I will attempt to arrive at a general equation for area of n intersections, area of infinite intersections and sum

of area of remaining circles, in an infinite decreasing series of circles. The following criteria will not change
throughout the exploration. The smaller circle lies on the larger circle. The varying value in this exploration
is K. Where K can be any positive whole number greater than or equal to one. K≥1.

Case 1:
Assume K =1
When K = 1, all the circles will have the same radius.

Figure 1: The first two circles of the series in which K=1.

Since both of the circles have the same radius, and pass through each other’s centre. Area of part 1 = Area
of part 2 = Area of part 3 = Area of part 4.
In this case, it is assumed that the centre of the red circle lies on the point (0,0).
The equation of the circle is therefore Y 2=R 2−x 2.
Y =√( R 2−x 2)
The two circles intersect at two points, with the same x coordinate = R/2.

R
2 2
Therefore area of intersection ¿ 4 ∫ √( R −x )dx
R
2
R
x
[
¿ 4 0.5 x √ R2−x 2 +0.5 R2 sin−1 ( )
R ] R
2
2

[ √
¿ 2 [ R √ R2 −R2+ R2 sin−1 (1) ] −2 0.5 R R2 −
R
4
+ R2 sin−1 (0.5) ]
π R2√3 π
[
¿ 2 R2 −
2 4
−R2
6 ]
− 3 2π
¿ R2 [ √ + ]
2 3
¿ R2 ( 1.2283696986 )
≈ R2 (1.23) [Equation of finding area of any intersection]
Constant ≈ (2.78)
Case 2 :
When K = 2, the circles will form an infinite series with decreasing radius.

Figure 2: The first two circles of the series where K>1. Since the circles will form a decreasing series, we can
assume this figure to show a series of K>1.

In this case, we again assume that point O is (0,0).

Radius of red circle is two times the radius of the blue circle.
Equation of red circle : ( x−R )2 +Y 2=R 2
2
Y = √ R2 −( x−R ) ---- Equation 1
R2
Equation of blue circle : x 2+ Y 2=
4
2
R
Y=
√ 4
−x 2 --- Equation 2

To find the x-coordinate of the points of intersection, we equate both the equations.
2
√ R2−( x−R )2 = R4 −x 2
√
2 2 R2 2
R − x−R = −x
( )
4
2 2 2 R2 2
R −x +2 xR−R = −x
4
2
R
2 xR=
4
R
x= (x coordinate of point A)
8
Therefore, to find the area of intersection, the expression used is:
 R
R
2
8
R2
¿ 2∫ √ R −( x−R ) dx + 2∫
0
2 2
R
8
√ 4
−x 2 dx

¿2¿¿

7R 49 R 2 2 −1 −7
¿−
8
+R( ) R
√
R 2−
2
64
−1
+ R sin
8 ( )
−[−R ( 0 ) + R2 sin−1 (−1 ) ]

0 + sin ( 1 )−¿ ¿
2 4
2
7R −1 −7 R 2 −1 ( ) R2 R2 −1 (
¿−
64
√ 15+ R 2
sin
8
−R 2
( )
sin −1
( −1 ) +
4
sin 1 −
64
√ 15−
4
sin 0.25 )
−7 −7 1 1 1
¿ R2 [
64
√ 15+sin−1
8 ( )
−sin−1 (−1 ) + sin −1 ( 1 )− √15− sin−1 ( 0.25 ) ]
4 64 4
2
≈ R ¿)
Constant ≈ ¿)

Case 3 : When K = 2 π , the circles will form a series with a decreasing radius. This scenario corresponds to
when the radius of the larger circle is equal to the circumference of the smaller circle. This trend continues
to infinity. Here we will explore the result of taking K as an irrational value.
In this case, we again assume that point O is (0,0).
Radius of red circle is two times the radius of the blue circle.
Equation of red circle : ( x−R )2 +Y 2=R 2
2 2
Y = √ R −( x−R ) ---- Equation 1
2 2 R2
Equation of blue circle : x + Y = 2
4π
2
R
Y=
√4π 2
−x 2 --- Equation 2

To find the x-coordinate of the points of intersection, we equate both the equations.
2
√ R2−( x−R )2 = 4Rπ 2 −x 2√
2 2 R2 2
R − ( x−R ) = 2 −x
4π
2 2 2 R2 2
R −x +2 xR−R = 2 −x
4π
2
R
2 xR= 2
4π
R
x= 2 (x coordinate of point A)
8π
Therefore, to find the area of intersection is:
R
R
2π
R2
√
2
8π
¿ 2 ∫ √ R − ( x −R ) dx + 2 ∫
2 2
2
−x 2 dx
R 4π
0
8 π2
¿2¿¿
1 2 R2 R2 1 R R2
¿R
( 8 π2
−1
)√ 2
−
8 π 64 π 4
+ R 2
sin −1

8π 2
−1
(−R 2
sin
)
−1
( −1 ) +
[
2 π
√ 0+
4π 2
sin−1 ( 1 )
]
−
[ √
R
2
R2
2
−
R2
4
8 π 4 π 64 π 4 π
R2
+ 2 sin
−1 2 π

8 π2 ( )]
R2
∗π
R2 R2 1 1 1 4 π2 R2 π
¿−R
√ 2
−
4 π 64 π 2
[ (
+ R 2 sin −1
8π 2
4π )
−1 − 2 sin−1 ( )]
4π
+
2
+
2

π 1 1 1 1 1 1
¿ R2
2
[ +
2 8π
+sin −1
8π (
2
4π )
−1 − 2 sin −1
4π
− −
4 π 64 π 4
2 ( ) √ ]
¿ R [ 0.03844406912]
≈ R2 [ 0.038 ]
Constant ≈ ¿)

Case 4 : We have explored a small value of K, no change in radius and an irrational change in the radius.
Now we put a large whole number value of K. Let K = 8. Figure 2 shows how the circle will look for this
scenario.
In this case, we again assume that point O is (0,0).
Radius of red circle is two times the radius of the blue circle.
Equation of red circle : ( x−R )2 +Y 2=R 2
2
Y = √ R2 −( x−R ) ---- Equation 1
R2
Equation of blue circle : x 2+ Y 2=
64
2
R
Y=
√
64
−x 2 --- Equation 2
To find the x-coordinate of the points of intersection, we equate both the equations.
R2 2
√ R2−( x−R )2 = 64
2 2 R2
√ −x

2
R − x−R = −x
( )
64
2 2 2 R2 2
R −x +2 xR−R = −x
64
R2
2 xR=
64
R
x= (x coordinate of point A)
128
Therefore, to find the area of intersection, the expression used is:
R
R
8
128
R2
¿ 2 ∫ √ R −( x−R ) dx + 2 ∫
0
2 2
R
128
√ 64
−x 2 dx

¿2¿¿

127 R 16129 R2
¿−
128
R 2−

+ R ( ) R2 −1 ( )
√16384
+ R 2 sin−1
−127
128 ( )
−[−R ( 0 )+ R 2 sin−1 (−1 ) ]

0 + sin 1 −¿ ¿
8 64
127 R2 −127 R2 R2 R2 1
¿−
2
128
(0.1247556205)+ R 2 sin −1
128 ( )
−R 2 sin −1 (−1 ) + sin−1 (1 ) −
64 128
(0.01556396484)− sin−1
64 64 ( )
≈ R ¿)
Constant ≈ ¿)

Analysis :
In each case we get the final answer as R2∗Constant . Now we will plot the results to find a trend in the
constant. Let x be the value of K and y be the value of the constant.