and unang labanan

-debate has long been clouded by a lack of consensus on exactly what is means by the "cry". the term
has been applied to three related but distinct events

- the "pasya" - the decision to revolt

-the "pagpupunit" - the tearing of cedulas and

-the "unang labanan" - the first encounter with spanish forces.

WHY PUGAD LAWIN

The Cry of Rebellion in the Philippines happened in August 1896

There are lot of controversies puzzling the minds of the readers regarding the real place and date of this
event. Some accounts pointing directly to Balintawak are associated with ‘The Cry’. Lt. Olegario Diaz of
the Spanish Civil Guards wrote in 1896 that the event happened in Balintawak, which corroborates the
accounts of the historian Gregorio Zaide and Teodoro Kalaw. On the other hand, Teodoro Agoncillo
based his account from that of Pio Valenzuela that emphasized Pugad Lawin as the place where the ‘cry’
happened.

Here are some reasons why Pugad Lawin is not considered as the place of the ‘cry’.

 People of Balintawak initiated the revolution against the Spaniards that is why it is not
appropriate to call it ‘Cry of Pugad Lawin’.
 The place Pugad Lawin only existed in 1935 after the rebellion happened in 1896.
 The term ‘Pugad Lawin’ was only made up because of the hawk’s nest at the top of a tall tree at
the backyard of Tandang Sora in Banlat, Gulod, Kaloocan where it is said to be one of the hiding
places of the revolutionary group led by Andres Bonifacio.
HISTORIAN’S INSIGHT:TERMS
First skirmish

- Prior to the late 1920s, the Cry was commonly associated with Balintawak. On August 26, the
anniversary of the first encounter between the Katipuneros and the Guardia Civil was
commemorated. The Revolution's "first shot" (el primer tiro) was fired at Banlat, Pasong Tamo, then
part of Balintawak and now part of Quezon City.

Tearing of cédulas

Not all accounts relate the tearing of cédulas in the last days of August. Of the accounts that do,
older ones identify the place where this occurred as Kangkong in Balintawak/Kalookan. Most also
give the date of the cédula-tearing as August 26, in close proximity to the first skirmish. One
Katipunero, Guillermo Masangkay, version was based on the later testimonies of Pío Valenzuela and
others who claimed the cry took place in Pugad Lawin instead of Balintawak. Valenzuela's version,
through Agoncillo's influence, became the basis of the current stance of the Philippine government.

Formation of an insurgent government

Another interpretation of the Cry as the "birth of the Filipino nation state" involves the
establishment of a national insurgent government led by Bonifacio in Banlat, Pasong Tamo on
August 24, 1896 - after the tearing of cedulas but before the first skirmish. This was referred to as
the Republika ng Katagalugan (Tagalog Republic).

Other Cries

Bonifacio, Masangkay, Emilio Jacinto, and other Katipuneros spent Good Friday in the Mt. Pamitinan
caverns in Montalban in 1895. (Now part of Rizal province). They scribbled "long live Philippine
freedom" on the cave walls, which some historians regard as the "first scream" for Philippine
independence (el primer grito).

DECISION TO REVOLT
Who?

Bonifacio and his fellows were planning a nationwide revolt. This led to an event called the 'Cry of Pugad
Lawin', where revolutionaries took part in a mass tearing of cedulas (community tax certificates),
symbolizing their fight against Spain. Bonifacio simultaneously planned an attack on Manila.

Where?
The first cry of revolution happened in Balintawak, at the house of Apolonio Samson, on August 26,
1896. 9 o'clock in the morning, the board of directors held a meeting for the final date of uprising.
Bonifacio went outside the hall and talked to the people waiting outside.

When?

When did the Philippine Revolution start?

23 August 1896 – 12 June 1898

POSSIBLY WHERE?

Apolonio Samson place in kangkong, Caloocan

At the barn of Melchora that they called, Sampalukan barrio of bahay toro